What is Logistics?

The concept of logistics was first formed in the United States and originated in the 1930s. The original meaning was "physical distribution" or "goods distribution". Introduced to Japan in 1963, Japanese means "the circulation of things." After the 1970s, the word "logistics" in Japan gradually replaced "the circulation of goods."

Logistics

The concept of logistics was first formed in the United States and originated in the 1930s. The original meaning was "physical distribution" or "goods"
In the past, the purpose of implementing logistics management was to achieve a predetermined level of customer service at the lowest possible total cost, that is, to seek a dynamic balance of service advantages and cost advantages, and thereby create a strategic advantage for the enterprise in the competition. According to this goal, the basic problem to be solved in logistics management is simply to provide the right products to the customers at the right time and place with the right quantity and price.
Logistics management emphasizes the use of a systematic approach to problem solving. Modern logistics is generally considered to consist of transportation, storage, packaging, loading and unloading, distribution processing, distribution and information. Each link originally had its own functions, interests and ideas. The systematic approach is to use modern management methods and modern technologies to share overall information among all links, and organize and manage all links as an integrated system, so that the system can provide competition at the lowest possible total cost. Superior customer service. The systematic approach holds that
1.Transportation functions
2. Warehouse function
3. Distribution function
4. Packaging functions
5. Loading and unloading functions
6. Distribution processing function
7. Information processing functions
The total national social logistics in 2013 was 197.8 trillion yuan, a nominal year-on-year increase of 11.6%, and at a comparable price, it increased by 9.5% year-on-year, a decrease of 0.3 percentage points from the previous year. In terms of quarters, it increased by 9.4% in the first quarter, by 9.1% in the first half of the year, and by 9.5% in the first three quarters.
From the perspective of the composition, in 2013, the total logistics volume of industrial products was 181.5 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9.7%, a decrease of 0.3 percentage points from the previous year. The total volume of imported cargo logistics was 12.1 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 6.4%, a decrease of 1.3 percentage points from the previous year. The total agricultural product logistics increased by 4.0% year-on-year, a decrease of 0.6 percentage points from the previous year. Driven by the rapid growth of e-commerce and online shopping, the total logistics of units and residents maintained a rapid growth trend, an increase of 30.4% year-on-year, an increase of 6.9 percentage points over the previous year; driven by the rapid development of green economy, low-carbon economy and circular economy, regeneration The total volume of resource logistics increased rapidly, with a year-on-year growth of 20.3%, an increase of 10.2 percentage points over the previous year. For details, please refer to the "Analysis Report on the Development Status and Regional Investment Opportunities of China's Logistics Industry".
In 2013, the total cost of social logistics was 10.2 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9.3%, a decrease of 2.1 percentage points from the same period last year. In 2013, the ratio of total social logistics costs to GDP was 18.0%, which was basically the same as the previous year. It reflects that the logistics cost of China's economic and social operation is still relatively high.
The logistics industry is a composite service industry integrating transportation, warehousing, freight forwarding, and information industries. It is an important part of the national economy. It covers a wide range of fields, attracts a large number of employees, and promotes production and consumption. Structural adjustment, transformation of economic development methods and enhancement of national economic competitiveness have played an important role.
The contribution of the logistics industry to GNP can be measured by the ratio of the output value created by the logistics industry to the GNP. From 2001 to 2008, the value added of the logistics industry accounted for
"Eleventh Five-Year Plan", especially since the State Council issued the "Logistics Industry Adjustment and Revitalization Plan", China's logistics industry has maintained rapid growth, service capacity has been significantly improved, infrastructure conditions and policy environment have improved significantly, and a modern industrial system has taken shape. An important part of the national economy.
The scale of the industry has grown rapidly. The total national social logistics reached 197.8 trillion yuan in 2013, an increase of 3.1 times over 2005, and at an average annual growth rate of 11.5% at comparable prices. The added value of the logistics industry reached 3.9 trillion yuan in 2013, an increase of 2.2 times over 2005, and an average annual increase of 11.1%. The proportion of the added value of the logistics industry to GDP increased from 6.6% in 2005 to 6.8% in 2013. It accounted for 14.8% of the added value of the service industry. The number of people absorbing employment in the logistics industry has increased rapidly. The number of employees has increased from 17.8 million in 2005 to 28.9 million in 2013, an average annual increase of 6.2%. For details, please refer to the "Forecast and Investment Strategic Planning Analysis Report of China's Logistics Industry".
Significantly improved service capabilities. The pace of logistics enterprise asset reorganization and resource integration has further accelerated, and a group of logistics enterprises with diversified ownership, networked services and modern management have been formed. The traditional transportation industry and warehousing industry are accelerating the transformation to modern logistics. The capabilities of specialized and socialized services in manufacturing logistics, commerce logistics, e-commerce logistics, and international logistics have been significantly enhanced, service levels have been continuously improved, and a modern logistics service system has been initially established.
