What Are the Different Methods for Hazardous Waste Clean Up?

Hazardous waste collection refers to the safety of productive and domestic wastes that have one or more of the following characteristics: explosive, flammable, corrosive, chemically reactive, acute, chronic, ecological, and infectious. And efficient recycling.

Hazardous waste collection

Since the promulgation of the National Plan for the Construction of Hazardous Waste and Medical Waste Disposal Facilities in 2004 (hereinafter referred to as the "Plan") and the special rectification of hazardous chemical safety nationwide in 2003, the entire process of hazardous waste management and safe disposal has caused all sectors of society Universal attention. Through actual investigation, it was found that in all aspects of the entire process of hazardous waste management and disposal, the collection and transportation links are most prone to accidents and pose the greatest threat to the environment and human safety.

In addition to the dangerous goods that have been issued by the transportation department in China, only from the perspective of traffic safety, there are no more specific and clear regulations on pollution control in the collection, storage, and transportation of hazardous waste. When there is no way to rely on it, the packaging and transportation of hazardous waste can only be performed in accordance with the existing requirements of the transportation department for dangerous goods. After the "Planning" was promulgated, China's hazardous waste and medical waste disposal facilities have been gradually constructed, especially the service scope of a comprehensive hazardous waste treatment plant is usually a province, and collection, transportation, and temporary storage will become unavoidable problems.

In addition, a series of international conventions that China has signed have strict requirements for the collection, storage, and transportation of hazardous waste. For example, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (hereinafter referred to as the Basel Convention), signed in 1989, aims to control and manage the transboundary movements and disposal of hazardous wastes. The requirements for the collection, transportation, storage, lead recovery, environmental control, safety, and protection of waste lead-acid batteries have been made accordingly. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (hereinafter referred to as the "

The preparation of this technical specification is organized and implemented by the Department of Science and Technology Standards of the State Environmental Protection Administration, and drafted by the Shenyang Environmental Science Research Institute and the National Environmental Protection and Hazardous Waste Disposal Engineering Technology Center.

The preparation of this technical specification started in early October 2005, and the first draft was completed in mid-April 2007 and a comprehensive consultation was begun. At the end of August 2007, all the opinions solicited were withdrawn, and the revision of the solicitations was completed by the end of October 2007.

During the preparation of this technical specification, a large number of relevant domestic and foreign literatures were studied, including laws, departmental regulations and environmental standards related to hazardous waste. At the same time, the compilers conducted surveys in various places, and had a comprehensive understanding of the current status of hazardous waste collection, storage, transportation technology and management in China, as well as relevant experiences and lessons. All the literature and practical experience were usefully absorbed and used for reference in the preparation of this technical specification.

The compiler made a special inspection on the collection and transportation of special hazardous wastes, gained valuable experience in practice, and wrote related requirements into this specification.

After the draft of this technical specification was completed, there were also many exchanges within the research group, and several consultation sessions were held. The opinions of relevant experts were extensively absorbed, and this technical specification was seriously revised and improved.

In China's current traffic regulations, there is no strict distinction as to whether dangerous goods are hazardous waste or products that have just been produced. Hazardous chemicals also belong to a special category of hazardous wastes and cannot represent all hazardous wastes. The National Hazardous Waste List that has been promulgated now allows us to rely on what kind of waste is hazardous waste, but there are still many loopholes and deficiencies. The state has invested heavily in the decontamination of hazardous waste. In the future, a series of technical standards and regulations on hazardous waste management and disposal will be promulgated. The goal is not dangerous goods in the regulations of the transportation department, nor is it the public security department. The hazardous chemicals in the regulations are the hazardous wastes in the National Hazardous Waste List.

The establishment of this technical specification is not intended to prevent the transport of such hazardous waste, unless the hazardous waste is too dangerous to be transported. The purpose of establishing this technical specification is to make the collection, storage, and transportation work feasible by eliminating or minimizing risks. From the time of generation of hazardous waste to its final disposal, its environmental impact is under our control.

