What Is Pasteurellosis?

The pathogen of this disease is Pasteurella multocida. Pasteurella haemolyticus can also be the cause of sepsis in sheep and cattle.

Pasteurellosis

Pasteurellosis is an acute, febrile infection caused by Pasteurella multocida. The acute type of animal Pasteurellosis is often characterized by sepsis and hemorrhagic inflammation, so it was also called "hemorrhagic sepsis" in the past; the chronic type often manifested as purulent lesions of subcutaneous connective tissue, joints and organs Mixed infection or secondary with other diseases.

Pasteurella etiology

The pathogen of this disease is Pasteurella multocida. Pasteurella haemolyticus can also be the cause of sepsis in sheep and cattle.

Pasteurella multocida

Pasteurella multocida A two-stage blunt round, central microprojective Brevibacterium or cocci, 0.6-2.5 microns long, 0.25-0.6 microns wide, no spore formation, no movement, no flagella, negative Gram stain Aerobic facultative anaerobic bacteria. The bacteria

Pasteurellosis

Grow well on serum or blood supplemented media. Generates off-white, moist and sticky colonies on blood agar, does not hemolyze; forms small, transparent dew-like colonies on ordinary agar; in ordinary broth, it is initially uniformly turbid, and later forms sticky precipitates and faint adherent bacteria Membrane; gelatin puncture culture, grow in a string along the puncture hole, thicker and thinner. The resistance of this bacteria is not strong, and it dies quickly under direct sunlight and dry conditions; it can be killed at 60 ° C for 10 minutes; general disinfectants can be killed within minutes or ten minutes. 3% carbolic acid and 0.1% liter of mercury water can sterilize within 1 minute, and 10% lime milk and commonly used formaldehyde solution can cause death within 3-4 minutes. It died quickly in sterile distilled water and physiological saline, but it can survive for 1-3 months in the corpse and also for one month in manure.

The specific capsular antigen (K antigen) was adsorbed on red blood cells for passive hemagglutination test, which was divided into five types of serogroups A, B, D, E, and F. The bacterial antigen (O antigen) was used for agglutination test. The bacteria are divided into 12 serotypes. If the K and O antigens are combined, there are 16 serotypes so far. The disease type, host specificity, pathogenicity, and immunity are all related to the serotype.

This fungus can cause fowl cholera in chickens and ducks, swine pneumonia in pigs, and sepsis in various cattle, sheep, rabbits, horses and many wild animals.

Pasteurella haemolyticus

Morphology, culture, and resistance are basically similar to those of Pasteurella multocida, but newly isolated colonies on blood agar produce beta hemolysis. After continuous subculture, the hemolysis weakens or disappears, and double hemolysis can be generated on lamb blood agar. ring. It can grow slowly on MacConkey agar, the colony is red, does not produce indigo matrix, generally can ferment lactose, produce acid, and has no pathogenicity to rabbits. According to different biochemical reactions and pathogenicity, it can be divided into two biotypes A and T; type A causes bovine, sheep pneumonia and newborn lamb sepsis; type T causes lamb sepsis over 3 months old. In addition, it can be divided into 12 serotypes by indirect erythrocyte agglutination test based on its soluble capsule antigen (K antigen), of which 3, 4, and 10 belong to the T biotype, and the other types belong to the A biotype. All serotypes are acceptable. Found in sheep, goats, cattle only see type 1.

Pasteurellosis epidemiology

The excreta, secretions and infected animals of sick animals and poultry are all important sources of infection. The disease is mainly transmitted through the digestive and respiratory tracts, and can also be caused by blood-sucking insects and damaged skin and mucous membranes. Many animals can be infected with the disease. Domestic cattle, pigs, rabbits, and sheep are more common. Goats, deer, camels, horses, donkeys, dogs, cats, and mink can also be infected, but there are fewer reports. Among chickens, chickens, turkeys and ducks are most susceptible, followed by geese and pigeons. More than 20 wild waterfowl have been reported to be infected with the disease. Most of the affected animals are young, which is more serious and has a higher mortality rate.