Technical equipment conditions have improved significantly. Information technology is widely used. Most logistics companies have established management information systems, and the construction of logistics information platforms has advanced rapidly. Modern information technologies such as the Internet of Things and cloud computing have begun to be applied, and specialized logistics equipment such as loading and unloading, sorting and packaging, processing and distribution, and smart labels, tracking and tracing, and route optimization have been rapidly promoted.
The infrastructure network is becoming increasingly sophisticated. As of the end of 2013, the national railway operating mileage was 103,000 kilometers, of which 11,000 kilometers were high-speed railways; the total national highway mileage reached 4.356 million kilometers, of which 10,500 kilometers were expressways; the navigation mileage of inland waterways was 125,900 kilometers, of which Grade III and above There are 10,200 kilometers of navigation channels. There are 2001 berths with a capacity of 10,000 tons or above, including 1,607 coastal ports and 394 inland river ports. There are 193 civil transportation airports across the country. In 2012, the area of commercial warehouses nationwide was about 1.3 billion square meters, and there were 754 logistics parks of various types.
The development environment is constantly optimized. The outline of the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" clearly states "developing modern logistics industry vigorously." The State Council printed and issued the Plan for the Adjustment and Revitalization of the Logistics Industry, and formulated policies and measures to promote the healthy development of the logistics industry. Relevant departments and local governments have issued a series of special plans and supporting measures. The social logistics statistics system is becoming more and more perfect, standardization work is being carried out in an orderly manner, personnel training is further strengthened, and logistics science and technology, academic theoretical research, and industry-university-research cooperation continue to deepen.
Overall, China's logistics industry has entered a new stage of transformation and upgrading. However, the overall level of development of the logistics industry is not high, and the development mode is relatively extensive. The main performances are as follows: First, the logistics cost is high and the efficiency is low. In 2013, the ratio of total logistics cost to GDP in the whole society was as high as 18%, which was about twice the level of developed countries, and also significantly higher than that of developing countries such as Brazil and India. The second is the serious fragmentation, and the obstacles to the system and mechanism that hinder the development of the logistics industry have not yet been broken. The proportion of self-operated logistics of enterprises is high, the scale of logistics enterprises is small, advanced technology is difficult to promote, the logistics standards are difficult to unify, and the problems of circuitous transportation and waste of resources are prominent. Third, the infrastructure is relatively lagging behind and cannot meet the requirements of modern logistics development. Facilities such as modern warehousing and multi-modal transportation are still insufficient. A logistics park system with a reasonable layout and complete functions has not yet been established. An efficient, smooth and convenient integrated transportation network is not yet complete. The logistics infrastructure is not connected or matched. More prominent. Fourth, the system of policies and regulations is not perfect, and the market order is not standardized. Some policies and measures that have been issued need to be further implemented, and the problem of arbitrary charges and fines for logistics enterprises in some places is outstanding. Construction of credit system
Regarding the role of logistics, it is briefly summarized, including three aspects: service flow, guarantee of production and convenience of life.
1. Regarding the concept of "logistics", different institutions and different countries have different time periods. The earliest literature on logistics activities is in the United Kingdom. In 1918, Lord Ham of Juniper, England, established "Instant Delivery Co., Ltd." with the aim of nationwide
The development of logistics management has gone through three levels: distribution management, logistics management and supply chain management. Logistics management originated from the storage and transportation model and technology developed by the army to transport materials and materials during the Second World War. These technologies were widely used in the industrial world after the war, and greatly improved the operational efficiency of the enterprise and won more customers for the enterprise. At that time, the logistics management mainly focused on the distribution part of the enterprise, that is, how to quickly and efficiently deliver the product to the customer through the distribution center after the finished product was produced, and maintain the lowest inventory as much as possible. The American Logistics Management Association was then called the Physical Distribution Management Association, and the Canadian Supply Chain and Logistics Management Association was called the Canadian Physical Distribution Management Association. In this initial stage, logistics management is only passively catering to customer needs after a given number of finished products are produced, shipping products to the customer's designated location, and optimizing the use of resources in the field of transportation, and rationally setting up various distributions. The inventory of the center. To be precise, logistics management does not really appear at this stage. Some are just transportation management, warehousing management, and inventory management. The position of logistics manager did not exist at the time, and some were just transportation managers or warehouse managers.
Logistics management in the modern sense appeared in the 1980s. People find it very effective to use cross-functional process management to observe, analyze, and solve problems in business operations. By analyzing the entire distribution process from the raw material to the factory, flowing through each workstation on the production line, producing the finished product, and then shipping it to the distribution center, and finally delivering it to the customer, the company can eliminate many seemingly efficient but actually reduce the overall Local optimization of efficiency. Because each functional department wants to use its capacity as much as possible without leaving any surplus, once the demand increases, it becomes a bottleneck everywhere, leading to the interruption of the entire process. Another example is that the Ministry of Transportation, as an independent functional department, always finds ways to reduce its transportation costs. However, if it therefore delivers an order that must be expedited to the sea instead of air, it saves freight, but it loses customers and leads to The overall failure. Therefore, traditional vertical function management is no longer suitable for modern large-scale industrial production, while horizontal logistics management can comprehensively manage different functions in each process in order to achieve the overall optimal synergy.