The preparation of this technical specification mainly follows the following principles:

(1) Complying with the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes (hereinafter referred to as the "Solid Waste Law"), the Plan, the Measures for the Administration of Hazardous Waste Business Permits, the Measures for the Management of Hazardous Waste Transfer Combining Forms, Regulations on the Safety Management of Dangerous Chemicals, the National Catalog of Hazardous Wastes, the relevant regulations of the transportation department on the transport of dangerous goods, and other relevant policies, regulations and standards.

(2) On the basis of extensive investigation and research on relevant collection, storage, and transportation management regulations and standards at home and abroad.

(3) Embody the principle of comprehensiveness, implement it practically, and ensure the practicality of the specification.

(4) It does not violate the existing management regulations of the Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Public Security of China, and can be connected to each other, and be clear, specific and operable.

The level of the country's fundamental laws and regulations has been improved. The Solid Waste Law has general requirements for the collection, transportation, and storage of hazardous wastes. The hazardous waste business license system is an authoritative qualification certification that has formed a high threshold. The market access mechanism stipulates which units and individuals are qualified to deal with hazardous wastes; the management method of hazardous waste transfer coupons runs through the entire process from generation to final disposal of hazardous wastes, so that the fate of hazardous wastes can be effectively tracked and controlled through transfer coupons And keep the record. However, under the framework of the above regulations, China still lacks corresponding standards and regulations for collection, storage, and transportation, and the special material form of hazardous waste can only be roughly referenced to implement similar regulations in the transportation department. Looking at the current status of hazardous waste management abroad, both the United States and Europe have long explored and summarized their experiences and formed their relatively complete technical management system for hazardous waste collection, packaging, transportation and storage. Although European countries and China are facing the same problem, that is, the integration of hazardous waste packaging, transportation, packaging of dangerous goods, and technical specifications of transportation, but after all, the specific technical specification system is complete and worthy of our study and reference.

Clarify the applicability of this technical specification

According to the characteristics of the hazardous waste collection, storage and transportation links, the specific technical specifications are clarified. For example, there are many modes of transportation, including waterways, railways, and highways. Each mode of transportation has its advantages and disadvantages, and the packaging levels and technical regulations required by different modes of transportation are different. The purpose of this specification is to clarify the packaging method for each mode of transport and the specific identification of each package.

As the 31 comprehensive hazardous waste disposal plants to be built and most of the hazardous waste disposal plants in operation are comprehensive centralized disposal plants, the service area is very large, and collection, transportation and transit are inevitable. The country currently lacks specialized hazards. Specific specifications on the allocation of waste transportation vehicles and hazardous waste transfer facilities. Adding this content can meet the needs of implementing the national planning for the construction of hazardous waste and medical waste disposal facilities. The characteristics of general industrial wastes and special hazardous wastes are quite different, and the collection, storage, and transportation processes should also have different regulations. Many aspects require the introduction of a more professional, more specific, and operable technical specification.

The promulgation of this technical specification is directly targeted at the actual needs of existing hazardous waste collection, storage, and transportation fields, in order to provide technical and management basis for solving related problems in this field.

Solve problems during hazardous waste collection

The National Hazardous Waste List, which can guide the classification of hazardous wastes, is classified into 47 categories and more than 600 types, which are not easy to operate. The actual operation still uses 9 types of hazardous characteristics similar to those in Europe. Classification. The state has implemented a hazardous waste declaration and registration system so that environmental protection departments can grasp the situation of key pollution sources in each region, but because there is no clear definition of the responsibilities of collectors and producers, and no authoritative provisions on the technical details of the collection process , Can not be relied on, resulting in two situations.

The first is the poor operating conditions of the enterprise, and the long-term storage of wastes makes it impossible to take action on the wastes that have caused pollution. Hazardous waste production, storage, and use units occasionally cause environmental pollution and human poisoning caused by failure to properly dispose of their stocks and hazardous wastes after conversion, suspension, closure, or dissolution, which has caused serious damage to the local environment and residents' safety. Hidden dangers. In order to effectively prevent such incidents, the technical specifications propose that units that produce, store, and use hazardous wastes should be safely transferred and disposed of, and clean up the site in accordance with relevant national regulations. Standards and specifications, monitoring the soil and groundwater in the factory area, and reporting the results to the environmental protection administrative department at or above the county level for the record. In addition, the transportation cost of hazardous wastes without a clear owner is also a problem that must be resolved. This technical specification addresses the above issues.