The occurrence of this disease generally has no obvious seasonality, but it alternates with cold and heat, the climate changes drastically, and it occurs more frequently in hot, humid, and rainy periods. Imbalanced body temperature and decreased resistance are one of the main causes of the disease. In addition, long-distance transportation or frequent migration, excessive fatigue, feed mutations, nutritional deficiencies, parasites, etc. often cause this disease. Due to the presence of certain diseases, the body's resistance is reduced, and the disease is prone to secondary. The disease is mostly endemic or sporadic. The same species of animals can infect each other, and different species of animals also occasionally transmit each other.

Pathogenesis of Pasteurella

When climate, seasonal changes, long-distance transportation and parasite infections, malnutrition, and other factors cause the animal's body resistance to decrease, pasteurella present in the respiratory tract and tonsils of healthy carrier animals can become endangered and cause endogenous bacteria. Sexual infection; In addition, exogenous infection can be caused by contaminated feed, water, air, appliances, etc. through the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and trauma.

If the body's resistance is weak, and the invading strong germs will quickly stop the action through the lymph nodes, enter the bloodstream, form bacteremia, and infected animals can die from sepsis within 24 hours. If the body is resistant or the number of bacteria invading the body is not too great or the virulence is weak, the course of the disease can be prolonged by 1-2 days or more. If the pathogenic bacteria are weakly toxic and the body has strong resistance, the lesions will be localized.

Clinical symptoms of pasteurosis

Pasteurellosis avian

Also known as fowl cholera, the incubation period for natural infection is 2-9 days.

(1) Chicken:

A. Most acute type: Common in the early stages of the epidemic, with chickens that lay eggs most often. Sick chickens had no prodromal symptoms, everything was normal at night, and they were very full. The next day they died in the hen house.

B. Acute type: This type is the most common type. Sick chickens are mainly depressed, with loose feathers, neck shrinkage, eyes closed, wings under their wings, unwilling to move, and stand alone. Sick chickens often have diarrhea and discharge yellow, off-white, or green thin manure. The body temperature rises to 43-44 ° C, with or without food, thirst increases. Breathing difficulties, increased mouth and nasal secretions. The cockscombs and meat crusts turn blue-purple, and some diseased chicken crusts are swollen and have heat pain. Laying hens stop laying eggs. Finally, failure occurred, coma and died, the course of disease was about half a day, and the length was 1-3 days.

C. Chronic: It is transformed from acute immortality, and is more common in the late stage of the epidemic. Chronic pneumonia, chronic respiratory inflammation and chronic gastroenteritis are more common. Sick chickens have viscous secretions flowing out of their nostrils, enlarged sinuses, and secretions in the throat that affect breathing. Frequent diarrhea. Sick chickens are thin, withered and pale. Some sick chickens have significantly enlarged meat crusts on one or both sides, and may subsequently have purulent cheese-like substances, or dry, necrotic, or shedding. Some sick chickens have arthritis, which is usually confined to the feet or wing joints and tendon sheaths. They show joint swelling, pain, and paralysis of the toes, which leads to claudication. The course of the disease can be delayed for more than one month, but the growth and development and egg production cannot be recovered for a long time.

(2) Duck: Duck Pasteurella is commonly known as "Shaking Head Plague".

The symptoms of acute cholera in ducks are basically similar to those of chickens, and the acute type with short duration is often the main type. Sick ducks are mentally debilitated. They are reluctant to swim in the water. Even when they are in the water, they move slowly. They often fall behind the ducks or squatting alone with their eyes closed and dozing. The feathers are loose, the wings are drooping, the head is bent and the neck is bent, the appetite is reduced or not eaten, the thirst is increased, and the accumulation of food in the bursa does not change. There is mucus flowing out of the mouth and nose, breathing difficulties, often open mouth breathing, and often shake your head in an attempt to discharge the mucus accumulated in the throat, so it is known as "shaking head plague", sick ducks emit stinky white or patina, and some stool Mixed with blood. Some sick ducks develop balloon inflammation. Locally swollen joints can be seen in patients with a slightly longer course of disease, sick ducks can have lameness or can't walk at all, and palm swelling such as walnuts can be seen, and purulent and caseous necrosis can be seen on incision.