At this stage, the scope of logistics management is extended to demand forecasting, procurement, production planning, inventory management, distribution, and customer service, in addition to transportation, to systematically manage the operation of the enterprise to maximize overall benefits. The book "Goal" by Goldratt is popular in the global manufacturing industry, and its essence is to manage production from the perspective of production processes. Accordingly, the American Physical Distribution Management Association was renamed the American Logistics Management Association in the mid-1980s, and the Canadian Physical Distribution Management Association was renamed the Canadian Logistics Management Association in 1992.
There are five reasons for the growth of logistics: 1. Relaxation of economic regulations. 2. Changes in customer behavior. 3. Technical progress. 4. Increasing retailer power. 5. Globalization of trade.
The first layer is the basic technology layer. Including basic network architecture, OA (Office Automation) office automation, financial management, information collection barcode, radio frequency identification (RFID), global positioning system (GPS) technology and so on.
The second layer is the operational execution layer. Including application systems such as warehouse management (WMS), transportation management (TMS), process management (PM) and event management (EM).
The third layer is the planning collaboration layer. Including Supply Chain Management and Network Design, Demand Planning and Advanced Planning / Advanced Scheduling (AP / AS), and B2B business integration (collaboration) applications.
The fourth layer is the strategic decision-making layer. There are not many software systems at this level that can help leaders determine the strategic direction of the enterprise, find the core competitiveness of the enterprise, and decide what kind of competition and development strategies the enterprise adopts. Leadership is probably the best system. The four levels of supply chain informationization correspond to the strategies, plans, and implementations of supply chain management.
Since 2004, the China Logistics Top 100 Selection Organizing Committee (hereinafter referred to as the Selection Organizing Committee) organized the selection of the top 100 logistics enterprises in China has been successfully held for four sessions, and has been obtained by relevant departments, units and units in provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions of the country The strong support and participation of logistics companies, in the economic field, especially in the logistics industry, generally believe that this selection activity is highly authoritative and credible, which has played a positive role in promoting the development of Chinese logistics enterprises.
In the current era of e-commerce, the global logistics industry has a new development trend. The core goal of modern logistics services is to meet the needs of customers with minimal overall costs in the entire logistics process.
Now the rapid rise of e-commerce and the needs of the industry, the requirements and requirements for this important link of warehousing and logistics are constantly increasing. Third-party companies have also played an increasingly important role in the market industry, and can even help businesses in Terminals and channels provide a wide range of services. The services of such enterprises are not just simple delivery, but more importantly, they need to stand in the perspective of the merchant to do a good job in the logistics and distribution of warehousing inventory, so that the overall process of e-commerce has formed a healthy development.
Modern logistics has the following four characteristics:
1. Close integration of e-commerce and logistics;
2. Modern logistics is the unification of logistics, information flow, capital flow and talent flow;
3. E-commerce logistics is a combination of informationization, automation, networking, intelligence and flexibility;
4. The standardization of logistics facilities and product packaging, the socialization and commonization of logistics are also new features of the logistics model under e-commerce.
The five major components of modern logistics information technology:
Barcode technology
2.EDI technology
3. Radio Frequency Technology (RFID)
4.GIS technology (Geographic Information System)
5.GPS technology
The continuous development of e-commerce has re-emerged the logistics industry. The services provided by the American logistics industry have far exceeded the services of warehousing, distribution and transportation. Logistics companies are increasingly offering warehousing, distribution facilities, maintenance services, electronic tracking and other value-added services. Logistics service providers are becoming customer service centers, processing and maintenance centers, information processing centers, and financial centers. It is an evolving concept to add new services according to customer needs.
Compared with the logistics industry in developed countries, China's logistics industry is still in its infancy. The main characteristics of its development are as follows: First, corporate logistics is still the focus of logistics activities in the whole society, and demand for professional logistics services has begun to emerge. It shows that the development level of China's logistics activities is still relatively low, and strengthening the internal logistics management of enterprises is still the focus of the whole society's logistics activities. Second, specialized logistics enterprises have begun to emerge and diversified logistics services have developed to a certain degree. It is a top priority for China's logistics industry to develop the logistics activity mode based on enterprise self-service and develop third-party logistics. The third is that professional logistics started late, and China Logistics Mall was only launched and is still in the development stage. On June 8, 2011, Premier Wen Jiabao of the State Council hosted an executive meeting of the State Council to study and deploy work to promote the healthy development of the logistics industry. The results of the meeting agreed that China must formulate and improve supporting policies and measures to promote the healthy development of the logistics industry. In order to promote the healthy development of logistics, the Ministry of Transport issued the "Notice on Special Cleanup of Toll Roads" to further promote the development of logistics in China.
