What are Refurbished Computers?

After a product is qualified and put into operation, a long period of time often due to component failure (vibration, abrasion, dust, temperature difference, discharge, etc.) makes the entire product not work properly, and can work well after troubleshooting. The good and bad properties at this time can be represented by the reliability of the product. For example, if a certain type of rocket is fired 5 times and fails 4 times, the reliability is 20% measured by the number of times. As another example, if an aircraft is grounded for 156 hours due to a fault and is expected to be overhauled at 3,000 hours, the reliability measured by the time to failure is (1-156 / 3000) × 100% = 94.8%

Computer reliability

Mainly related to parts manufacturing process, assembly quality, natural loss, and easy maintenance. It has something to do with product design but not directly. The reliability measurement of hardware is relatively uniform in the computer industry, when the average time between two failures is used. If one machine fails every 78 hours or so and the other 200 hours or so, the latter is more reliable than the former.

Software failure manifests itself as a result of program calculations sometimes correct and sometimes incorrect. For example, some input groups often make mistakes, others are fine. The causes of these defects can often be traced back

Set theory, mathematical foundation

Von Neumann's first paper was co-authored with Fichte. It was a generalization of the Fischer theorem on the Chebyshev polynomial root finding method. The date indicated was 1922. Under 18 years of age. Another article discusses uniform dense series, written in Hungarian. The conciseness of the topic selection and proving methods reveals the characteristics of von Neumann's intuitive combination of algebra skills and set theory.
In 1923, when von Neumann was a college student in Zurich, he published a dissertation on transfinite ordinal numbers. The first sentence of the article bluntly stated that "The purpose of this article is to concrete and precise Cantor's concept of ordinal numbers. His definition of ordinal numbers is now commonly used.
It was von Neumann's desire to explore axiomatization strongly. Most of his articles from l925 to l929 tried to implement this spirit of axiomatization, even in the study of theoretical physics. At that time, his expression of set theory was particularly inadequate. In his 1925 doctoral dissertation on the axiom system of set theory, he stated at the outset that "the purpose of this article is to give logical settled axioms to set theory. Exposition. "
Interestingly, von Neumann foresaw in his thesis the limitations of any form of axiom system, which vaguely reminiscent of the incompleteness theorem later proved by Gödel. For this article, Professor Frankel, a famous logician and one of the founders of axiomatic set theory, made the following evaluation: "I cannot insist that I understand everything (of the article), but I can say with certainty that It is an outstanding job, and through him you can see a giant. "
In 1928, von Neumann published the thesis "Axiomatization of Set Theory", an axiomatic treatment of the above-mentioned set theory. The system is very concise. It uses first-type objects and second-type objects to represent the properties of sets and sets in naive set theory. The axioms of the system are written in a little more than a page of paper. Everything in set theory, and from this established the entire modern mathematics.
Von Neumann's system gives perhaps the first foundation of set theory, using finite axioms with a simple logical structure like elementary geometry. Von Neumann's ability to derive many important concepts in set theory from the axioms cleverly using algebraic methods is simply amazing, all of which prepare him for his future interest in computers and "mechanized" proofs.
In the late 1920s, von Neumann participated in Hilbert's meta-mathematics project and published several papers demonstrating that there is no contradiction in part of the axioms of arithmetic. The l927 paper "On Hilbert's Proof Theory" is the most striking, and its theme is to discuss how to free mathematics from contradictions. The article emphasizes that the question raised and developed by Hilbert and others is very complicated, and it has not yet been satisfactorily answered. It also states that Ackerman's proof of the exclusion of contradictions cannot be achieved in classical analysis. To this end, von Neumann made a strict finite proof of a certain subsystem. This seems not far from the final answer that Hilbert sought. It was at this time that Gödel proved the incompleteness theorem in 1930. The theorem asserts that in a non-contradictory formal system containing elementary arithmetic (or set theory), the non-contradictory nature of the system is unprovable within the system. At this point, von Neumann can only suspend research in this area.
Von Neumann also had special results about set theory itself. His interest in mathematical foundations and set theory continued to the end of his life.

