What Are the Different Types of Heavy Transport Equipment?

Logistics machinery and equipment is one of the main operating tools of modern enterprises, and is the basis for the rational organization of mass production and mechanized flow operations. For third-party logistics enterprises, logistics equipment is the material and technical basis for organizing logistics activities, which reflects the size of the company's logistics capabilities. Logistics equipment is the material foundation of the logistics system. With the development and progress of logistics, logistics equipment has been continuously improved and developed. Many new equipment in the field of logistics equipment continue to emerge, such as four-way pallets, overhead forklifts, automatic sorters, automatic guided transport vehicles (AGV), containers, etc., which greatly reduces people's labor intensity and improves logistics operation efficiency And service quality, reduce logistics costs, play an important role in logistics operations, and greatly promote the rapid development of logistics.

Logistics equipment

There are various types of logistics equipment, many models and specifications, and complex varieties. Generally, the equipment is divided into:

(1) Logistics storage equipment

(2) Distribution processing equipment

mainly include

Logistics equipment is the main symbol of the level of logistics technology. Modern logistics equipment reflects the development of modern logistics technology. China's logistics equipment is modern and highly automated, and its characteristics are mainly reflected in:

1. The degree of socialization of equipment is getting higher and higher, and the structure of equipment is becoming more and more complicated, and the links from research, design to production to scrapping are interdependent and mutually restrictive.

2. Device appeared "

Select logistics equipment in principle to be technically advanced, economically reasonable, and productive.

Road transport equipment

The special transport vehicles are mainly dump trucks; bulk grain trucks; trailers or trucks that are box trucks; open cars; flat-bed trucks, trailers; tank trailers; refrigerated trucks; high-barrier trucks; special vehicles.

(1) Dump truck. This kind of truck has large power, strong capacity, and can automatically roll back or roll over, and the goods can be unloaded by itself. Generally used in mines and construction sites and the transportation of coal and ore. Logistics companies usually do not use such trucks.

(2) Loose food truck. Bulk grain trucks are highly specialized and are used for grain transportation.

(3) Box car. Due to its simple structure, high capacity utilization and strong adaptability, it is the most widely used truck in the field of logistics. The main feature of the box car is that the car box is fully closed, the door is easy to load and unload, and it can realize "door to door" transportation. The closed carriage can not only protect the cargo from wind, sun and rain, but also prevent the loss of cargo, reduce cargo damage, and improve the quality of transportation.

(4) Gondola. Because the top is open, gondola can load goods of different heights.

(5) Flatbed. This vehicle is mainly used to transport goods such as steel and containers.

(6) Tank truck. This kind of vehicle has the characteristics of strong airtightness, and is suitable for transporting fluids (such as petroleum) and volatile and flammable dangerous goods.

(7) Refrigerated truck. This kind of truck is mainly used to transport refrigerated and perishable perishable and live goods that need to be controlled for temperature.

(8) Block truck. This type of car is characterized by a low center of gravity and a moderate load capacity. Mainly used for loading department stores and miscellaneous goods.

(9) Container tractors and trailers. Container tractors are specially used for towing container trailers or semi-trailers. The combination of the two is a special unit for transporting containers over long distances. It is mainly used for transportation between ports and docks, railway freight yards and container yards. Container trailers are divided into two types of semi-trailers and full-trailers according to different towing methods, of which semi-trailers are the most commonly used.

2. truck. Cargo trucks are classified according to the load capacity, and there are heavy-duty and light-duty trucks; according to the size of the car, there are large-scale, neutral, and micro-cargo trucks. Among them, mini and light trucks can be used for indoor collection and distribution, heavy trucks can be used for long-distance trunk transportation, and medium trucks can be used for short-distance outdoor transportation.

Rail transport equipment

The railway vehicle is a tool for transporting passengers and goods. In operation, it needs to be linked into a train and pulled by a locomotive. Vehicles can be divided into passenger cars and trucks according to the different transport objects. There are many types of trucks, such as boxcars, gondola cars, flat cars, tankers, and insulated cars. When transporting moisture and valuables, logistics companies can choose boxcars. When the cargo is bulk cargo or general mechanical equipment that is not afraid of wetness, gondola can be used. Flat cars are generally used to load grown goods (timber) and containers. Like freight cars, tankers are mainly suitable for carrying liquid, semi-liquid and powdery items. The heat preservation truck is mainly used to load fresh perishable goods and certain medicines with special requirements on temperature.