The speed of logistics is determined by transportation and management tools, and weather and festivals.
Traditional concepts only focus on improving the speed of logistics on transportation means. Modern concepts at the same time focus on management tools, both the important role of automatic identification systems in logistics. The application of bar codes has greatly accelerated the speed of warehousing, sorting, and sorting of items.
E-commerce logistics solutions:
I. Foreign e-commerce logistics solutions
----1. Centralized logistics in the United States ---- The centralized American logistics model emphasizes "integrated logistics management systems". It is a management that focuses on overall interests, breaks through the system of division by department, and conducts unified planning and management from the whole. the way. In terms of marketing, logistics management includes five processes: distribution planning, transportation, warehousing, market research, and serving customers; in terms of logistics and services, logistics management includes demand forecasting, ordering, raw material purchase, and processing, that is, from raw materials The entire flow of materials from purchase to delivery to the customer.
----2. Japan's efficient distribution center ---- The logistics process is production-circulation-consumption-reduction (reuse of waste and supplementation and reproduction of production materials). In Japan, logistics is a non-independent field, which is restricted by many factors. Logistics (less inventory and more wholesale) and sales (more inventory and less wholesale) are opposed to each other, and overall planning must be used to obtain the minimum overall cost effect. The premise of logistics is the company's sales policy, business management, and trading conditions. When selling orders, delivery conditions, order conditions, and inventory conditions have a huge impact on the results of logistics. The logistics problems in circulation have turned to the research of logistics problems in supply, production and sales.
---- 3. The new logistics mode suitable for e-commerce-logistics agency-Third Party Logistics (abbreviated as TPL, third party provides logistics services) is defined as: "Professional logistics intermediaries in logistics channels, by signing contracts , In a certain period of time, providing all or some aspects of logistics business services to other companies. "
---- From a broad perspective and a logistics operation perspective, logistics agents include all logistics activities, as well as other value-added services that shippers can get from professional logistics agents. The provision of this service is conditional on a formal contract between the shipper and the logistics agent. The contract clearly stipulates the cost, duration and mutual liability of the service.
---- Narrowly defined logistics agent refers to a logistics management method that does not have fixed assets but is still undertaking logistics business and is responsible for completing the entire logistics process on behalf of the shipper by virtue of external forces.
---- After the logistics agency company has undertaken the warehousing and transportation agency, in order to reduce the expenses and at the same time to make the production enterprise feel profitable, it is necessary to make overall planning as much as possible on the whole to rationalize the logistics.
2. Examples of foreign advanced e-commerce logistics models
---- The development of American logistics and distribution industry has an early start and mature experience, especially with a high degree of information management, which has great reference significance for China's logistics development.
----1. Types of distribution centers in the United States-Since the 1960s, the rationalization of distribution of goods has received widespread attention in developed countries. In order to obtain benefits in the field of distribution, American companies have adopted the following measures: First, the old-fashioned warehouses have been changed to distribution centers; second, the introduction of computer management networks, standardized operations for loading, unloading, handling, and storage to improve operating efficiency; Establish a distribution center to promote the growth of chain stores. There are many types of distribution centers in the US chain, including three types: wholesale, retail, and warehouse.
---- (1) Wholesale type ---- The California Food Distribution Center in the United States is the second largest wholesale distribution center in the United States. It was built in 1982 with a construction area of 100,000 square meters and a staff of about 2,000. Controlled more than 600 transport vehicles, with sales of $ 2 billion in 1995. The products are all food products. There are more than 43,000 varieties. 98% of the products are purchased by the company. The other 2% are products developed and processed by the center, mainly fresh foods such as milk, bread and ice cream. The center operates a membership system. Each member supermarket pays different membership fees to the center due to the different sizes of the stores and the different quantities of goods needed. Member stores, like other stores, do not enjoy any special treatment in daily transactions, but can participate in the regular profit processing of the distribution center. The distribution center itself is not a profitable unit and can be exempt from business tax. Therefore, when the distribution center obtains profits, it takes the form of dividends and distributes part of the profits to member stores. The amount of dividends received by member stores will depend on the delivery volume and transaction amount in the distribution center.
---- The distribution center is mainly managed by computers. The business department obtains the order information of member stores through the computer, and promptly sends the order instructions to the manufacturer and the storage and transportation department; the manufacturer and the storage and transportation department then arrange the delivery order according to the order of the order, and will allocate the goods. Put it in the waiting port for shipment. The distribution center operates 24 hours, and the distribution radius is generally 50 kilometers.
---- The distribution center negotiates with the manufacturer and the supermarket to set the price of the goods, mainly based on: (a) the quantity and quality of the goods; (b) the payment time, if the payment is made within 10 days, you can enjoy a 2% price discount; ( c) The mark-up rate of the distribution center for the goods delivered by the major supermarkets depends on the variety and grade of the goods and the amount of goods purchased, which is generally 2.9% to 8.5%.