(3) Other birds

Adult geese have symptoms similar to ducks. Goose geese have more severe illness and death than adult geese. They are usually acute, withered spirit, loss of appetite, thinning, and thick throat secretions. The beak and webs are purple, and the conjunctiva is opened with bleeding spots. The course of disease is 1-2 days after death.

Pigeon pasteurosis is very urgent, severe illness, fast death, sick pigeons do not eat, depressed, eyes closed neck, loose feathers, lying on one foot, body temperature above 42 , thirst often drink water, swollen bladder When full, the mouth will light yellow viscous liquid, flushing conjunctiva, nose tumors lose the original off-white, and some sick pigeons sacrifice, discharge white or green slime, and the course of disease is 1-2 days.

Pasteurella spp. In wild waterfowl mainly occurs in the family Anatidae, of which the seagulls show an acute course, suddenly die, and fall off the inhabited mountain rocks. Most of them show a subacute course with obvious systemic symptoms. There are also wild ducks showing blindness.

Pasteurosis

Also known as swine pneumonia, the incubation period is generally 1-14 days. According to the development process of the disease, it can be divided into the three most acute, acute and chronic disease types.

(1) The most acute type: symptoms of sepsis often occur, the temperature of the sick pig suddenly rises to 4l -42 , dyspnea, rapid heartbeat, no food, purple mouth and nose mucosa. Hemorrhagic erythema occurs at the base of the ear, neck, and abdomen. The throat was swollen, hard and hot; the sick pig was sitting in a dog and died within hours to 1 day.

(2) Acute type: often symptoms of pleural pneumonia. Body temperature rose to around 40 ° C-4l ° C. Dyspnea, short, dry cough, runny nose, and asthma. Have mucus or purulent conjunctivitis. Red, purple spots on the skin. It started with constipation, and then yelled. They often die within 2-3 days, and those who do not die often become chronic.

(3) Chronic type: manifested as persistent cough and dyspnea. Sick pigs gradually lose weight, sometimes swelling of the joints. Finally, diarrhea persisted and died of failure.

Pasteurellosis

Also known as bovine hemorrhagic sepsis, the incubation period is 2-5 days.

(1) Septicemia type: more common in buffalo, showing high fever (4l -42 ), depressed spirit, flushing of conjunctiva, dry rhinoscopy, no food, lactation and rumination stop, abdominal pain diarrhea, feces are porridge-like, and then liquid It is mixed with mucus, mucous membranes and blood. It has a foul odor and often dies in 12-24 hours.

(2) Edema type: common in yak, in addition to showing systemic symptoms, subcutaneous edema in the head, neck, throat, and chest of sick cows, initial warmth, stiffness, and pain when the fingers are pressed; after cooling, the pain is also reduced, and the height of the tongue and surrounding tissues is reduced Swelling, salivation, dyspnea, redness and swelling, tears, cyanosis of the mucous membranes, often die of suffocation and chin, and the duration of the disease is usually 12-36 hours.

(3) Pneumonia type: sick cattle show acute cellulose pleurisy, pneumonia symptoms. In the later period, diarrhea occurred, blood in the stool, some urine, died within a few days to two weeks, and some became chronic.

(4) Chronic type: mainly chronic pneumonia, with a course of more than 1 month.

Pasteurosis of sheep

(1) The most acute type: it is more common in lactating lambs, and it suddenly occurs, and it causes chills, weakness, and dyspnea. It often dies within a few hours.

(2) Acute type: sick sheep are depressed, body temperature rises to 41-42 ° C, cough, nostril bleeding and mixed mucus. Constipation at the beginning of the disease, diarrhea in the later period, some stools were bloody, and finally died of diarrhea due to dehydration.

(3) Chronic type: sick sheep lose weight, loss of appetite, cough, dyspnea, extreme weight loss before death.

Pasteurellosis rabbit

Pasteurella is the leading cause of death in rabbits aged 9 to 6 months. The incubation period varies in length, usually from a few hours to 5 days or more.