Mathematical basis of quantum theory

The mathematical foundation of quantum theory, operator rings, and ergodic theory. From 1930 to 1940, von Neumann's achievements in pure mathematics were more concentrated, his creations became more mature, and his reputation increased. Later, in a question-and-answer form filled out for the National Academy of Sciences, von Neumann chose the three mathematical terms of quantum theory, operator ring theory, and ergodic theorem as his most important mathematical tasks.
In 1927 von Neumann was already engaged in research in the field of quantum mechanics. He co-published the paper "Basics of Quantum Mechanics" with Hilbert and Nordem. This article is based on Hilbert's lecture on new developments in quantum mechanics in the winter of 1926. Nordheim helped prepare the lecture, and von Neumann worked on the mathematical formalization of the subject. The purpose of this article is to replace the exact functional relationships in classical mechanics with probability relationships. Hilbert's meta-mathematics and axiomatic solutions have been exerted in this dynamic field, and the isomorphic relationship between theoretical physics and the corresponding mathematical system has been obtained. The historical importance and impact of this article cannot be overestimated. In the article, von Neumann also discussed the outlines of the operations of observable operators in physics and the properties of Hermitian operators. No doubt these contents constitute the prelude to the book "Mathematical Basis of Quantum Mechanics".
l932 The world-famous Springer Press published his "The Mathematical Basis of Quantum Mechanics", which is one of von Neumann's main works. The first edition was in German, the French version was published in 1943, and Spain was in l949 The text version, translated into English in 1955, is still a classic work in this regard. Of course, he also did a lot of important work in quantum statistics, quantum thermodynamics, and gravitational fields.
Objectively speaking, in the history of the development of quantum mechanics, von Neumann has made at least two important contributions: Dirac's mathematical treatment of quantum theory is not strict enough in a sense, and von Neumann's The research of Hengzi has developed Hilbert operator theory to make up for this deficiency. In addition, von Neumann clearly pointed out that the statistical characteristics of quantum theory are not caused by the unknown state of the observer who is engaged in measurement. With the help of the theory of Hilbert's space operator, he proved that any hypothesis of quantum theory including the association of general physical quantities must inevitably lead to this result.
Regarding Von Neumann's contribution, Nobel Prize winner Physics Wegner has made the following evaluation: "The contribution in quantum mechanics is to ensure his special position in the field of contemporary physics."
In von Neumann's work, operator spectral theory and operator ring theory on Hilbert space occupy an important dominant position, and this article accounts for about one-third of his published papers. They include a very detailed analysis of the properties of linear operators, and algebraic studies of operator rings in infinite-dimensional spaces.
Operator ring theory began in the second half of 1930. von Neumann was very familiar with the noncommutative algebras of Knott and Adin, and soon applied it to algebras composed of bounded linear operators on Hilbert space. Later generations called it von Neumann operator algebra.
From 1936 to 1940, von Neumann published six papers on non-commutative operator rings, which can be described as masterpieces of analysis in the 20th century. Their influence has continued to this day. Von Neumann once said in the "Mathematical Basis of Quantum Mechanics" that the idea first proposed by Hilbert can provide an appropriate basis for quantum theory of physics without the need to introduce new ones for these physical theories. Mathematical idea. His research results on operator rings fulfill this goal. Von Neumann's interest in this subject continued throughout his career.
An amazing growth point of the operator ring theory is continuous geometry named by von Neumann. The dimensions of ordinary geometry are integers 1, 2, 3, and so on. Von Neumann has seen in his works that what determines the dimensional structure of a space is actually the rotation group that it allows. Therefore, the dimension can no longer be an integer, and the geometry of the continuous series space is finally proposed.
In 1932, von Neumann published a paper on ergodic theory, which solved the proof of the ergodic theorem and expressed it with operator theory. It is the first obtained in the entire research field of rigorous treatment of ergodic hypotheses in statistical mechanics. An exact mathematical result. This achievement of von Neumann may be attributed again to the mathematical analysis methods that he has mastered, influenced by set theory, and the methods he himself created in the study of Hilbert operators. It is one of the most influential achievements in the field of mathematical analysis in the 20th century, and it also marks the beginning of a general study in the field of mathematical physics that is close to accurate modern analysis.
In addition, von Neumann has also made many achievements in mathematical fields such as real function theory, measure theory, topology, continuous group, and lattice theory. In that famous speech in 1900, Hilbert raised 23 questions for 20th-century mathematical research, and von Neumann also contributed to the fifth question of Hilbert.