---- (2) Retail type ---- The distribution center of American Wal-Mart Commodity Company is a typical retail distribution center. The distribution center is a wholly-owned establishment of Wal-Mart, which provides goods for the company's chain stores on time to ensure the stable operation of each store. The center has a construction area of 120,000 square meters, a total investment of 70 million U.S. dollars, and more than 1,200 employees. The distribution equipment includes 200 heads, 400 carriages, 13 distribution conveyors, and 170 delivery ports in the distribution yard. The center operates 24 hours a day and distributes products to 100 Wal-Mart stores in 6 states including New York and Pennsylvania.
---- The center is located in the center of 100 chain stores, the business area is 320 kilometers, and the average size of service target stores is 12,000 square meters. The center handles 40,000 kinds of goods, mainly food and daily necessities. The usual inventory is US $ 40 million, the peak season is US $ 70 million, and the annual turnover inventory is 24 times. Among the inventory products, best-selling products and slow-selling products each account for 50%, the inventory products with a term of more than 180 days are slow-selling products, and the inventory of each chain store is about 10% of the sales volume. In 1995, the center had sales of $ 2 billion.
---- The prices of goods sold at various Wal-Mart stores are different according to the regional income and consumption levels. The head office has set upper and lower limits on the price difference, and in principle cannot be higher than the price of similar products in the same industry in the region.
----2. The operation process of the U.S. distribution center ---- The layout and management of the U.S. distribution center are well organized, so that the busy business does not affect each other. Its main experience is:
---- (1) There are 27 aisles and 19 receiving ports between the shelves in the warehouse;
---- (2) Pallet-based, 4 groups of containers as one shelf;
---- (3) The storage of goods is divided into stored goods and distributed goods. Generally, the principle of first out of the warehouse is used according to the production date, purchase date and shelf life of the goods. Storage products, the storage products below the shelf are the delivery products to be shipped out of the warehouse;
---- (4) The variety distribution is a large number of FCLs, so use a forklift to distribute the goods; the store distribution is divided into goods, as small as a few pairs of socks, so use conveyor belts to distribute;
---- (5) Lightweight and bulky goods (such as toilet paper, etc.) should be ordered by forklift truck, and heavy and small commodities should be placed by conveyor belt;
---- (6) Special commodity storage areas, such as a small amount of high-value medicines, tonics, etc., to prevent loss, circled with barbed wire, indicating that unrelated personnel should not enter.
Logistics system features:
The logistics system originally existed objectively, but it has not been recognized by people, so it has not been able to actively use the advantages of the system. The logistics system is a large-span system, which is reflected in two aspects, one is the large regional span, and the other is the large time span. The logistics system has poor stability and strong dynamics. The logistics system belongs to the middle-level system scope. It is separable and can be decomposed into several subsystems. The complexity of the logistics system causes a very strong "reflexive" phenomenon between system structural elements, which is often referred to as "alternative profit or loss" or "efficiency contradictory". A little careless handling will lead to the overall deterioration of the system.
Five goals of the logistics system: The goals of the logistics system, that is, the capabilities required for the established logistics system, generally have five aspects:
1. Service goals;
2.Fast and timely goals;
3. Saving target;
4. Scale optimization goals;
5. Inventory adjustment target.
Supply chain management (Supply chain management, SCM) is an integrated management idea and method that performs functions such as planning and control of logistics from supplier to end user in the supply chain. From the perspective of a single enterprise, it means that the enterprise can obtain the competitive advantage of the enterprise by improving the relationship between the upstream and downstream supply chains, integrating and optimizing the information flow, logistics, and capital flow in the supply chain. Supply chain management is the effectiveness management of an enterprise, which shows that the company optimizes the entire operation process of the enterprise strategically and tactically. Integrate and optimize the business efficiency of suppliers, manufacturers, and retailers, so that products are produced and sold in the correct quantity, the right quality, at the right place, at the right time, and at the best cost. The meaning of the supply chain is from the beginning of purchase to production, distribution, and sales to the user. This is not an isolated behavior, but a chain of certain flows that are interlocked. Logistics activities are restricted by this supply chain decision. In fact, supply chain management is actually managing logistics and all activities of the enterprise as a unified process.
There are four main points in the supply chain:
First, the supply chain is a one-way process, and the links in the chain are not separated from each other, but become a whole through the connection of the chain.
Second, the supply chain is the strategic management of the entire process. From an overall perspective, if it depends on only part of the information, due to the limitation or distortion of the information, the plan may be distorted.
Third, the concept of inventory on different chain links is different. In logistics supply chain management, inventory is not taken as a measure to maintain production and sales, but it is regarded as a balance mechanism in the supply chain.
Fourth, supply chain management adopts new management methods, such as replacing the interface with a comprehensive method, seeking total balance by lifting the weakest chain, preventing the accumulation and amplification of signals with a simplified supply chain method, and using economic cybernetics to achieve control. Wait.