(1) Hemorrhagic septicemia type: the most acute often die suddenly without obvious symptoms. Septicemia with mixed rhinitis and pneumonia is most common in production. It can be manifested as a lack of energy, loss of appetite but not abolition, increased body temperature, nasal discharge of serous, mucus or purulent nasal fluid, and sometimes diarrhea. Before dying, body temperature dropped, limbs twitched, and the course of the disease was several hours to 3 days.

(2) Infectious rhinitis type: serous, mucus, or purulent discharge from the nasal cavity, difficulty breathing, sneezing, coughing, nasal fluid crusting at the nostrils, blocking the nostrils, making breathing more difficult, and snoring. Because affected rabbits often scratch their nose with their claws, they can bring bacteria into the eyes, subcutaneously, etc., and induce other diseases. The course of the disease usually ranges from several days to several months. Failure to treat in time leads to multiple failures and death.

(3) Endemic pneumonia type: often secondary to infectious rhinitis. Because the rex rabbit's exercise amount is very small, the symptoms of pneumonia are rarely seen when the disease occurs naturally. Suffering from loss of appetite, elevated body temperature, and depressed spirit, rabbits sometimes develop symptoms of diarrhea or joint swelling, and eventually die due to severe pulmonary hemorrhage, necrosis or sepsis.

(4) Otitis media type: also known as torticollis, which is the result of the spread of bacteria to the inner ear and brain. The degree of neck skew is different, and the age of onset is also different. Some newly weaned rabbits have a skewed head and neck, but most of them are adult rabbits. Severely affected rabbits, tumbling towards the side that tilted their heads until blocked by objects. Because the eyes could not be squarely faced, the affected rabbit was extremely difficult to eat and gradually lost weight. The duration of the disease varies and eventually dies from failure.

(5) Conjunctivitis type: clinical manifestations are tearing, conjunctival congestion, redness and swelling, secretions in the eyes, and often the eyelids are stuck.

(6) Abscess, Uteritis, and Orchitis: Abscesses can occur throughout the body. When a subcutaneous abscess begins, the skin becomes red and swollen, and then it becomes a fluctuating abscess. When the uterus is inflamed, there is purulent discharge from the mother's vagina. Testicular inflammation in male rabbits can show swelling of one or both sides of the testicles, and sometimes feels hot to the touch.

Pasteurellosis equine pasteurosis

Equine pasteurosis occurs mainly in young foals, and donkeys are rare.

(1) Paralytic type: The sick foal exhibits high fever (above 40 ° C), depressed spirit, conjunctival flushing, pulse increase, slow or late reaction, lip sagging cannot be retracted, when lying down, foreleg abduction, hindlimb extension Outside, with knees on the ground and lips on the ground, the course of the disease is several hours to 2 days.

(2) Edema type: The sick horse has a slightly higher body temperature (about 40 ° C), increased pulses, sensitive reactions on the limbs and both sides of the spine, and inflammatory swellings on the cheeks, lips, nose bridge, neck and front shoulders.

(3) Excitable type: seen in donkeys, showing slightly high body temperature, inflammatory edema of the chest, often biting the chest, neurological symptoms such as groaning, rolling, and collision before death. The course of disease is 2-3 days.

Pasteurellosis deer pasteurosis

The incubation period is 1 to 5 days, divided into two types.

(1) Acute septicemia: Sick deer show severe systemic symptoms and often die within 1-2 days.

(2) Pneumonia type (thoracic type): In addition to systemic symptoms, the sick deer exhibits cough, shortness of breath, gait instability, severe cases of extremely difficult breathing, head extension, nose flap movement, foaming in the mouth, thin stool , Whole body muscle tremor, finally lying on the ground can not afford, died after 1-5 days.

Pasteurellosis

(1) Acute type: Most of the sick babies die violently, and are more common in those born in that year. At the beginning of the illness, they are depressed. When the body temperature reaches 40 ° C or above, their appetite will decrease and they will be abolished soon. The nose will be dry and dyspnea. They like cold water. Steps are not flexible, often with convulsive seizures and death, the course of disease is generally 1-3 days.

