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Citation refers to a rhetorical method of quoting ready-made words, such as verses, maxims, idioms, etc., in speaking or writing. Citations can be divided into two types: explicit and implicit. Explicit quoting refers to quoting the original text directly, with quotation marks, or just quoting the original idea without quotation marks, but all indicate the source of the original text. Implicit quoting means weaving it in its own words, not citing the source of the quotation, or quoting the original sentence, or just quoting the meaning. The use of quotations can not only make the article concise and concise, but also help to reason and lyric; it can also increase the literary style and enhance the expressive force. ^[1]

[yn yòng]

1. [reference]: Use words or sentences from other people s works when speaking or writing,

   Eg: quote one from that poem

   1. Referral appointments.

   "

   The function of quoting is to make the arguments firm and full, to increase persuasiveness, to be inspiring, and to refine the language, implicit and elegant.

   When writing a dissertation:

   1. Quoting can make the expressed language concise and lively, lively and add appeal. Such as:

   So I threw away the dead face, and laughed at ease, but didn't want to touch the nails of serious people immediately: I said that they were "disappointed". I naturally know that it was the world of the old people, and then the world of the young people; but unexpectedly the people who govern the world are different, and the same is forbidden to laugh and laugh. Well, I still have to pretend to die, pretend, "

   Quotation introduction

   A reference is an alias for a variable (target), and the operation on the reference is exactly the same as the direct operation on the variable.

   Reference declaration method: type identifier & reference name = target variable name;

   [Example 1]: int a; int & ra = a; // define reference ra, which is a reference to variable a, that is, an alias

   Explanation:

   (1) & is not for address calculation, but for identification.

   (2) The type identifier refers to the type of the target variable.

   (3) When declaring a reference, it must be initialized at the same time.

   (4) After the reference declaration is completed, it is equivalent to the target variable name having two names, that is, the original name of the target and the reference name, and the reference name cannot be used as an alias for other variable names.

   ra = 1; equivalent to a = 1;

   (5) Declaring a reference does not newly define a variable, it only indicates that the reference name is an alias of the target variable name. It is not a data type itself, so the reference itself does not occupy a storage unit, and the system does not assign a reference Storage unit. Therefore: addressing a reference is addressing the target variable. & ra is equal to & a.

   It can also be explained this way. The so-called reference refers to an alias for an object, and the object can be taken when using the alias. In other words, the new object and the original object share an address. In this way, no matter which object is modified, the content of the same address is actually modified, so the original object and the new object (specifically, the object and its reference) have the same value.

   PHP Quoting PHP

   References in the constructor

   Creating references in the constructor can lead to confusing results. This section helps to avoid problems in the form of tutorials.

   <? php

   class Foo {

   function Foo ($ name) {

   // create a reference in the global array $ globalref

   global $ globalref;

   $ globalref [] = & $ this;

   // set the name to the value passed

   $ this-> setName ($ name);

   // and output it

   $ this-> echoName ();

   }

   function echoName () {

   echo "<br />", $ this-> name;

   }

   function setName ($ name) {

   $ this-> name = $ name;

   }

   }?>

   Let's check if there is a difference between $ bar1 created with the copy operator = and $ bar2 created with the reference operator = & ...

   <? php

   $ bar1 = new Foo ('set in constructor');

   $ bar1-> echoName ();

   $ globalref [0]-> echoName ();

   / * Output: set in constructorset in constructorset in constructor * /

   $ bar2 = & new Foo ('set in constructor');

   $ bar2-> echoName ();

   $ globalref [1]-> echoName ();

   / * Output: set in constructorset in constructorset in constructor * /

   ?>

   Obviously there is no difference, but there is actually a very important difference: $ bar1 and $ globalref [0] are not referenced, they are not the same variable. This is because "new" does not return a reference by default, but instead returns a copy.

   Note: There is no performance penalty in returning a copy instead of a reference (because PHP 4 and above uses reference counting). Conversely, it is better to work on copies rather than references, because it takes some time to create a reference and it does not take time to create a copy (unless they are not large arrays or objects, and one of them changes with the other, then It would be smarter to use references to modify them at the same time).

   To prove what was written above, look at the code below.

   <? php

   // Change the name now, what do you expect?

   // You might expect the names of $ bar1 and $ globalref [0] to change ...

   $ bar1-> setName ('set from outside');

   // But as said before, this is not the case.

   $ bar1-> echoName ();

   $ globalref [0]-> echoName ();

   / * The output is: set from outsideset in constructor * /

   // now see if there is a difference between $ bar2 and $ globalref [1]

   $ bar2-> setName ('set from outside');

   // Fortunately, not only are they the same, they are basically the same variable.

   // So $ bar2-> name and $ globalref [1]-> name are also the same variable.

   $ bar2-> echoName ();

   $ globalref [1]-> echoName ();

   / * The output is: set from outsideset from outside * /

   ?>

   Finally, give another example and try to understand it.

   <? php

   class A {

   function A ($ i) {

   $ this-> value = $ i;

   // try to understand why no reference is needed here

   $ this-> b = new B ($ this);

   }

   function createRef () {

   $ this-> c = new B ($ this);

   }

   function echoValue () {

   echo "<br />", "class", get_class ($ this), ':', $ this-> value;

   }

   }

   class B {

   function B (& $ a) {

   $ this-> a = & $ a;

   }

   function echoValue () {

   echo "<br />", "class", get_class ($ this), ':', $ this-> a-> value;

   }

   }

   // try to understand why a simple copy is used below

   * // Unexpected results in the marked lines

   $ a = & new A (10);

   $ a-> createRef ();

   $ a-> echoValue ();

   $ a-> b-> echoValue ();

   $ a-> c-> echoValue ();

   $ a-> value = 11;

   $ a-> echoValue ();

   $ a-> b-> echoValue ();

   // * $ a-> c-> echoValue ();

   ?> The above example will output:

   class A: 10class B: 10class B: 10class A: 11class B: 11class B: 11

   Academic Loan Code Guide Reference

   "Guidelines for Academic Citation Regulations" solves four basic questions (4W) in academic citations, namely, why, what, when, and how to cite, thereby effectively helping readers to master the citation norms. Prevent plagiarism. The book introduces in detail the different methods of citations and different types of citations. Including several internationally accepted citation formats (Harvard format, APA format, MLA format and digital numbering format), as well as dozens of types of monographs, journal articles, electronic CD-ROMs, lectures, microfilms, blogs, Weibo, email, etc. Literature. The "Common Quotations" highlights the various citation problems that academics often encounter. In short, readers can learn the citation norms through this book system, and can consult them at any time during the academic writing process, which is very convenient and practical.

   Chapter 1 "Amazing" Citations Chapter 2 Why Do I Make a Citation Chapter 3 What Content Needs Citations and When to Cite Chapter 4 What Is Plagiarism Chapter 5 Citation Format Chapter 6 The Author's Publication Year Harvard) Citation Format Chapter 7 Common Citation Questions Collection Chapter 8 How to Express Your Opinion in the Paper Chapter 9 Examples of Various Types of Document Citations Appendix 1 "When Do I Need to Make a Citation" Test Answer Appendix 2 "What Is plagiarism test answer appendix 3 "Exercise: Is this plagiarism?" The answer is recommended to read bibliographic references ^[3]