What Is Nasal Fungus?

Rhinomycosis

Rhinomycosis is a disease caused by fungal infections in the nasal cavity and sinuses. The pathogenic bacteria include Aspergillus, Mucor and Candida. Long-term use of antibiotics, adrenocortical hormones, immunosuppressants, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, diabetes, uremia, acidosis, leukemia, severe anemia, severe burns and other factors that reduce the body's resistance, and deviated nasal septum, nasal polyps, infectious or allergic When the rhinitis, sinusitis, etc. cause mechanical blockage of the nasal cavity and sinuses, it is easy to cause fungal infection and the disease.

Rhinomycosis disease name

Rhinomycosis

Overview of rhinomycosis diseases

Rhinomycosis can be classified clinically into four types based on its symptoms:

(2) Invasive type : It is common in patients with immunodeficiency and the clinical manifestations are invasive infection. In the early stage, there were only slight symptoms of sinusitis. Necrosis and scabs were often found in the front of the nasal cavity. The necrotic site could spread to the outer wall of the nasal cavity after a few days, and symptoms and signs of malignant disease gradually appeared. Patients may have fever, strong symptoms, or even coma and die. Rhinomycosis can also cause visceral infections.

(3) Aspergilloma type : The disease course is slow, granulation tissue and purulent secretions are found in the maxillary sinus and ethmoid sinus, and facial soft tissues are raised. Sinus radiographs showed bone destruction, but no cancer cells were found on biopsy.

(4) Allergic type : common in young people with a history of asthma and nasal polyps. Rhinomycosis is mainly diagnosed from clinical symptoms, X-ray film or CT scan, fungal culture, and pathological examination. The main treatment of this disease is surgery.

Disease Classification: Otolaryngology Disease Description Rhinomycosis is a specific infectious disease common in rhinology.

Rhinomycosis symptoms and signs

1. Non-invasive

Patients have a stuffy nose, runny nose, sometimes bloody nose, and headache. X-ray film of the sinuses showed that the shadow of the sinus cavity on the affected side was blurred, similar to general chronic sinusitis, and the systemic symptoms were not significant.

2. Invasive

Necrosis and crusting often occur in the front of the patient's nasal cavity; the necrotic site can spread to the outer wall of the nasal cavity after a few days, and there can be exophthalmos, conjunctival hyperemia, ocular muscle paralysis, vision loss, and posterior orbital pain. In the end, there may be fever and Xiangqi until coma and death. The liver, spleen, and lungs can also be affected by fungi.

3.Aspergilloma type

The course of disease is slow, with granulation tissue and purulent secretions in the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses, and facial soft tissues bulge. Sinus radiographs showed bone destruction, but no cancer cells were found on biopsy.

4.Allergic

More common in young people, often with a history of nasal polyps and asthma. Despite repeated sinus surgery, sinusitis still recurs. X-ray examination showed multiple sinus or total sinus involvement, and increased sinus cavity density. Serological examination showed that the Aspergillus fumigatus precipitin test was positive.

Causes of Rhinomycosis

The pathogenic fungi of rhinomycosis include Aspergillus, Candida and Mucor. It is often caused by the long-term use of antibiotics, steroid hormones, immunosuppressive agents or cancer radiation therapy, diabetes, burns, etc. Consumption of antibiotics, steroid hormones, immunosuppressive agents, or cancer radiation therapy, diabetes, burns, etc. decrease of resistance. The unintentional discovery of nasal mycosis in healthy human examinations in recent years may be related to the widespread development of medical examinations and the increasing attention to the disease. Although nasal-brain mucormycosis is rare, it has a high mortality rate, so it is also valued by scholars. RhinoAspergillosis is more common.

Rhinomycosis pathophysiology

Nasal mycosis can be divided into four types: non-invasive, invasive (fulminant), aspergilloma, and allergic. Non-invasive lesions are usually limited to the maxillary sinus mucosa. Invasive lesions are caused by fungal invasion of the mucosa and cause thrombotic arteritis, causing necrosis of the sinus mucosa and bone wall. In severe cases, they can spread to the orbit, pterygopalatine fossa, and even the anterior cranial fossa. The lesions have bloody pus, granulation, necrotic tissue, and dry-like (nasal-brain type) Mucor lesions similar to this, but more severe, with a poor prognosis). Allergic granuloma in the sinus has most eosinophils, free eosinophils, Charcot-leyden crystals, and fungal hyphae.

Rhinomycosis diagnosis test

Pathological examination: The secretion was taken and cultured in Sabouraud medium for 1-2 days, and the hyphae of Aspergillus spp. Could be seen. The separated bifurcated hyphae can be identified under the light microscope, which can be used for diagnosis. Biopsy of the diseased tissue showed thrombosis in the arterioles and Aspergillus mycelium on the mucosal surface. Sinus radiographs showed bone destruction.

Rhinomycosis treatment options

Non-invasive and aspergilloma should be treated with sinus cleansing to remove the diseased tissues and secretions in the nasal cavity and sinuses, and the prognosis is better. Invasive patients must use antifungal drugs such as amphotericin B, clotrimazole, nystatin, flucytosine, and intermittent oxygen inhalation before and after surgery. During treatment, antibiotics and immunosuppressants must be stopped and attention should be paid to improve the general condition.

Rhinomycosis safety tips

Long-term use of antibiotics, adrenocortical hormones, immunosuppressants, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, diabetes, uremia, acidosis, leukemia, severe anemia, severe burns and other factors that reduce the body's resistance, and deviated nasal septum, nasal polyps, infectious or allergic When the rhinitis, sinusitis, etc. cause mechanical blockage of the nasal cavity and sinuses, it is easy to cause fungal infection and the disease.

(1) Non-invasive : It is common in patients without immunodeficiency, and it occurs in the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity. Patients have symptoms such as nasal congestion, purulent snot, blood in the snot, headache, etc., and they are ineffective in antibacterial treatment and repeated sinus irrigation. If secondary bacterial or viral infections occur, symptoms of acute sinus inflammation can also occur. Anterior rhinoscopy showed that the nasal mucosa was covered with gray or black pseudomembrane, accompanied by empyema; the maxillary sinus was punctured with purulent secretions and massive dregs. X-ray film of the sinuses showed that the shadow of the sinus cavity on the affected side was blurred, but there was no bone destruction. Systemic symptoms are not obvious.

(2) Invasive type: It is common in patients with immunodeficiency and the clinical manifestations are invasive infection. There are only mild symptoms of sinusitis in the early stage, and there is often necrosis and crusting in the front of the nasal cavity; the necrotic site can spread to the outer wall of the nasal cavity after a few days, and symptoms and signs of malignant diseases such as facial pain, local swelling, protruding eyes, conjunctival congestion, Ophthalmoplegia, vision loss, and posterior orbital pain; meningitis and brain abscess may eventually appear. Patients may have fever, strong symptoms, or even coma and die. Nasal mycosis can also cause visceral infections of the liver, spleen, and lungs.

(4) Allergic type : common in young people with a history of asthma and nasal polyps. Despite repeated sinus surgery, sinusitis still recurs. X-ray sinus radiographs showed that multiple sinuses or whole sinuses were filled with thick, concentrated mucus, and the density of the sinus cavity increased, but no bone and soft tissue invasion. Serological examination showed that the Aspergillus fumigatus precipitin test was positive.