(2) Chronic type: The symptoms are basically the same as the acute type, but with a long course of disease, and finally die due to paralysis and failure.

diagnosis:

Based on epidemiological, symptomatic, and pathological changes, a preliminary diagnosis can be made. To confirm the diagnosis, a biological test or bacteriological examination can be performed. Smear microscopy can be used, that is, smear staining of tissues such as heart and blood, lungs, liver, and lymph. Observed under a microscope, it can be seen that the two poles are densely stained with a transparent, middle-strained, gram-negative micrococcus, and can also be isolated for identification and culture.

prevention:

The measures are mainly to inoculate Pasteurella vaccine regularly, strengthen veterinary hygiene management and feeding management, especially in the epidemic season of the disease, pay more attention to environmental hygiene and clean feed and water, and do a good job of cold protection when autumn and winter are alternated. Check feeds, especially carcasses and by-products. Do not feed contaminated feeds. Suspicious feeds should be cooked before being fed. Animal farms should be disinfected regularly to prevent other susceptible animals from entering.

treatment:

Antibiotics and sulfa drugs can be used to prevent and treat the disease when it is not diseased or in the early stage. The special treatment for this disease is the use of high-priced high-free serum. Generally, subcutaneous injection is about 20 ml. At the beginning of the disease, the effect is significant, and it is good for heart failure and loss of appetite. Can be injected subcutaneously with 10% glucose plus vitamin C and other drugs for symptomatic treatment. ^[1]

Pasteurellosis mink pasteurosis

(1) The most acute type: often death without symptoms.

(2) Acute type: more common, manifested as a rise in body temperature up to 41 ° C, dry nose, reduced appetite at the beginning of the disease, late abolition, little activity or immobility, difficulty breathing, sometimes paralysis of the limbs, mostly in coma or spasm Died of disease, the course of disease was 1-5 days.

Pasteurellosis pasteurosis

Sudden onset, manifested as decreased appetite, even abolition, shortness of breath, depressed spirit, fluffy hair, often lying on the side of the cage, eye conjunctiva flushing, sticky eye feces, body temperature of 40-42 , nasal flow Nasal fluid. Diarrhea at the beginning of the disease, blood excretion in the later period. The course of the disease ranges from several hours to 2 days.

Pathological changes in pasteurosis

Due to different body resistance, bacterial virulence and number of invading bacteria, as well as different susceptibility of various livestock and poultry to the bacteria, pathological changes are also different.

Pasteurella disease birds

The most acute type of dead chicken has no special lesions, and sometimes only a few bleeding points can be seen in the epicardium.

Acute cases have more characteristic lesions, and small spots of peritoneal, subcutaneous and abdominal fat are common in sick chickens. The pericardium is thickened, and a large amount of opaque light yellow liquid accumulates in the pericardium, and some cellulose-containing flocculent fluids, especially the epicardial and coronary heart fat bleeding. Lung has congestion or bleeding. The liver lesions are characteristic, the liver is slightly swollen, the texture becomes brittle, and it is brown or yellow-brown. The surface of the liver is scattered with many off-white necrotic spots with large needles. The spleen generally shows no obvious changes, or is slightly swollen, and has a soft texture. Myogastric bleeding is significant, and the intestine, especially duodenum, presents catarrhal and hemorrhagic enteritis, and the contents of the intestine contain blood.

The chronic type differs depending on the organs affected. When the respiratory symptoms are predominant, a large amount of viscous secretions are seen in the nasal cavity and sinuses, and pulmonary sclerosis is seen in some cases. Confined to arthritis and tenosynovitis cases, joint swelling and deformation are mainly seen, with inflammatory exudates and caseous necrosis. The flesh of the rooster is swollen and swollen with cheese-like exudate. The ovary of the hen is obviously bleeding, and sometimes the follicles are deformed, which looks like semi-cooked.

The pathological changes of ducks were basically similar to those of chickens. Ducks that died of avian cholera were filled with transparent orange-yellow exudate in the pericardium, and there were bleeding spots in the pericardium and heart fat. The lungs showed multiple pneumonia with emphysema and bleeding. Congestion or bleeding in the nasal mucosa. The liver was slightly swollen, showing needle-like bleeding and off-white necrosis. The intestine is most congested and bleeding in the anterior small intestine and large intestinal mucosa; the posterior small intestine and cecum are lighter. Ducklings are multiple arthritis. The articular surface is rough, with yellow casein-like material or red granulation tissue. The joint capsule is thickened and contains red serous or gray-yellow, cloudy, viscous liquid. Hepatic steatosis and local necrosis occur.