General applied mathematics in 1940 was a turning point in von Neumann's scientific career. Before that, he was a pure mathematician who knew the climax of physics; after that he became a solid master of pure mathematics.

General Applied Mathematics

1940 was a turning point in von Neumann's scientific career. Before that, he was a pure mathematician who knew the climax of physics; after that, he became a fantastic applied mathematician who firmly mastered pure mathematics. He began to pay attention to the most important tool for applying mathematics to the field of physics at that time-partial differential equations. At the same time, he continued to innovate and applied non-classical mathematics to two new fields: game theory and electronic computers.
Von Neumann's change came from his long-term love of mathematical physics, and from the needs of society at the time. After the outbreak of World War II, von Neumann was called to participate in many military scientific research programs and engineering projects. From 1940 to 1957, he served as a scientific consultant to the Aberdeen Test Ballistics Research Laboratory in Maryland; from 1941 to 1955 at the Washington Naval Ordnance Bureau; from 1943 to 1955, he served as a consultant to the Los Alamos Laboratory; from 1950 to 1955, the Army special weapon design Committee member; 1951 ~ 1957. Member of the US Air Force's Washington Scientific Advisory Board; from 1953 to 1957, a member of the Atomic Energy Technology Advisory Group; from 1954 to 1957, the Chairman of the Missile Advisory Committee.
Von Neumann has studied continuum mechanics. He has been interested in turbulence for a long time. In 1937 he paid attention to the discussion of the statistical processing possibilities of the Navier-Skerks equation. In 1949 he wrote "The Latest Theory of Turbulence" for the Naval Research Department.
Von Neumann studied the problem of shock waves. Most of his work in this area comes directly from defense needs. His contribution to the interaction of shock waves attracted attention. One of the results was to first strictly prove the Chapman-Rugger hypothesis, which is related to the combustion caused by shock waves. The systematic research on the theory of shock wave reflection started with his "Progress Report on Shock Theory".
Von Neumann studied meteorology. For quite some time, the extremely difficult question posed by the hydrodynamic equations of the Earth's atmospheric motion-attracted him. With the advent of electronic computers, it is possible to make numerical research and analysis on this problem. Von Neumann's first highly-scaled calculation, which dealt with a two-dimensional model, was related to geostrophic approximation. He believes that eventually people will be able to understand, calculate, and control to change the climate.
Von Neumann also proposed the use of fusion to detonate nuclear fuel and supported the development of a hydrogen bomb. In 1947, the army issued a commendation order praising him as a physicist, engineer, weapon designer and patriot.

Game theory

Von Neumann used his talents not only for weapons research, but also for social research. The game theory created by him is undoubtedly his most enviable outstanding achievement in applied mathematics. Today, game theory mainly refers to specific mathematical methods for studying social phenomena. Its basic idea is to emphasize the similarity of bargaining, negotiation, ganging, and profit distribution among competitors in indoor games such as chess and playing cards when analyzing the interests between multiple subjects.
Some ideas of game theory have been in the early 1920's, and the true establishment must start from von Neumann's 1928 paper on social game theory. In this article, he proved the minimum-maximum theorem, which is used to deal with the most basic two-person game problem. If either of the countermeasures considers the maximum possible loss for each possible strategy, and chooses the one with the smallest "maximum loss" as the "optimal" strategy, then from a statistical perspective, he will Be able to ensure that the plan is optimal. Work in this area has generally reached perfection. In the same paper, von Neumann also explicitly stated the general countermeasures among n players.
Game theory is also used in economics. The mathematical research methods in economic theory can be roughly divided into pure theories with qualitative research as the target and econometrics with empirical and statistical research as the target. The former is called mathematical economics and was formally established after the 1940s. Both in thought and method, they are obviously influenced by game theory.
Mathematical economics. In the past, the techniques of imitating classical mathematical physics were used. The mathematical tools used were mainly calculus and differential equations, and economic problems were treated as classical mechanical problems. Obviously, the trade fairs attended by dozens of businessmen, which use classical mathematical analysis and processing, are far more complicated than the movements of the planets of the solar system. The effect of this method is often difficult to predict. Von Neumann resolutely abandoned this simple mechanical analogy and replaced it with novel game theory ideas and new mathematical and convex ideas.
In 1944, "Response Theory and Economic Behavior" co-authored by von Neumann and Morgensted was the foundational work in this area. The thesis contains an elaboration of the purely mathematical form of game theory and a detailed explanation of practical applications. This essay and the discussions with some basic issues of economic theory have led to various studies on economic behavior and certain sociological issues. Today, this is a widely used and increasingly abundant feather. Mathematics. Some scientists enthusiastically praise it as "one of the greatest scientific contributions of the first half of the 20th century."

