What Is Lumber Grading?

Wood is a lignified tissue formed by plants that can grow secondary, such as trees and shrubs. After the primary growth of these plants, the vascular formation layer in the rhizomes began to move, developing phloem outward and wood inward.

After the trees have been felled, they have been preliminarily processed to provide materials for construction and utensils.

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Timber generally refers to wooden materials used in construction of workers and civilians.

The world's timber trade situation has been changing. In order to adapt to this new situation, promote exchanges and cooperation between domestic and foreign traders, and for better development in the future, the theme Chinese and foreign woods was held on November 27, 2012. Businessmen face to face and work together to cope with the new pattern of world wood trade "The Second World Timber and Wood Products Trade Conference", this year's conference also actively expressed opinions of timber traders from various countries, optimistic about the future market development. This conference is organized by China Timber The Wood Products Circulation Association, the People's Government of Taicang City, Jiangsu Province, and the Taicang Port Management Committee of Jiangsu Province prepared a long-term study and decision. The conference invited leaders and experts from relevant sectors of the industry administrative department and industry association to introduce the international trade rules, China's economic situation, and industry. Development trends, representatives of international wood organizations and major foreign timber exporting countries are invited to introduce the current status and trends of world timber and wood products trade, so that major traders can understand the future situation more clearly and make corresponding strategies to respond.

It is not that the more expensive or the more beautiful the appearance, the better it will be. The consumers should pay attention to practicality and cost-effectiveness when choosing. The consumers first choose the three majors according to the overall style of the house decoration. One of the categories, when the board category is determined, then the style is selected. Usually, the overall wardrobe that the manufacturer has already built is selected, because the general manufacturer can tailor it and can design according to everyone's needs. It not only highlights personality, saves space, but also makes the best use of it, but your wardrobe perfectly matches the surroundings, creating a seamless decoration pattern.

Wood yellow pear

The color of this material is quiet and noisy, just right, the texture is hidden or appear, vivid and changeable. The color of rosewood is from light yellow to purple red. The wood is solid, the pattern is exquisite, and the figure is splayed. The fragrance is full when sawing. The rosewood from Hainan, China is the best. Its distinctive feature is that there are ghost faces on the pattern surface. Good, flowers with light color are low. Another feature is that the heartwood and sapwood are very different. The heartwood is reddish brown to dark reddish brown or purple reddish brown, uneven in depth, and often with dark brown stripes. Its sapwood is grayish yellow-brown or light yellow-brown. Huanghuali didn't have such a name in the ancient times. It only had the name "huali" or "flower palm". Later, it was mainly called "new flower pear", because Hainan flower pear was cut down as early as the end of the Ming Dynasty, so the ingredients were used. Mostly imported rosewood from Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar, but there are many varieties, different qualities, and the quality varies greatly. ^[2]

Wood wenge

Coprinus spp. Belongs to the family of red legumes, with about forty to sixty species in total, and twenty-six species in China, mainly produced in Fujian Province. It is named for its beautiful patterns like chicken wings. Craftsmen generally believe that there are new and old types of chicken wings. The new wings are rough, purple and black, the texture is turbid, and there is no tendency to rotate, and the wood wool is sometimes easy to crack and stubble. The texture of the old chicken wing wood is fine and tight, and the purple-brown shades are written alternately. In particular, the longitudinal section is finely floating, with a brilliant sparkle like the head and wings of birds. Most of the chicken wings in the market are new ones.

Timber

Tie Limu is also known as "Iron Plow" or "Iron Chestnut", which has the highest length among several hardwoods and is of low value. Ironwood sometimes has a pattern, which is thick like a chicken-winged wood. In the past, furniture manufacturers used it to sell it as a chicken-winged wood. Titanium is a large evergreen tree with a trunk standing upright, more than ten feet tall, and up to ten feet in diameter. Origin East India. It is distributed in China and Guangdong: wood is hard and durable, heartwood is dark red, color and texture are slightly like chicken wings, rough texture and rough, brown eyes are prominent. It is mostly used for building in the tropics and is extremely durable.