Pasteurella pigs

The most acute: throat inflammation with acute inflammation, infiltration of surrounding tissue serous fluid. Lymph node bleeding and swelling. Acute edema of the lungs, bleeding points in the kidneys and bladder. In addition to bleeding spots on the skin, there are sometimes small spots on the mucosa. The spleen is not enlarged.

Acute type: mainly pleural pneumonia, the lung has various stages of pneumonia, bleeding spots, edema, emphysema and red liver changes, or fibrous adhesions, and often adhere to the pleura. Bronchial lymphadenopathy with gastrointestinal or hemorrhagic inflammation.

There are multiple necrotic lesions in chronic lung. Cellulose floes were attached to the pleura and pericardium. When the diagnosis is confirmed, the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes of the diseased pig can be taken for smear microscopy, and bipolar bacillus can be found, and the diagnosis can be made by combining the symptoms, autopsy and history.

Pasteurella bovine

The type of septicemia in cattle is generally a change in sepsis;

Edema cases are seen in head, neck and throat edema. Acute lymphadenitis and degeneration of parenchymal organs such as liver, kidney, heart, and splenomegaly are rare.

Pneumonia type is mainly manifested as fibrous pneumonia and pleurisy, and marble-like changes in the lung section.

Pasteurellosis sheep

There are fluid infiltrations and small bleeding points under the skin. Mucosal, serous and visceral bleeding, pleural effusion, pulmonary stasis, small bleeding points and liver changes. Other organs have edema, congestion, and small bleeding points, but the spleen is not swollen, and the gastrointestinal tract has hemorrhagic inflammation. The corpse with a longer course is thin and subcutaneous gel-like infiltration. Cellulose pleurisy, pneumonia and pericarditis are common. Necrotic foci.

Pasteurosis rabbit

A lot of viscous or purulent secretions were accumulated in the nasal cavity of the rabbits who died of rhinitis. There were secretions in the sinuses and paranasal sinuses, and the inner mucosa of the sinus cavity was red and swollen.

Pneumonia type often manifests as changes in acute fibrous pneumonia and pleurisy;

In addition to the general sepsis changes, the sepsis type is common in rhinitis and pneumonia, liver degeneration, and many necrotic spots;

The tympanic membrane and tympanic chamber wall of the otitis media become red, sometimes the tympanic chamber is ruptured, and the purulent exudate flows into the external ear canal. In severe cases, purulent meningitis lesions appear.

Pasteurella equine

There is a large amount of bleeding points in the pleura, pericardium, intestinal serosal membrane, and heart fats in Mar Pasteurella. The bleeding points in the lung apex are common, and the liver and spleen often have no significant changes. The dead donkeys have a large number of necrotic points. The edge of the spleen is a bit bleeding, the stomach pylorus has bleeding spots, and the bladder mucosa has diffuse spotting.

Pasteurosis deer

The dead deer's subcutaneous tissue has a large amount of serous infiltration and scattered bleeding points. Hemorrhagic inflammation of the stomach and intestines, especially duodenal and cecum hemorrhage, obvious changes in pneumonia, lymph node congestion, edema, and bleeding.

Pasteurellosis

Acute case of sickness and death, good nutrition, incomplete corpse stiffness, conjunctival anemia, bleeding spots in the oral mucosa, bleeding spots in the heart crown, small bleeding spots in the base of the endocardium papillary muscle, emphysema; bleeding spots on the surface Intestinal lymph nodes are swollen, the cut surface is juicy, the gastric mucosa is easy to fall off and there are bleeding points, the small intestinal mucosa is bleeding, the large intestine is catarrhal enteritis, the spleen is bleeding, but not swollen, the liver is swollen, the surface has grayish white necrosis, the bladder There are bleeding points in the mucosa; chronic cases of malnutrition, body wasting, anemia, serosa and mucosa bleeding of all parenchymal organs, thinning of the gastric wall, localized bleeding, and inflammation of the lung apical lobe and heart lobe when secondary pneumonia occurs.