computer

The last subject that contributed to von Neumann's reputation was the theory of computers and automation.
As early as Los Alamos, von Neumann clearly saw that even in the study of some theoretical physics, just to obtain qualitative results, analytical research alone is not enough, and it must be supplemented by numerical calculations. The time required to perform manual calculations or use a desktop computer was intolerable, so von Neumann began to study electronic computers and computing methods with great energy.
From 1944 to 1945, von Neumann formed the basic method used today to transform a set of mathematical processes into a computer instruction language. At that time, electronic computers (such as ENIAC) lacked flexibility and universality. Von Neumann's work on fixed, pervasive line systems in machines, the concept of "flow diagrams," and the concept of "codes" have contributed significantly to overcoming these shortcomings. Although this arrangement is obvious to mathematical logicians.
The development of computer engineering should also be greatly attributed to von Neumann. The logic schemes of computers, the selection of storage, speed, basic instructions, and the design of the interaction between circuits in modern computers are all deeply influenced by von Neumann's ideas. He was not only involved in the development of the computer ENIAC for tube components, but also personally supervised a computer at the Princeton Advanced Institute. A while ago, von Neumann also worked with Moore's group to write a new general-purpose computer program EDVAC, a stored program. The 101-page report stunned the mathematics community. The Princeton Advanced Institute, which has been specializing in theoretical research, also approved the construction of computers by von Neumann, based on this report.
Electronic computers that are more than 10 million times faster than manual calculations not only greatly promote the progress of numerical analysis, but also stimulate the emergence of new methods in the basic aspects of mathematical analysis itself. Among them, the flourishing development of the Monte Carlo method developed by von Neumann and others using random numbers to deal with deterministic mathematical problems is a prominent example.
The precise mathematical expression of the principles of mathematical physics in the 19th century seems to be very lacking in modern physics. The complex structures that appear in the study of elementary particles are dazzling, and the hope for a comprehensive mathematical theory is still very remote. From a comprehensive point of view, not to mention the analysis difficulties encountered in processing certain partial differential equations, there is little hope for accurate solutions. All this forces people to seek new mathematical models that can be processed by electronic computers. Von Neumann contributed many genius methods for this: most of them are contained in various experimental reports. From the numerical solution of the partial differential equation, to the long-term weather value, it must be reported, and finally to control the climate.
In the last years of von Neumann's life, his thinking was still very active. He integrated the results of early logic research and the work on computers to expand his horizons to general automata theory. He attacked the most complicated problems with his unique courage: how to use unreliable components to design reliable automata, and build automata that he could reproduce. From this, he realized that some similarities between the computer and the human brain mechanism were reflected in the lecture of Zillerman; only after his death was a single copy published under the name "Computer and Human Brain". Although this is an unfinished work, some quantitative results obtained after his accurate analysis and comparison of the human brain and computer systems still have important academic value.