Second, the small-scale producers are operating without a license and operating illegally, which leads to the complicated flow of hazardous wastes and the serious loss. Most of them have not achieved separate collection and no special packaging and containers. In fact, there are precedents and solutions for this phenomenon. The American management model can be used as a reference.

Compared with the United States and Europe, China's hazardous waste management model is more suitable for the United States. The reason is that European countries have relatively small land areas and there are many problems with the transboundary movement of wastes. For example, only a few countries have facilities for hazardous waste incineration and landfilling. The situation in the United States is similar to that in China. The most important thing is that we have been leading us in the field of hazardous waste collection for many years, and basically formed a scientific and feasible management model. We will initially establish a technical management model for hazardous waste collection in China through a study of US technical guidelines and related regulations.

Hazardous waste packaging and transportation must follow the regulations of the transportation department

The environmental protection department and the transportation department have integrated all technical regulations on packaging and transportation of hazardous wastes. As the Ministry of Communications of China has issued the "General Technical Conditions for the Packaging of Dangerous Goods" (GB12463-90), hazardous wastes are still dangerous goods during the transportation process. In the absence of technical specifications on packaging and transportation of hazardous wastes in China, Only in accordance with the relevant regulations of the transportation department. However, the definitions of dangerous goods and hazardous wastes are different, and these regulations are only from the perspective of traffic safety. There are no specific regulations on environmental pollution control in the packaging and transportation of hazardous wastes. It is inevitable that there will be omissions in the implementation of specific operations, and it will inevitably appear that the legal provisions do not conform to the actual operation. In order to effectively control the impact of hazardous waste on the environmental pollution and human health during the packaging and transportation process, the environmental protection department should formulate specific technical specifications on the premise that the existing regulations of the transportation department do not conflict with the principles. The scope of the code is clearly defined as hazardous waste, not dangerous goods. Focusing on transportation safety issues, environmental pollution control, personal protection of operators and emergency response, it is not a requirement for the above four situations, but a comprehensive specification of the packaging and transportation technology. To minimize the above three risks. ^[1]

This section explains in accordance with the order of the technical specification texts, and the order and writing of related titles are the same as the original.

General

This article explains the basic purpose of formulating this technical specification, and clarifies the main goal of formulating this technical specification, that is, to realize the safety of the technical and management behaviors of the collection, storage, and transportation of hazardous wastes, and to protect human health.

This clause clarifies the scope of application of this technical specification. It includes general hazardous wastes and special hazardous wastes. It is stipulated that the collection, storage and transportation of special hazardous wastes shall also comply with corresponding special regulations and management regulations.

the term

In this chapter, with reference to relevant national regulations and standards, the definitions and descriptions of relevant terms appearing in this technical specification are made.

The definition of hazardous waste storage uses calendar days instead of working days. The reason is that off days and hazardous waste are also at risk.

Normative references

In this chapter, the main laws and regulations referenced by this technical specification as well as the current standards and specifications are listed.

General requirements

Regarding the content of the producers, it is not only that they are registered as producers of hazardous wastes. In fact, as long as hazardous wastes are produced, they are hazardous waste producers.