Pasteurella mink

The dead mink is mainly characterized by bleeding from parenchymal organs, mucous membranes, and serosa. Lymph nodes on the surface are swollen, and mesenteric lymph nodes have small bleeding points.

Pasteurellosis silver black fox

The dead silver and black fox carcasses were in good nutrition. Subcutaneous tissues, mucous membranes, and serous membranes all have bleeding points from the tip of the needle to the size of the millet. There is mucus in the nasal cavity and trachea, and there are a lot of bleeding points. The lungs are dark red, the surface has diffuse bleeding of various sizes, the cut surface is juicy, and the hilar lymph nodes are enlarged. The epicardial and pericardial membranes have large point bleeding points. The liver is swollen with massive bleeding spots and grayish white necrosis. The spleen is also swollen and cherry-red. The kidneys are scattered at the point of bleeding. Extensive gastrointestinal bleeding.

Pasteurellosis diagnosis

Pasteurella microbiological examination

(1) Collection of disease materials: take the tissues, liver, lung, spleen, and other body fluids, secretions, and exudates of local lesions.

(2) Microscopy: Gram staining of the original smear smear. Microscopy should be Gram-negative. With Indian ink and other dyes, clear capsules are visible.

(3) Culture: Inoculate both fresh blood agar and MacConkey agar medium and incubate at 37 ° C for 24 hours. Observe the growth of bacteria, colony characteristics, hemolysis, and staining microscopy.

(4) Biochemical test: Pasteurella multocida can decompose glucose, fructose, monolactulose, sucrose, and mannose within 48 hours, producing acid and gas. Lactose, rhamnose, inulin, salicin and inositol are generally not fermented. Can produce hydrogen sulfide, can form indigo matrix, MR and VP tests are negative. Both the contact enzyme and oxidase tests were positive. Pasteurella haemolyticus does not produce indigo matrix and can ferment lactose to produce acid. Can ferment glucose, glycogen, inositol, maltose, starch; non-fermented side calendula alcohol, inulin and erythritol.

Pasteurellosis animal test

Commonly used test animals are mice and rabbits. The animal was necropsied immediately after death, and the blood and parenchymal organs were separated and smear stained for microscopic examination. A large number of highly polarized bacteria could confirm the diagnosis.

Pasteurellosis serotype or biotype identification

Passive hemagglutination test and agglutination test can be used to identify Pasteurella multocida capsular serogroups and serotypes. The indirect hemagglutination test was used to measure the serotype of Pasteurella hemolytica, and the biotype of the bacteria was identified based on the biochemical reaction.

Pasteurosis control

Pasteurella disease birds

Strengthening the breeding management of chicken flocks, usually strictly implementing the veterinary health and epidemic prevention measures of chicken farms, and adopting a full-in and full-out breeding system in units of houses to prevent the occurrence of this disease is entirely possible. Chicken farms that have never had this disease are generally not vaccinated.

Treatment measures should be taken immediately for the onset of flocks, and wherever possible, effective groups of drugs should be selected for administration through drug sensitivity tests. Sulfa drugs, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and quinethanol have good curative effects. In the course of treatment, the dose should be sufficient and the course of treatment is reasonable. When the death of chickens is significantly reduced, continue to administer medicine for 2 to 3 days to consolidate the curative effect and prevent recurrence.

For often-fabricated areas or chicken farms, the effect of drug treatment is gradually decreasing, and the disease is difficult to be effectively controlled. Vaccination can be considered for prevention. Due to the short immunization period of the vaccine, the effect of prevention and treatment is not very satisfactory. Bacteria can be isolated in the field where conditions permit. After identification, they can make their own inactivated vaccines and regularly inject chickens. It has been proven in practice that the disease can be effectively controlled through 1 to 2 years of immunization. At present, there are better poultry cholera propolis inactivated vaccines in China, which are safe and reliable, can be stored at 0 ° C for two years, are easy to inject, do not affect egg production, have no toxic side effects and can effectively prevent the disease.