As anyone familiar with the history of computer development knows, American scientist von Neumann has always been known as the "father of electronic computers." However, the field of mathematical history also insists that von Neumann is one of the greatest mathematicians of this century. He has done pioneering work in ergodic theory and topological group theory. Operator algebra has even been named. "Von Neumann algebra." Physicists say that the "Mathematical Basis of Quantum Mechanics" written by von Neumann in the 1930s has proved to be extremely valuable for the development of atomic physics; economists have repeatedly emphasized that von Neumann The established horizontal system of economic growth, especially his book "Game Theory and Economic Behavior" published in the 1940s, has made him a monument in the fields of economics and decision science.
No matter what historians say, John Von Neumann (1903-1957), a Hungarian-American scholar, deserves to be an outstanding all-round master of science. People are still talking about it. As a genius, when he was a teenager, he could not hire a tutor ...
It happened in Budapest, Hungary in 1931. A Jewish banker published a notice in the newspaper asking for a tutor for his 11-year-old child, which was more than 10 times the usual salary. Budapest is full of talents, but more than a month has passed, and no one actually went to apply. Because in this city, everyone has heard that the banker's eldest son, von Neumann, is so intelligent that he can recite all the numbers on his father's account book at the age of three. At the age of six, he can count 8 digits in addition to 8 At the age of eight, he learned calculus, and his extraordinary learning ability surprised the teachers who had taught him.
Helpless, his father had to send von Neumann to a regular school. Less than a semester, the math teacher in his class walked into the house and told the banker that his level of mathematics was far from meeting von Neumann's needs. "If the child is not given the opportunity to further his education, he will delay his future," the teacher said seriously. "I can recommend him to a mathematics professor. What do you think?"
When the banker was overjoyed, von Neumann was studying in school with his classmates, and a professor from Budapest University turned on the stove for him. However, this situation did not last for a few years. The diligent middle school student soon surpassed the university professor. He actually extended his tentacles into the latest branch of mathematics at that time-set theory and functional analysis. He also read Extensive books on history and literature, and learned seven foreign languages. On the eve of graduation, von Neumann and his mathematics professor jointly published his first mathematical dissertation. That year, he was less than 17 years old.
On the eve of the university entrance exam, the political situation in Hungary was turbulent, and von Neumann traveled around Europe, taking lectures at some famous universities in Berlin and Switzerland. At the age of 22, he received a diploma in chemical engineering from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland. A year later, a PhD in mathematics from the University of Budapest was easily obtained. After being an unpaid lecturer in Berlin for several years, he turned to physics, studying mathematical models for quantum mechanics, and made himself a prominent place in the field of theoretical physics. Feng Fengmao, with his strong learning perseverance, "sweeped thousands of troops like a roll sheet" in the science hall and became a super-talent across all disciplines of "math, science, and chemistry".
"Opportunity only favors prepared minds." In 1928, Professor O. Veblen of the American Institute of Mathematics, Princeton Institute of Advanced Studies (O.Veblen), a magnate of the world, sent a bronzing letter of appointment to the unpaid lecturer at the University of Berlin, asking him to teach in the United States " Quantum mechanics theory class. " Von Neumann anticipated that the center of future scientific development would move westward and readily agreed to teach in the United States. In 1930, 27-year-old von Neumann was promoted to professor; in 1933, together with Einstein, he was hired as the first tenured professors at the Princeton Advanced Institute, and was the youngest of the six masters. name.
In the eyes of some of von Neumann's colleagues, he simply does not look like us on this earth. They commented: "You see, Jony is indeed not mortal, but after living with people for a long time, he also learned how to imitate the world." Von Neumann's thinking is extremely fast, almost other people say In the first few words, I immediately learned the other party's last point. Genius comes from hard work. He works almost every day before dawn and falls asleep. He is often confused by hard work and makes some jokes.
It is said that one day, von Neumann was uneasily drawn to the table by his colleagues. While playing cards, he was still thinking about his subject, and he lost a lot of money for 10 yuan. This colleague was also a mathematician. He suddenly made a plan and wanted to make fun of his friend, so he used the won 5 yuan to buy a book "The Theory of Game and Economic Behavior" written by von Neumann, and put The remaining 5 yuan was posted on the cover of the book to show that he "overcame" the "gambling economic theorist", which really made von Neumann "faceless".
Another joke occurred during the development of the ENIAC computer. Several mathematicians got together to discuss mathematical problems and couldn't think of a solution. Someone decided to go home with a desk calculator to continue calculations. In the early morning the next morning, his eyes were dark and he was tired, and walked into the office, showing off proudly to everyone:
"I counted from last night until 4:30 this morning, and finally found 5 special answers to that problem. They are more difficult than one!" Von Neumann pushed in the door and said, "What is more difficult? Although he only heard the latter half of the sentence, the word "harder" made him feel right away. Someone told him the topic, and the professor immediately left what he was supposed to do in Java, and happily proposed: "Let us count these five special answers together."
Everyone wants to see the "smart calculation" ability of the professor. I saw von Neumann staring at the ceiling, without saying a word, quickly entered the "entertainment" state. After about 5 minutes, I said the first 4 answers, and was thinking about the fifth ... The young mathematician couldn't help it any longer, and couldn't help but blurt out the answer. Von Neumann was taken aback, but did not answer. After another minute, he said, "You're right!"
The mathematician left with reverence, and he thought without hesitation: "What other computer are you going to build, isn't the professor's mind a super-high-speed computer?" However, von Neumann stayed In situ, in painful thinking, I can't extricate myself for a long time. Someone asked him softly why, and the professor replied uneasily: "I was thinking, what method did he use, and the answer was calculated so quickly." After hearing this, everyone laughed: "He uses desktop computing The whole night was forgotten! "Von Neumann froze, and laughed.
Von Neumann's greatest contribution to science was, of course, in the computer field.
One evening in the midsummer of 1944, Goldstein came to Aberdeen Station, waiting for the train to Philadelphia, and suddenly saw a familiar figure approaching him not far away. The visitor is the world-famous mathematician von Neumann. God-given opportunity, Goldstein felt that he must not let go of this accidental encounter. He poured out several mathematical problems that had been buried in his heart, and asked the math master for advice. Mathematicians are amiable, without any clue, and patiently troubleshoot Goldstein. Listening to it, von Neumann showed a look of surprise, keenly aware of the unusual problems happening to the young man from the mathematical problem. He turned to Goldstein in turn, asking the young man "as if he had experienced another defense of a doctoral dissertation." In the end, Goldstein told him without concealment about the computer project and the current research progress of Moore College.
Von Neumann was really shocked, and then extremely excited. Since 1940, he has been an adviser to the Aberdeen test site, and the same calculation problems have caused the math masters anxiety. He impatiently told Goldstein that he wanted to visit the Moore Academy in person to see the unborn machine. Years later, Goldstein recalled, "When Jonny saw a job we were doing, he jumped to the computer with both feet."
Morcelli and Eckert are happy to wait for von Neumann's visit. They are also eager to get the guidance of this famous scholar, but they are a little skeptical. Eckert told Moccilli privately: "Just listen to his first question and you can tell if von Neumann is a true genius."
In the scorching sun in August, von Neumann rushed to the experimental base of Moore College in a dusty manner, and kept meeting with members of the research team. Mocelli remembered Eckert's words and listened to the first question of the math master with his ears open. When he heard von Neumann's first question about the logical structure of the machine, he couldn't help laughing at Eckert, and both were impressed by the wisdom of this great scientist! Since then, von Neumann has become a practical adviser to the Computer Research Group at Moore College, and has frequently exchanged views with the group members. The young man wisely put forward various ideas, and von Neumann used his profound knowledge to lead the discussion deeper and gradually formed the computer system design idea. Von Neumann combined with young people with his solid technology background and strong comprehensive ability has greatly improved the overall level of the Mohr group, making the Mohr group a "talent amplifier", which is still admired by the scientific community to this day Model of scientific research organization.
It was not unfounded that people later wore the crown of "the father of electronic computers" on von Neumann instead of the two actual developers of the first computer. The ENIAC computer developed by Mocelli and Eckert has achieved great success, but its most fatal shortcoming is the separation of program and calculation. The program instructions that direct the work of nearly 20,000 electronic tubes to "switch" are stored in the external circuit of the machine. Need to calculate a certain problem At present, Eckert must send someone to connect hundreds of lines by hand, and work like a telephone operator for hours or even days to perform a few minutes of calculation.
Before ENIAC was put into operation, von Neumann had begun to prepare a remodeling of this electronic computer. In just 10 months, von Neumann quickly turned the concept into a solution. The new machine solution is named "Discrete Variable Automatic Computer", English abbreviation EDVAC. In June 1945, von Neumann, Goldstein and others jointly published a 101-page paper report, the famous "101-page report" in computer history. This report lays a solid foundation for modern computer architecture and is still considered to be a landmark document in the development of modern computer science.