Wood beech

Beech is a species of elm. It is produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places. It is also known as elm or large-leaf elm. The wood is firm, beautiful in color, and has a wide range of uses. It is quite valuable. Also called red beech. It is firmer than ordinary wood, but it can't be regarded as hardwood. Therefore, old craftsmen and real lovers of Ming-style furniture attach great importance to it, noting that its artistic and historical value should not be degraded because of poor materials. The beech material is hard, beautiful in color and pattern, and has a large beautiful pattern. Layers such as mountains overlap. It is called "pagoda pattern" by woodworkers.

Wood agarwood

Imported Agarwood

Also known as Shenshuixiang, Yankouxiang, Penglaixiang, dense incense, Zhilanxiang, green cinnamon and so on. Resin-containing heartwood from agarwood plant. Mainly produced in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Cambodia, Iran, Thailand and other places.

Agarwood from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore is called NSW incense, the best quality, the fragrance is quiet and durable. Agarwood from Vietnam is known as Hoi An, which is slightly inferior in quality. It has a very good scent and a sweet taste, but it cannot last.

Imported agarwood is mostly cylindrical or irregular rod-shaped, the surface is yellow-brown or gray-black; it is hard and heavy, and can be submerged or semi-submerged in water; the odor is strong, and it emits thick smoke and strong aroma. Imported agarwood is slightly warm and tastes bitter and bitter. It has the effects of relieving qi and pain, warming and stopping vomiting, aspiration and asthma, and its efficacy is better than Baimuxiang.

Homemade Agarwood

Also known as submerged incense, agarwood, ear incense, sinking, white wood incense, Hainan agarwood, daughter incense, Guan incense, Lingnan agaric incense. Resinous heartwood from the white woody incense of the araceae plant.

Earthy incense is divided into four specifications: No. 1 fragrance (heavy quality fragrance), No. 2 fragrance (strong quality fragrance), No. 3 fragrance (relatively loose and good fragrance), and No. 4 fragrance (quality floating pine, light fragrance) . Its shape is irregular, and the surface is mostly rotten wood uneven, with knife marks and occasional holes, and the markings between dark brown resin and yellowish white wood can be seen.

Wood Ebony

Ebony is a persimmon tree, mainly produced in India, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar and other countries. Ebony heartwood and sapwood are distinctly different, with sapwood white (with tan or turquoise) to light reddish-brown; heartwood black (chaotic black or slightly greenish jade) and irregular black heartwood (the stripes are arranged in shades). The wood is shiny and has no special odor. The texture is black and white, until shallowly staggered, the structure is old and even, corrosion resistance, strong durability, hard and delicate material, is a very rare precious furniture and handicraft materials.

Wood Green Sandalwood

Green sandalwood, scientific name Verulia ( Bulnesia arborea ). Produced in Venezuela, Chile, Mexico and other countries. Arbor, 10-25 meters high, up to 40 cm in diameter. Verawood heartwood is olive green in color with occasional dark yellow with green stripes, and can emit a fragrance that resembles sandalwood. The aroma is strong but not pungent, and it is full of alcohol. The good products in the arbor vera wood are the rare "red fragrant green sandalwood", which is the rarest and most precious. It is said that it has the ability to ward off evil, and the price is better than gold!

Wood Sandalwood

Sandalwood is the core material of sandalwood, excluding the sapwood of sandalwood (no fragrance, white). Sandalwood belongs to the genus Santalumaceae, which is a kind of semi-parasitic small tree, which can reach 8 to 15 meters in height, have a DBH of about 20 to 30 cm, and the younger is only 3 to 5 cm. The country of origin is the Godavilha Valley in India, south to Mysore and Indonesia, east, West Nusa Tenga and East Timor. Sandalwood is generally yellow-brown or dark brown. Over time, the color is slightly darker, and the gloss is better. The pulp is not as obvious as that of red sandalwood or Huanghuali. The aroma is mellow and lasts for a long time, but it is not obvious for a long time. However, it is still strong when scraped with a blade. Compared with the pungent aroma of camphor and fragrant Nanxiang, sandalwood is divided into old mountain incense, new mountain incense, and ground gate. Fragrant, Sydney.