Waterway transportation equipment

The choice of logistics enterprises in this area mainly involves two aspects, namely the choice of shipping and shipping methods.

1. Ship

A ship is a tool for sailing or berthing in waters for transportation or other operations. Logistics companies mainly use cargo ships. Cargo ships can be divided into the following types according to the cargo carried by them:

(1) Dry bulk carrier. Bulk carriers are used to carry bulk bulk cargo. Because the goods to be carried do not need to be bundled, packed, or packed in a box, and are not afraid of being squeezed to facilitate loading and unloading, bulk carriers are generally single-deck ships. Dry bulk carriers are generally used to transport grain and coal.

(2) General cargo ship. That is, ordinary cargo ships generally have a small carrying capacity. For the convenience of tally, there are two or three decks. They are usually equipped with lifting equipment (such as booms or hydraulic rotary cranes). Many general cargo ships of 10,000 tons are standing deep. cabin. The speed of the general cargo ship is not very high. The general cargo ship is mainly used for loading general miscellaneous goods in general packaging, bags, boxes and barrels. New-type general cargo ships are generally multi-purpose vessels, which can carry ordinary general cargo as well as bulk, bulky, refrigerated and containers.

(3) Refrigerated ships. Refrigerated ships are ships that refrigerate and transport items such as meat, fish, eggs, fresh milk, fruits, and vegetables. Most food items are subject to decay and deterioration during long-term transportation and storage under normal temperature conditions. The biggest feature of the refrigerated ship is that its cargo compartment is actually a large refrigerated warehouse, which can provide the temperature required for long-term storage of the cargo. Because different types of cargo require different temperatures, refrigerated ships are divided into insulated transport ships (mainly used to transport fruits and vegetables) and refrigerated ships (transported frozen goods such as meat and fish).

(4) Timber ships. As the name suggests, a timber ship is a vessel designed to carry timber or logs. This type of boat is characterized by a large hatch, which can be loaded with timber on both the cabin and the deck.

(5) Crude oil ship. A vessel dedicated to crude oil. This ship has a large deadweight.

(6) Product oil tankers. Ships specialized in transporting petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel have high requirements for fire prevention and explosion protection.

(7) Container ship. It is a vessel that specializes in carrying containers, also known as a container ship or a container ship. All or most of the cabins of container ships are used to load containers. The size of the container ship container is standardized according to the requirements of the container. The high efficiency of container ship loading and unloading effectively shortens the time in port. The speed of such ships is generally high. Container ships are divided into partial container, convertible container and full container ships.

(8) Ro-Ro ships. This type of ship is mainly used to load transport cars and containers, and there are open slopes on the side of the ship or at the bow and stern to connect with the dock. Its advantages are mainly independent of loading and unloading equipment at the terminal, fast loading and unloading, and speeding up ship turnover.

(9) Liquefied gas carrier. It is a ship specialized in transporting liquefied gases. These liquefied gases mainly include liquefied natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ammonia, ethylene and liquid chlorine.

(10) Carrying a barge. This is a mother and child ship that is dedicated to cargo barges. The transportation business process using this type of ship is to first load the goods on a square cargo barge, then load the cargo barges on a barge, transport them to the port of destination, unload the barges, and distribute the cargo to their destinations by tugboat. This kind of ship has high loading and unloading efficiency, and is suitable for sea and river combined transportation.

Other transportation equipment

This mainly includes air transportation equipment and pipeline transportation equipment.

1. Air transportation equipment. It mainly includes airports and aircraft.

(1) Airport. The air station or airport is the stopping point for air transportation for aircraft taking off, landing, and parking.

(2) Aircraft. For logistics enterprises, aircraft mainly refers to cargo aircraft or cargo and passenger aircraft in civil aircraft. Cargo aircraft has a large volume of transportation, but its operating cost is high. It is limited to certain routes with sufficient cargo resources, so its transportation cost is also high. The trend is that passenger and cargo mixers are developing rapidly because they can transport passengers and goods at the same time, and adjust transportation arrangements in a timely manner according to transportation needs, with high flexibility.