Regarding the regulations on "units that produce, store and use hazardous wastes that are closed, shut down, merged or converted," the main reference is to the provisions of Article 14 of the Measures for the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Abandoned Dangerous Chemicals. When the storage or use unit changes production, production, business or dissolution, it shall properly dispose of the production or storage equipment, storage products and production materials of hazardous chemicals in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Regulations on the Safety Management of Dangerous Chemicals, and shall comply with relevant national environmental protection measures. Standards and specifications, testing the soil and groundwater in the factory area, preparing an environmental risk assessment report, and reporting to the environmental protection department at or above the county level for record-keeping .... After completing the environmental restoration of the polluted site, the environmental protection inspection agency should be entrusted to carry out the restoration of the site. Test, and report the test report to the environmental protection department at or above the county level for record. "And Article 17" ... if there is no clear person responsible for the waste hazardous chemicals collected or the person incapable of bearing the disposal costs, and the receiving public The collected abandoned hazardous chemicals shall be collected by the administration Management department responsible for applying to the fiscal costs of disposal. "

Requirements for hazardous waste producers

Because "disposal" has a legal meaning, most producers do not dispose of it themselves, but entrust it to a licensed enterprise. Therefore, this technical specification proposes that the producer must independently complete or entrust the disposal of hazardous waste within the time limit uniformly required by the local environmental protection administrative department.

Packaging containers and bags should be made of materials that are compatible with the contents (non-reactive). Packaging containers must be strong and not easily broken, and have good impermeability. The purpose is that many plastics are also high-quality packaging materials, so long as they meet relevant requirements, they can be used for hazardous waste packaging.

For the marking of hazardous waste, this technical specification proposes that the size of "hazardous waste" should not be less than 1/20 of the label area. If it is a small label, each word should be at least about 5mm high. The size of the symbol displayed on the label should not be less than 1/20 of the label area. In any case, it should not be less than 500mm2. The minimum size should be 25mm × 25mm.

Considering that the waste labels of some joint ventures need to be compared in Chinese and English, and the content is more, the labels are larger. The above article stipulates that the size of the symbol displayed on the label should not be less than 1/20 of the label area.

The General Technical Conditions for Dangerous Goods Transport Packaging (GB12463) provides that when specifically determining the packaging level of hazardous wastes, packaging of hazardous wastes is classified according to the strength of the packaging structure and the protective performance and the degree of danger of the contents. To meet the packaging form and performance requirements of the corresponding packaging. This section is referenced.

Road transport packaging

Because road transportation is more flexible than railway and water transportation, from the perspective of road and rail transportation safety, road accidents occur more frequently in China, especially for hazardous waste transportation. Large proportion. The main reasons are: a transport company or driver who does not have the qualification to transport dangerous goods privately transports dangerous goods; the driver is driving tiredly and driving illegally; the vehicle is not completely repaired; a traffic accident caused by bad weather. Therefore, in terms of packaging requirements, road transport packaging is the most stringent.

Water transport packaging

An article is added here. In order to ensure that the turnover box (barrel) containing medical waste will not sink to the bottom after an accidental water fall, this technical specification proposes that the load proportion of the turnover box (barrel) should be less than 1 × 103kg / m3. . Reflects the particularity of water transportation. Other aspects are similar to road transportation, and it is sufficient to meet the requirements of water transportation.

Rail transport packaging

Railway transportation is relatively safe during transportation, and the possibility of traffic accidents along the way is relatively small. Judging from the railway transportation situation at home and abroad in the past 20 years, the possibility of a traffic accident along the train itself is relatively small, and the safety factor is the highest. An analysis of major railway accidents in the past 20 years shows that most of the accidents occurred on passenger trains (mainly a few passengers carried flammable and explosives on board); the accidents on freight trains were mainly caused by natural disasters and other human factors. less. Railway transportation is basically based on containers, and the packaging requirements are the lowest compared to the other two.

Medical waste sorting and packaging

Yellow plastic bags are used to package infectious waste; disposable sharps boxes are used for sharps and damaging waste; infectious waste is packaged in red plastic bags to show eye-catching and different from other medical waste, in order to avoid infectious waste plastic bags during transportation Pollution accidents caused by rupture in the process or rupture of packaging bags caused by unclear classification of sharps remaining in the waste. In addition to the red infectious waste plastic bag, a cardboard box printed with the word "infectious waste" was added.