Although the supply chain management of logistics indicates that the enterprise strategy should control the entire supply chain, it does not mean that it must be operated by the enterprise. It is also normal to use social power to operate some links under the premise of incorporating management.
Innovation highlights in China's supply chain:
1. Supply chain business model innovation has successively disrupted supply chain technology innovation.
2. Flat supply chain organization becomes the mainstream of innovation.
3. Enterprise hybrid supply chain organization models are emerging.
4. The C2B model and agile manufacturing have become new highlights.
5. The new supply chain model of 020 became the starting point for the development of the industry.
6. The supply chain platform is beginning to show a counter-attack pattern.
Production logistics generally refers to: after the raw materials, fuels, and external components are put into production, they are sent to various processing points and storage points after being unloaded and sent, and flowed from one production unit (warehouse) to another production unit in the form of work in progress , Processing and storage according to the prescribed process, with a certain transport device, circulating at a certain point, and then flowing out from a certain point, always reflects the physical process of material flow. This constitutes the entire process of the company's internal logistics activities. Therefore, the boundaries of production logistics originate from the input of raw materials and external components, and stop at the finished product warehouse, running through the entire production process.
The core of production logistics research is how to scientifically plan, manage and control the material flow and information flow in the production process.
Logistics technology refers to circulation technology or material transportation (including stopping) technology. It is different from production technology. Production technology is a technology that produces a certain product for the society and provides tangible substances to the society. Logistics technology is a technology that transfers and stores the produced materials and provides intangible services to the society. In other words, the role of logistics technology is to transfer various materials from the producer to the consumer. It includes both hard and soft technologies.
Logistics technology is closely related to the entire process of logistics activities. The level of logistics technology is directly related to the improvement and effective implementation of logistics activities.
The circulation of the economy, the logistics of the economy, the transportation of the economy, the position of logistics in the social economy cannot be replaced.
The word "economy" comes from "providing the people and helping the people". The purpose of the economy is to govern the country and make people live a rich life. The so-called economy refers to human society in terms of the "value" concept, which means that people engage in necessary activities such as buying, selling, consuming, and producing in order to live. But the economy is by no means made up of only buying, selling, and living.
Businesses need to sell products and earn income without circulation. It is impossible for us to live in order to live. We need to buy the necessary items. The process of getting items into the hands of consumers is essential. Therefore, logistics is also one of the economic factors, which is beyond doubt.
As mentioned above, the economy is composed of three major areas, namely "production", "circulation" and "consumption". The "political economy" of universities, the "economics" of universities, and "economic principles" teach that: what constitutes the economy is "production and consumption" or "supply and demand". Circulation is included in "supply (production)".
However, circulation is fundamentally different from manufacturing and cultivation. The scale of modern circulation is getting larger and larger, which is the reason for the expansion of the scale and scope of the economy. In Japan, industrial raw materials and fresh food are purchased from all over the world, and Japanese-made goods are sold all over the world. Therefore, it is necessary to consider "manufacturing articles" separately from "transporting articles".
Inventory analysis
It is an item in logistics-specific analysis. It focuses on analyzing inventory performance and productivity. The relevant sales volume and inventory turnover should be considered in the analysis and completed on the basis of ABC. By using a descending order to list the ten sales and inventory product categories, logistics managers can quickly identify the product categories that have the most impact on transportation and inventory levels.
Logistics System Design (Logistics System Design) refers to the process of completing the conception of the hardware structure and software structure system of the logistics system and forming the logistics system organization design and technical solution after system analysis. Organizational design of logistics system is the premise of technical design, it determines the program and basic requirements of technical design
Common Delivery
Refers to the distribution by a number of distribution companies when delivering to users in a certain area in order to improve logistics efficiency. It is carried out under the unified plan and unified dispatch of the distribution center. There are two forms of operation: (1) a distribution company to deliver to multiple users. That is, a distribution company integrates the requirements of multiple users in a certain area, arranges the delivery time, number of times, routes, and the number of goods in a coordinated manner, and comprehensively distributes the goods; In the same car, then according to the user's requirements, the goods are delivered to each receiving point, or to a delivery goods receiving point jointly established by multiple users. This distribution is conducive to saving transportation capacity and increasing the cargo load rate of the transportation vehicle.
Logistics Accurate Location
It refers to various information such as the flow route, stay time, and place of the goods entering the logistics. Through electronic maps, consumers such as manufacturers or shippers, transportation companies, and goods receivers can be grasped and understood in a timely and accurate manner. In the field of marine logistics, due to the widespread use of satellite positioning systems (GPS), the problem of determining the location and flow of goods has been basically solved. Need to solve the flow route and location of goods in the land logistics process. The adoption of this electronic technology that can significantly improve efficiency is the development direction of the logistics industry, which has huge market prospects and potential.