2. Pipeline transportation equipment. When logistics companies carry out pipeline transportation, they mainly choose different transportation pipelines. Transport pipelines are divided into crude oil pipelines (transporting crude oil), refined oil pipelines (transporting kerosene, gasoline, diesel, aviation kerosene, fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gas), natural gas pipelines (transporting natural gas and oil field associated gas), and Solid slurry pipelines (such as conveying coal slurry).

Generally, the equipment is divided into:

1. Packaging equipment. Packaging equipment refers to machinery and equipment that completes all or part of the packaging process. Packaging equipment is the fundamental guarantee for mechanization and automation of product packaging. It mainly includes filling equipment, canning equipment, sealing equipment, wrapping equipment, labeling equipment, cleaning equipment, drying equipment, sterilization equipment, etc.

2. Logistics storage equipment. It mainly includes shelves, stackers, indoor trucks, entry-exit conveyors, sorting equipment, hoists, handling robots, and computer management and monitoring systems. These devices can be assembled into automated, semi-automated, mechanized commercial warehouses to stack, store, and sort shipping items.

3. Container unit appliances. There are mainly containers, pallets, turnover boxes and other container unit appliances. After the goods are assembled or assembled by container equipment, they have high flexibility and are ready for operation at any time, which is conducive to the integration of storage, loading and unloading, transportation and packaging, and to achieve mechanization and standardization of logistics operations.

4. Loading and unloading equipment. Refers to the equipment used to move, lift, load and unload and transport materials over short distances. It is an important part of logistics machinery and equipment. From the perspective of use and structural characteristics, loading and unloading and handling equipment mainly includes lifting equipment, continuous transportation equipment, loading and unloading vehicles, and special loading and unloading and handling equipment.

5. Circulation processing equipment. It mainly includes metal processing equipment, mixing equipment, wood processing equipment and other circulating processing equipment.

6. Transportation equipment. The importance of transportation was mentioned earlier. The unique position of transportation in logistics places higher requirements on transportation equipment, and requires transportation equipment to have the characteristics of high speed, intelligence, generalization, large size, and safety and reliability, in order to improve the efficiency of transportation operations, reduce transportation costs, and Optimize the use of transport equipment. According to different modes of transportation, transportation equipment can be divided into trucks, railway wagons, cargo ships, air transportation equipment and pipeline equipment. For third-party logistics companies, they generally only own a certain number of trucks, while other transportation equipment directly uses social public transportation equipment.

With the development of modern logistics, logistics equipment as its material foundation has shown the following development trends.

Larger and faster

Large-scale means that the capacity, scale and capacity of equipment are getting larger and larger. Large-scale is the basic means to achieve the scale effect of logistics. The first is to make up for the shortcomings of its own speed, and gradually increase the scale, including shipping, rail transport, and road transport. The maximum load capacity of the oil tanker is 563,000 tons, the container ship is 6790TEU, and trains carrying 716,000 tons of ore have appeared in railway freight transportation. Freight cars with a load capacity exceeding 5 tons have also been developed: the large-scale pipeline transportation is reflected in the large caliber The largest caliber of pipeline construction currently is 1220 mm. The large scale of these transportation methods basically meets the characteristics of large, continuous and stable demand for basic logistics. The second is the enlargement of air cargo aircraft. The cargo plane under development can carry a maximum capacity of 300 tons and can load 30 40-foot (12.2 m) TEUs at a time, which is 50% to 100% higher than the cargo plane's transport capacity (including load capacity and container capacity).

High-speed means that the running speed, running speed, recognition speed, and computing speed of the equipment are greatly accelerated. Increasing the speed of transportation has always been the direction of efforts of various modes of transportation, mainly reflected in the breakthrough of the "normal speed" limit. There are three types of high-speed railways being developed: one is the traditional high-speed railway, which uses Japanese and French technology to have the most commercial value. The maximum commercial speed of high-speed trains currently operating has reached 270 to 275 km / h; As a representative, the commercial speed has reached 200 to 250 km / h, and the third is the maglev railway, which is in the commercial experimental stage. In 1998, it achieved an experimental speed of 539 km / h in Japan. The maximum speed of high-speed freight trains running on high-speed railways in Germany and France has reached 200km / h. With the gradual maturity of various technologies and economic development, ordinary railways will eventually be replaced by high-speed railways. In highway transportation, high-speed generally refers to expressways, and countries are working hard to build a highway network as the backbone of highway transportation. In air transportation, high speed refers to supersonic speed. The supersonic speed of passenger transportation has been realized by the French Concorde. In terms of cargo, dual-sonic (subsonic and supersonic) civilian aircraft are under development. In any case, supersonic speed will be the development direction of civilian cargo aircraft. In water transport, hydrofoil vessels have reached speeds of 70 km / h, hovercrafts have the highest speeds, and flying craft can reach 170 km / h. In pipeline transportation, high speed is reflected in high pressure. The maximum working pressure of the Alaska crude oil pipeline in the United States reaches 8.2 MPa.