In the EDVAC report, von Neumann clearly specified the five major components of the computer: the arithmetic unit CA, the logic controller CC, the memory M, the input device I, and the output device O, and described the functions and relationships of the five major components. Compared with ENIAC, the improvement of EDVAC first lies in von Neumann's clever idea of "storing a program". The program is also stored in the machine as data by the computer, so that the computer can automatically execute the instructions one by one in sequence. No longer need to connect to any line. Secondly, he made it clear that this machine must adopt a binary number system in order to give full play to the working characteristics of electronic devices and make the structure compact and more versatile. People later referred to the machines designed according to this concept as "Neumann machines".
Since the EDVAC computer designed by von Neumann, until today we use the "Pentium" chip to make multimedia computers, generations of computers have been passed down from generation to generation, and thousands of computers, large and small, have not been able to jump out of the " "Neumann machine". Von Neumann pointed out the direction for the development of modern computers. In this sense, he is a well-deserved "father of electronic computers". Of course, with the development of artificial intelligence and neural network computers, the pattern of "Neumann machines" dominating the world has been broken, but von Neumann's great contributions to the development of computers will never be wiped out for this. Glorious!
After the end of the Second World War, due to various reasons, the ENIAC development team suffered a lamentable split, and the "memory program" machine could not be developed immediately. Von Neumann, Goldstein and Bocks returned to Princeton University in New Jersey. In 1946, they developed a new IAS computer (IAS is the English abbreviation of Advanced Institute) for the Princeton Advanced Institute.
The return of von Neumann caused a strong computer fever in Princeton. The research institute that has always been deserted is boiling, and a large number of professionals admire his name, so that the Princeton Advanced Research Institute has become a research center for electronic computers in the United States. Von Neumann struck a hot iron and set about putting his 101-page computer solution into practice. In 1951, this EDSAC computer embodying his years of hard work was finally released. After the program was stored in the machine, the efficiency was hundreds of times higher than that of ENIAC. Only 3563 electron tubes and 10,000 crystal diodes were used. To store programs and data, it consumes only one third of ENIAC's power and floor space.
During the development of ISA computers by von Neumann, a number of computers appeared in the United States that were copied from the ISA photo structure provided by Princeton University. For example, MANIAC developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory, ILLAC manufactured by the University of Illinois. Remington Rand scientist W. Ware even dismissed von Neumann's objections and named his machine JOHNIAC ("John Nick", "John" is the name of von Neumann ). Von Neumann's name has become synonymous with modern computers.
At Princeton, von Neumann also uses computers to solve problems in various fields of science. He proposed a research plan for forecasting weather with a computer, which forms the basis of today's systematic meteorological numerical forecasting; he was hired as a scientific consultant for IBM to help the company spawn the first computer, the IBM 701, which stored programs; The similarity between the computer and the human brain has a strong interest in preparing to study human thinking from a computer perspective; although he did not participate in Dartmouth's first artificial intelligence conference, he pioneered the mathematical school of artificial intelligence research; he even It was the first person who proposed that computer programs could be copied, and predicted the emergence of computer viruses half a century ago ...
On February 8, 1957, von Neumann suffered from bone cancer. He did not even have time to write a lecture about simulating human language with a computer. He died at the Delhi Hospital in the United States and lived only 54 years. He has received numerous awards throughout his life, including two US Presidential awards, and was awarded the National Basic Science Award in 1994. He is the most influential generation in the history of computer development.

The 20th century is about to pass, and the 21st century is coming. Standing at the threshold of the turn of the century, when we look back at the brilliant development of science and technology in the 20th century, we must mention the von Neumann, one of the most outstanding mathematicians of the 20th century. As we all know, the electronic computer invented in 1946 greatly promoted the progress of science and technology and greatly promoted the progress of social life. In view of the key role played by von Neumann in the invention of electronic computers, he was hailed as the "father of computers" by Westerners. In economics, he also has a breakthrough achievement, known as "the father of game theory". In the field of physics, the "Mathematical Basis of Quantum Mechanics" written by von Neumann in the 1930s has proven to be extremely important for the development of atomic physics. He also has considerable accomplishments in chemistry, having obtained a university degree from the Department of Chemistry of the Zurich Higher Technical Institute. Like Hayek, who is also a Jew, he is worthy of being one of the greatest all-rounders of the last century. He pioneered modern computer theory, and its architecture continues to this day.