The above packaged medical waste is placed in a turnover box that meets the requirements, and is transported to a qualified processing plant for disposal by a special transport vehicle. This packaging requirement has been successfully implemented for many years in Tianjin's centralized collection, transportation, and treatment of medical waste, which is safe and reliable. ^[2]

Collection of PCB-containing waste

The subject of collection must have a state-approved operating permit for the collection of PCB waste. The subject must organize a professional collection team, with professional management personnel, and formulate strict rules and regulations. Based on site surveys, inquiries and surveys, and the clearing area and depth determined, the PCBs storage point pollutant removal plan must be formulated; the PCBs storage point removal plan must be organized by the provincial environmental protection department and relevant experts, and the storage area's local environmental protection department Only after the owner's unit has reviewed and passed the implementation. During the retrieval and cleaning process, PCBs pollutants are strictly prohibited from spreading to the environment, and effective technical guarantee measures are taken to prevent secondary pollution. The physical health of on-site staff must be protected from PCBs poisoning.

If the PCBs content in the soil is higher than 50mg / kg, the soil should be transported away during the clearing and transportation, and the scope of the clearing and transportation should be determined according to the PCB content in the soil. When clearing, the surrounding area must be cleared according to the groundwater level and flow direction. Excavation, packing and marking of light and heavily polluted soils were carried out in accordance with the clearance plan. After the construction of the on-site machinery is completed, the construction machinery is repeatedly rubbed with the surface-impregnated loops, and the loops are collected as heavy pollutants. Small tools and personal protective equipment are collected as heavy pollutants.

Sampling and analysis of the on-site environment should be performed after the removal and removal. Before the monitoring results are not reported, the landfill site needs to be protected for safety protection and anti-water accumulation. If the monitoring results do not meet the requirements of national standards, the parts that do not meet the requirements must be cleared again. If the monitoring results meet the relevant national standards, a cleaning and transportation review report should be prepared. Provincial environmental protection authorities organize relevant experts, monitoring units and The personnel of relevant departments convened a review meeting for clearance work and received confirmation.

The construction unit shall complete the work of backfilling the excavation site, restoring the original appearance of the ground surface, returning it to the owner unit, and archiving all the data related to the collection work after the clearance work is approved. The cleaned up storage sites shall be regularly monitored by the provincial environmental protection department, and the monitoring period shall be longer than five years. All PCB collection and transportation personnel must pass the professional knowledge training and assessment organized by the state before they can take up their posts.

Packaging with PCB waste

Solid PCBs waste is packed and unloaded in pallets as it enters the warehouse. For PCBs oil and highly polluting liquids, they are transported by pumps to special sealed iron drums. Power capacitors should be packed in thick plastic film bags, one bag each, and 3-6 capacitors should be placed in a 200L large-mouth iron bucket or plastic bucket, which is lined with a thick plastic film bag; The broken sarcophagus and the heavily polluted soil around the storage site were put into a 200L large-mouth iron bucket or plastic bucket lined with a double-layer thick plastic film bag, and the mouth was sealed.

For transformers containing PCBs, if the equipment is not damaged, disassembly is prohibited, and they should be placed in a metal tray and bundled firmly before transportation. If the equipment is damaged, the transformer oil should be drained out, packed in a metal bucket and sealed, and transported with the empty transformer case.

PCBs oil should be packed in 10L plastic pots. After sealing, several are put into 200L iron drums or plastic drums lined with plastic bags. The contaminated liquid is packed in 200L small-mouth plastic drums. Contaminated soil should be packed in 200L iron drums or plastic drums lined with plastic bags; lightly polluted soils with a moisture content of less than 50% should be packed in impervious woven bags.

The soil excavated in different areas should be packed separately and marked with the date, type of pollutants, weight, location and personnel. Pack the hoisting capacitor in a packing bag in time, and then transfer it to the packing barrel. After the drum is full, it should be punctured, sealed and marked.

Transportation of PCB-containing waste

The transportation of highly polluting PCBs waste should be by road or rail. No secondary loading or unloading is allowed from the loading to the destination unloading. Loading and unloading sites must have operating conditions dedicated to PCBs waste transfer, and have professional operators.