Pasteurella pigs

Strengthen feeding management to eliminate factors that may reduce disease resistance. Newly introduced pigs should be kept in isolation for one month before being herdded. The pens should be disinfected regularly with 10% lime milk. Every spring and autumn, two vaccination with swine pneumonia aluminum hydroxide formaldehyde vaccine or swine pneumonia oral oral attenuated vaccine is performed. The former was injected subcutaneously with 5 ml of the femur, and immunity was generated 14 days after the injection of the vaccine; the latter can be applied according to the bottle lotion requirements, and the immunity was generated 7 days after the injection of the vaccine. If epidemic, especially sporadic swine pneumonia occurs, should be immediately quarantined, disinfected, and treated or eliminated from the diseased pig. "With the elimination of the cause of the disease, no new cases will appear after three weeks before the injection can be started. Vaccine. Penicillin, streptomycin, and oxytetracycline are all effective for treatment. Nineteen (intravenous injection, 0.015 g / kg body weight) also has some effect.

Pasteurella bovine

(1) Isolation of sick cattle.

(2) Drug treatment 2% ofloxacin injection is injected 3 to 5 mg intramuscularly per kg of body weight, and compound gentamicin injection is administered intramuscularly twice a day for 3 days as a course of treatment. Ciprofloxacin lactate powder for drinking in all groups. 10% lime water disinfection pen, 2 to 3 times a day. Inject vaccines for cattle failure.

Pasteurellosis sheep

(1) Improve the environmental sanitation of the enclosure, and regularly sterilize it with 2% to 4% fire alkali.

(2) Pay attention to environmental changes, such as sudden temperature changes, transportation, feed changes, etc., to prevent drugs.

(3) Antibiotics and sulfa drugs are available for treatment and prevention.

Pasteurosis rabbit

Rabbit farms should self-reserve. Introduced breeding rabbits must be strictly inspected and observed for one month in isolation. After bacteriological examination, healthy persons can enter the rabbit farm. To strengthen the breeding management, rabbit farms are strictly forbidden to enter and leave to prevent the source of infection. The period of isolation and blockade after the onset is generally 20 days. Severely ill rabbit hunting. Runny nose and cough disease rabbits should be isolated and treated in a timely manner, and chronic disease rabbits should be eliminated. The rabbit house is regularly disinfected with 10% -20% lime milk or 2% -3% caustic soda.

For prevention, rabbit Pasteurella alumina vaccine or Pasteurella avian vaccine can be injected into rabbits, or rabbit plague and pasteurized rabbit vaccine can be used for immunization. Twice a year.

Streptomycin can be used for intramuscular injection of 40,000 to 40,000 units per kilogram of body weight twice a day for 3 to 5 days; combined with penicillin (same measurement), the effect is better. Sulfadiazine tablets are 0.05-0.2 g per kilogram of body weight, taken with the same amount of baking soda tablets, twice daily. Chloramphenicol injection is 60--100 mg per kilogram of body weight, and the tablet is 0.1-0.15 g per rabbit twice a day, which has a good effect. Tetracycline, caramycin, and sulfa synergists are all effective.

In acute cases, subcutaneous injection of anti-defeated polyvalent serum, about 60 ml per kilogram of body weight, has significant effects twice a day. For sick rabbits with obvious respiratory symptoms, antibacterial drugs such as chloramphenicol can be used for nasal drip, 3 to 4 drops each time, with significant effects twice a day.

Pasteurosis other

When the disease is discovered, measures such as isolation, emergency immunization, drug control, and disinfection should be taken immediately; all animals that have developed disease or body temperature should be isolated, and healthy animals should be vaccinated immediately or be prevented with drugs to thoroughly disinfect the polluted environment. .

Visceral and visceral carcasses are used for industrial use or destroyed; no viscera or carcasses with minor and removed lesions are used after high temperature treatment; blood is used for industrial use, and fur and feathers are used after disinfection.

Live animals imported from abroad were found to have pasteurosis after quarantine. They were returned or culled and destroyed. Other animals in the same group were released to a designated place for isolation and observation. When imported animal products are quarantined for Pasteurella pathogens, they shall be eliminated, returned or destroyed.