Coupled Strategy
It is one of the strategies for virtual operation of logistics industry. Refers to the logistics companies based on common interests, formulate rules and regulations, regularly hold coordination meetings, implement industry self-discipline, and promote the healthy development of the industry. With the acceleration of the logistics industrialization process and the increase in the number of actors and service capabilities, competition in the logistics market is very fierce. Implementing a linkage strategy is an effective way to avoid vicious competition in the logistics market.
Case Fill Rate:
It is one of the indicators in the logistics service level. Refers to the percentage of order cases or units shipped on demand. If the case completion rate is 95%, it means that on average, 95 cases out of 100 orders can be completed using reserves. The remaining five order cases may be delayed or cancelled.
Distribution Resources Planning (DRP)
It refers to the technology of allocating material resources in the field of circulation. It can realize the planning and demand of logistics resources in time and quantity in the field of circulation, but it is not applicable to the field of production. If an enterprise engages in both production and distribution, it will use logistics resource planning (LRP).
Despatching Centre
A facility that accepts a large variety of items from a supplier, arranges goods in accordance with the customer's requirements through transshipment, balloting, storage, distribution processing, and information processing, and can quickly, accurately and cheaply send the goods. Most manufacturers, wholesalers, department stores, etc. set up a delivery center near the place of consumption, and use it as the center to make delivery activities more efficient. The sending center has the following advantages:
(1) Save transportation costs;
(2) Improve the efficiency of transportation services;
(3) Implementation of commercial property separation;
(4) Abolish cross transportation.
Distribution Center Distribution: (Delivery of Distribution Centers)
The organizer of a distribution event is a distribution center. The distribution center is a distribution company specializing in goods distribution activities, with a large scale of operation. Its facilities and technological structure are specially designed and set up according to the characteristics and requirements of distribution activities. Therefore, it has a high degree of professionalism and modernization, and has relatively complete facilities and equipment. Good cargo distribution capabilities, not only long-distance distribution, but also multi-variety cargo distribution, not only the raw materials of industrial enterprises, but also the supplementary cargo distribution to wholesalers. This kind of distribution is the main form of goods distribution in industrial developed countries, and is the future development direction of distribution. Because many advanced equipment and facilities must be deployed, the investment is large, and it is difficult to promote this form of distribution in the early stages of implementation.
Diversification of Distribution and Delivery
A logistics rationalization measure to increase the number of goods delivered and achieve great economic benefits. An obvious development of modern distribution is to implement optimized distribution methods to expand the number of distributions in their respective fields. For example, Japan distributes goods under 30 kilograms in the manner of "courier express" (ie express delivery), as well as diversified distribution such as small batch courier systems, tray distribution systems, and return distribution systems.
Depletion Time Method
It is one of the logistics planning methods of batch production. Refers to the production time of the products scheduled in the production operation plan, plus the existing products in the inventory are sufficient to meet the user's time and quantity requirements for a group of products. This method can be used to schedule the production of a group of different products using the same equipment The main goal of scheduling production operations with the exhaustion time method is to balance capacity.
Corollary Delivery
According to the requirements of the production enterprise or construction unit, it is a form of distribution after the various materials it needs are fully equipped and directly delivered to the production plant or construction site. It helps production companies focus on production and construction units to speed up construction progress.
Conjoined Strategy
Also called front-back integration strategy. The freight company's virtualized operation of the logistics industry is a consortium strategy, but this kind of logistics community still lacks an inherent mechanism in benefit sharing and risk sharing. The front-to-back integration here is essentially the virtualization of freight logistics companies' logistics The operation is a substantive operation, and gradually realizes its reasonable infrastructure supply allocation as an independent logistics industry, and achieves a stronger market leading position.
Enterprise Logistics
First, the concept of corporate logistics
Regarding the connotation and scope of enterprise logistics, it can be understood that enterprise logistics is a logistics activity with enterprise management as its core, and it is a typical field of specific and micro logistics activities.
The basic structure of enterprise system activities is investment-conversion-output. For production-type enterprises, it is the input of raw materials, fuel, manpower, capital, etc., which is converted into products or services through manufacturing or processing; A service enterprise is equipment, manpower, management, and operations, which are transformed into services for users. Logistics activities are accompanied by the company's investment-conversion-output. Relative to the input is out-of-company supply or out-of-enterprise logistics, the conversion is in-company production logistics or in-company conversion logistics, and the output is out-of-company sales logistics or out-of-company service logistics.
It can be seen that in the business activities of enterprises, logistics is an activity that penetrates into various business activities.
Business Process
Receiving orders: 1. The road transportation supervisor accepts (fax) the transportation delivery plan from the customer; 2. The road transportation dispatcher receives the warehouse delivery document from the customer; 3. checks the document
Registration: 1. The transport schedule divides the delivery destination on the registration form, and the delivery customer marks the delivery number. 2 The driver (designated person and vehicle) goes to the transportation dispatch center to get the bill of lading, and confirms the receipt on the transportation registration document
Calling arrangement: 1. Fill in the transportation plan. 2. Fill in the transportation, send the situation, and track the feedback form. 3. The computer loses the order.