Practical and lightweight

Since the warehouse logistics equipment is used in general occasions, the work is not very heavy, so it should be easy to use, easy to maintain and operate, durable, trouble-free and good economical, as well as high safety, reliability and Environmental protection. This type of equipment has large batches and wide applications. Considering the comprehensive benefits, it can reduce the appearance height, simplify the structure, reduce the cost, and also reduce the operating cost of the equipment.

Specialization and generalization

With the diversity of logistics; the variety of logistics equipment is increasing and constantly updated. The systemicity, consistency, economy, mobility, and rapidity of logistics activities require some equipment to develop toward specialization, and some equipment to develop toward generalization and standardization.

Specialization of logistics equipment is the basis for improving logistics efficiency, which is mainly reflected in two aspects, one is the specialization of logistics equipment, and the other is the specialization of logistics methods. Specialization of logistics equipment is the specialization of logistics objects with logistics tools as the main body, such as

From the passenger to the cargo, the equipment and facilities such as airplanes, ships, automobiles, and special vehicles for the transportation of passenger and cargo have appeared. In the specialization of transportation methods, the more typical is sea transportation, which has abandoned passenger transportation almost worldwide, mainly engaged in freight transportation. Pipeline transportation is a special transportation method developed for the transportation of special goods.

Generalization is mainly represented by the development of container transportation. The road and railway vehicles and locomotives developed abroad can directly realize the conversion of road and railway transportation modes. Large container trailers for road transportation can carry all sizes of containers by sea, air and rail, as well as passenger and freight aircraft. Air-to-air aircraft and passenger pipelines under study. The universal transportation tools provide a basic guarantee for the high efficiency of the logistics system supply chain. The universal equipment can also realize the rapid conversion of logistics operations, which can greatly improve the efficiency of logistics operations.

Automation and intelligence

Combining mechanical technology and electronic technology, the advanced functions of microelectronics, power electronics, fiber optic cable technology, hydraulic technology, and fuzzy control technology will be used to drive and control the system. Realizing the automation and intelligence of logistics equipment will be the future. Development direction. For example, the new generation of electrical control device for large and efficient cranes will be developed into a fully automatic digital control system, which can make the crane more flexible, improve the level of integrated automation of a single machine, and automate the delivery and picking carts in the warehouse, and the intelligent AHV The development and application of road transportation intelligent transportation system (ITS) has attracted wide attention from various countries. In addition, satellite communication technology and computer, network and other high-tech combination of logistics vehicle management technology are gradually being applied.

Holistic and systematic

Only when the equipment that composes the logistics system is complete and matched, the logistics system is the most effective and economical. On the basis of single-machine automation of logistics equipment, various logistics equipment is integrated into an integrated system through the computer, and coordinated with the logistics system through the control of the central control room to form the best match and combination of different models. Best effect. For this reason, complete and systematic logistics equipment has broad prospects for development. In the future, the focus will be on factory production and transportation automation systems, cargo distribution and distribution systems, container handling systems, and automatic cargo sorting and transportation systems.

Green

"Green" is to meet environmental protection requirements. This involves two aspects: one is related to the development of traction power and manufacturing and auxiliary materials, and the other is related to use. Regarding the development of traction, first, we must increase the traction power, and second, we must effectively use energy, reduce pollution emissions, and use clean energy and new power. For the use factors, including the maintenance of each logistics, reasonable scheduling, appropriate use, etc.

Drawing on the advanced experience of foreign logistics equipment development, combined with the actual situation of logistics development in China and the main problems, the following measures can be taken to accelerate the development of logistics equipment in China.

1. Speed up the formulation of logistics equipment standardization. Standardization of logistics equipment plays a vital role in improving the efficiency of logistics operations. A unified standard is conducive to the interconnection and matching of various equipment and business cooperation between logistics enterprises, thereby reducing logistics operation time and increasing production efficiency. To improve the quality of logistics services and reduce the proportion of logistics costs in total production costs.