When transporting, 200L packaging containers of encapsulated PCBs with heavy pollutants should be placed on pallets in groups of four, packaged with a steel belt baler, and affixed with hazardous waste warning signs; woven bags that encapsulate PCBs with light pollutants It should be put on a pallet and packed with a steel belt baler, and affixed with a warning sign of hazardous waste. The transportation vehicles are transported by box trucks with qualifications for the transportation of hazardous chemicals, and the hazardous waste signs are affixed in a conspicuous position outside the carriage.

Rail transport must be carried in containers, and hazardous waste signs must be affixed to prominent locations outside the boxes. Highways with high concentrations of PCBs pollutants should choose highways and high-standard highways.

Personnel involved in the transportation of heavy pollutants from PCBs must be specially trained. Avoid traffic accidents. Transport vehicles must travel in formation, and bicycles must not leave the fleet. The first and last cars have wireless communication to keep in touch. When planning your trip, you must consider spending the night in the highway service area. Here, in order to prevent secondary pollution caused by entering the urban area, the vehicle can be prevented from theft and time can be saved.

Guards are on duty at night to ensure safety. Equipped with GPS satellite positioning equipment to determine the fleet position at any time. The convoy should be equipped with motor vehicles, equipped with emergency tools, personal protective equipment and packaging materials.

The emergency procedures should clearly stipulate the following: disposal of damaged packaging, collection of pollutants after diarrhea, handling in traffic accidents, handling in fire accidents, handling in floods, first aid after poisoning by personnel, and on-site assistance Contact information.

Collection of waste lead-acid batteries

The collection of waste lead-acid batteries must be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the State's "Hazardous Waste Transfer Commitment System". The producer must meet the requirements in the general collection specification. Collectors must have a "Hazardous Waste Business Permit" for the collection of waste lead-acid batteries and have complete pollution prevention facilities. The collector must not disassemble and discharge the electrolyte before the battery is transported to the disposal site.

Collectors can build a battery storage library in the collection area to facilitate battery transfer. The construction of temporary storage must meet the requirements of battery storage. When collecting the withdrawn electrolyte, it must be packed in an acid-resistant container to prevent accidents. Removed lead materials should be collected after packaging. Collectors are prohibited from transferring waste batteries to units and individuals without a waste battery disposal business license.

Packaging of waste lead-acid batteries

Before transportation, acid-proof packaging must be done, and the electrolyte must not be withdrawn. The container used for the packaging of intact waste batteries should have a certain strength to meet the requirements of transportation. The material of the packaging container must not cause any leakage. Packaging containers must be clearly marked and marked in size. The content should meet the requirements of the General Technical Conditions for Transport Packaging of Dangerous Goods (GB12463) and the Standard for Pollution Control of Hazardous Waste Storage (GB18597).

During transportation, the container should not slide, it should be tightly packed and stowed. During transportation, it must be marked with correct symbols, colors and meanings in accordance with international conventions and national laws and regulations, and its corrosiveness and danger must be warned.

Transport of waste lead-acid batteries

Avoid leakage accidents during transportation. Regardless of the transport method used, the used batteries must be transported in a container, and the requirements of the container should meet the relevant requirements. The transporter should truthfully complete and report the hazardous waste transfer coupon. Vehicles must be equipped with satellite positioning systems to control the transportation of hazardous waste. The transporter may receive the waste from the producer or other transporters and temporarily store it, and the storage period shall not exceed 10 days.

The transport unit must be qualified to transport hazardous waste. The transport vehicle must be capable of taking emergency measures. The transport unit must have the ability to handle ruptures, leaks, or other accidents in the packaging of hazardous waste. The waste battery must not be crushed or pulverized before and during the packaging and transportation of the waste battery to ensure its structural integrity to prevent leakage and pollution of harmful components in the battery.

The transboundary movement of used batteries should comply with the requirements of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste. Domestic transfers shall comply with the requirements of the "Administrative Measures for the Transfer of Hazardous Wastes" and other relevant regulations. The environmental protection administrative supervision and management departments at all levels shall control the flow of waste batteries in accordance with the "Measures for the Management of the Transfer of Hazardous Wastes" designated by the state and localities, and prohibit the loss during the transfer.