Fleet exchange: 1. According to the delivery direction, weight, volume, and overall arrangement of vehicles. 2. Report the transportation plan to the customer and confirm the delivery time to the factory.
Delivery and delivery: 1. Check the condition of the vehicle. 2. Arrive at the customer pickup warehouse on time. 3. Go through the pickup procedures. 4. Pick up the goods, cover the carport and lock the door. 5. Do the factory procedures well. 6. Call the customer to receive the delivery time by phone.
Tracking in transit: 1. Establish receiving customer files. 2. The driver timely feedback the information on the way. 3. Contact the receiving customer by phone for delivery. 4. Fill in the tracking record. 5. Contact the customer in time if there is an abnormal situation
Arrival receipt: 1. Confirm arrival time by phone or fax. 2. The driver will fax the receipt to the logistics company using EMS or FAX. 3. Sign the shipping order. 4. Regularly send the receipt to the customer. 5. Timely feedback the local market place of residence to customers.
Receipt: 1. Reach the designated unloading location accurately on time. 2. Handover of goods. 3. 100% signing to ensure that the quantity and quality of the transported products are the same as the customer's delivery. 4. Understand the delivery of the customer's products in the local market.
Checkout: According to the agreement between the two parties or the contents of the contract, the logistics company delivers the freight to the carrier, and the process ends after the checkout is completed.
(A) small items, such as items within 10 kg 1. The time limit is high, regardless of distance, it is recommended to send a courier. The city express delivery allows the courier company to pick up the goods, which is a better courier company. Express delivery can reach about 90% of the counties and districts in the country. Because there is less demand in remote areas in the west, few companies are involved.
2. If the time requirements are very tight, for example, when 500 kilometers arrive on the same day, you can find a bus driver at the coach station. They can provide pick-up service, but such services are generally not responsible for picking up and delivering, and need to be delivered by the shipper At long-distance stations, the picker waits for the driver to arrive at the designated place.
3. Time is not tight, you can choose China Post parcel. This service has the advantage of being widely accessible and cheaper than express delivery.
(2) Medium items, such as 100-200 kg range 1. If the distance is less than 5 kilometers, you can find channels such as tricycles, and it is more economical to contact the driver directly.
2. If it is within 50 kilometers of the same city, you can find a van to pull goods. You can find a car through a logistics agent or directly find a driver.
3. There are two options for inter-city transportation, dedicated line companies and large-scale LTL logistics companies. The prices of dedicated line companies are relatively cheap, and large-scale LTL logistics services are good but expensive. The leased line company has some vehicles. Larger items will be delivered to your door. When you cannot get it, you need to go to the leased line warehouse yourself. Less-than-truckload can generally be picked up. If the place of receipt or delivery is in a remote area, you need to pick up the goods in a nearby city.
4. If the time is urgent, you can check the flight schedule to see if there are direct flights between the two places. If there is a direct route or a route that can be reached through transit with the company, you can call the airline to ask if you can book a cabin, but you need to pay attention that the goods need to be delivered to the airline's cargo terminal within the prescribed time. limited. Taking into account the time of express delivery to the site and the airport to the airport, the speed of direct air transport is better than the timeliness of passing the courier company, especially when it is about half a day before the flight takes off.
5. If you are not familiar with the process or have time to deliver by air, you can entrust it to the agency.
(3) Large items, such as 500 kg-2 tons 1. Close range (such as within 200 km) Chartered cars are fast and the price is not very expensive (4.2-meter cars may cost 1,000 yuan for 100 kilometers), please refer to your own cargo weight, Choose the right car size. Due to the difficulty of short-distance delivery, the driver will generally charge for round-trip freight.
2. Long distance (more than 200km) time is not urgent. You can choose a dedicated line company or LTL logistics company.
3. Long-distance time is tight (for example, 2000 km to 2 days), or to a city that has not opened a special line, please consider chartering a car.
4. There are generally three types of chartered vehicles, including the vehicles of large-scale logistics companies, looking for trucks through logistics agents, directly looking for drivers in places with many trucks, and finding trucks online. The latter two channels are the same as the actual vehicles. Note: It may take 1 day to find a car through an agent. Please prepare in advance.
(IV) Vehicle goods (a few tons to a dozen tons)
1. Please consider chartering a car.
2. Railways and waterways can be considered if conditions permit. These two methods have lower prices but are more troublesome to operate.
Note: In order to ensure the safety of the goods, please send valuable goods to a reputable company or choose to follow the car.
Common packaging safety hazards:
First, the carton is repeatedly used for many times, so that the protection function is lost during transportation, resulting in damage to the goods.
2. The weight or volume of the package does not match that of the goods. During the transportation process, the package is easy to deform, break, loose or leak.
3. Simple and random packaging, instead of choosing packaging according to the characteristics of the goods, resulting in damage, loss, and humidity of the goods.

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