2. Increase investment in logistics equipment and focus on diversified investment. Investigate the actual application of logistics equipment, focus on the development of high-tech logistics equipment, consciously eliminate outdated and backward logistics equipment with low efficiency and low safety performance, and configure advanced logistics machinery facilities, such as new locomotives and vehicles in the transportation system , Large cars, special special vehicles, automated three-dimensional warehouses in storage systems, high-rise shelves, cranes, forklifts, container handling equipment, automatic sorting and monitoring equipment in handling systems, etc.

3. Standardize the operation behavior of logistics equipment suppliers, encourage them to expand their business scale, improve their technical level and design capabilities, so as to provide logistics enterprises with better logistics equipment.

4. Guide logistics enterprises when choosing logistics equipment, not only pay attention to equipment price, but also pay attention to equipment quality, safety performance, and the effect on the entire system, combined with their actual needs to choose the appropriate logistics equipment, so that the entire system benefits the best.

5. Improve the understanding of logistics enterprises and logistics governments in logistics development, and enable them to plan logistics equipment systems. Design considerations can be used to avoid inconvenience and waste of resources.

6. Whether logistics enterprises or governments at all levels must incorporate logistics equipment management into the content of logistics management. Logistics equipment is a part of logistics cost. Management and research of logistics equipment should be emphasized to improve the use efficiency of logistics equipment and minimize the idle time of logistics equipment. At the same time, we should pay attention to the inspection and maintenance of the safety performance of logistics equipment, slow down the wear rate of equipment, extend its service life, prevent abnormal damage to equipment, and ensure its normal operation.

The position of the handling equipment in the logistics equipment in the warehousing business process:

Warehouse business process:

(Receiving goods) Inbound transportation-Loading and unloading-(Storage) Temporary storage-Acceptance-Storage-Storage-Periodic inventory-(Delivery) Outbound-Loading and unloading-Transportation

The key to choosing logistics equipment depends on "what equipment is most suitable for my operation needs?" So we must start from our own reality. In addition, choose a strong company.

1. Describe in detail the functions that the equipment must perform to serve the job objectives.

What does the selected device do? This question is very important, and it is also a question that all logistics managers must answer accurately before starting to determine the equipment scheme. Lack of a sufficient description of the equipment's operating requirements and a description of the best capabilities the equipment should have will result in mismatches in the selected equipment. To more clearly describe equipment requirements, job analysis tools are recommended. On the basis of job structured analysis, the material flow between related jobs and each operation module will be easier to describe and calculate, and it will be easier to grasp the description of logistics equipment requirements in each job.

2. Prepare detailed equipment plans to meet the identified operating requirements.

In the equipment planning process, the purpose is not to determine the detailed specifications of the equipment scheme, but to determine the general classification of the equipment. For example, for shelf equipment, the equipment plan to be formulated first is based on pallet shelves or cantilever shelves as the classification basis; then, in the fourth and fifth steps in the equipment planning and selection process, a more detailed specification form is formulated , Such as galvanized or surface spraying process. I have to remind my colleagues that the formulation of equipment plans is easier said than done. We must always pay attention to the accumulation of knowledge about various logistics equipment. For more complex system requirements, the use of professional logistics planning consultants is a worldwide practice.

3. Combination of quantitative (economic evaluation) and qualitative analysis.

For the economic evaluation of equipment solutions, the first is cost calculation. Generally, costs fall into two categories: investment costs and annual operating costs. The most common investment cost is the purchase of equipment. The annual operating cost is an ongoing expense in the use of the equipment. Typical annual operating cost items include salaries of logistics operators, equipment maintenance costs, taxes, and insurance costs. Once the corresponding life cycle cost of the equipment solution has been calculated, the present value of the equipment solution should be calculated. Depreciation, tax calculation and corporate income tax are important aspects of economic analysis. No more detailed explanation here. After the qualitative factors are determined, all factors need to be weighted in accordance with important procedures. Then score for different scenarios.

4. Select logistics equipment and suppliers.

After selection, the next step is to explain the detailed specifications of the required equipment. Usually at this stage, the important work is to explain the detailed specifications of the equipment requirements, and to contact the supplier, and consult the supplier's qualification and equipment description in detail. The final step in the equipment planning process is to prepare the equipment / system tender. The specific operation method in this regard will not be repeated here.