Wood rosewood

There are many types of rosewood, which belong to the genus Dalbergia of the subfamily butterfly family in leguminous plants. Among the plants of the genus Dalbergia, according to the national standard GB / T18107-2000 for mahogany, in addition to the fragrant Dalbergia hainanensis, which is called "fragrant branch wood" (commonly known as Huanghuali), the rest are all rosewood. There are two types of rosewood: black rosewood and red rosewood. Their common feature is the smell of edible vinegar during processing, so the name is rosewood.

Of the two types of rosewood, black rosewood is the best. Its color ranges from purple red to purple brown or purple black. The wood is hard and has a good polishing effect. Some are very close to rosewood, which is often mistaken for rosewood, but most of them have coarse textures.

The texture of red rosewood is more obvious than that of black rosewood. The texture is straight and the color is mostly jujube.

Timber rosewood

Rosewood is a species of rosewood of the butterfly family, which is relatively hard. Its color is mostly red or purple. The texture is clear and the color is soft. When the color of the wood is a little light, it is near the center of the wood, but the color is more outward. The deeper it is, red or red-purple, in fact, this is the nature of rosewood.

Camphor

Camphor has a nice smell similar to camphor. There are irregular longitudinal cracks. Born on hillsides and streams; cultivated more. It is mainly produced south of the Yangtze River and all over the southwest. The wood blocks vary in size, with reddish brown to dark brown surfaces, and annual rings can be seen in cross sections. Heavy and hard. The taste is cool and spicy. Camphor wood has the effects of treating rheumatism, channeling meridians, analgesics, and digestion.

Wood boxwood

Boxwood

Boxwood is small and firm, with bright colors. Some are egg-yellow. Because it is difficult to grow, there is no big material. It is often used for making wooden combs and for engraving. For furniture, it is often used as inlay materials.

Boxwood is a more common evergreen plant in tropical and temperate zones. It is widely distributed in China's southeast coast, southwest, and Taiwan.

There are more than 100 species in 4 genera in the boxwood family. For evergreen shrubs or small trees, the wood is pale yellow, the texture is tough, the texture is fine, the hardness is moderate, there are no brown eyes, the growth period is long, and there is no aniseed.

Boxwood grows very slowly. It blooms in winter and bears fruit in spring. Generally it takes four to fifty years to grow to a height of 3-5 meters, and its diameter is less than 15 cm. "Make a beat" (a tempo in an instrument). Old-time legends say that not only does the year of Huang Yang meet the leap year, but it has to be shortened. Song Suzhen: "As the saying goes, boxwood grows one inch at the age of one year, and retreats three inches at the time of the encounter."

Timber Nanmu

The more famous varieties of Nanmu can be divided into three types: one is Xiangnan, the wood is purple and has a delicate fragrance, and the texture is also very beautiful; the other is Jinsinan, which has golden silk in the wood grain, which is the best one in Nanmu What is even more rare is that some nanmu materials form a natural landscape figure; the third is nannan, which is softer in wood and more used to make furniture.

Phoebe wood belongs to the camphoraceae family, and there are many types. The common ones used in construction and furniture are mainly Phoebe and Phoebe. The former is an evergreen large tree, which is produced in the areas of Ya'an and Guanxian in Sichuan; the latter is also known as Jin Sinan and is produced in Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi and southern Jiangsu. Nanmu has a light and well-proportioned color, small expansion and contraction, easy processing, and decay resistance. It is the best type of soft wood.

Lumber

The white wood part of alder is usually quite large, milky white, and gradually merges into light brown to red heartwood, sometimes with darker stripes. This wood has a fine, uniform texture and fuzzy straight grain.

Tochigi has good machinability and is easy to process with hand tools, so it is an excellent carving material. Nails, screws and glue fixation performance is good. Sanding, dyeing and polishing can get a good smooth surface. Drying is fast, with little deformation and low aging. The shrinkage is quite large when dry, but the dimensional stability is good.

Alder is light, soft in texture, and relatively low in strength. It belongs to a class of wood with poor resistance to steam bending. Corrosion resistance, white wood is susceptible to common furniture beetles. A permeable preservative.

Wood gloomy wood

In Chinese folk, gloomy wood is charcoal wood. Shu people call it ebony, and western people call it "Oriental Shenmu". The gloomy wood has a long history. According to available data, in the ancient times, the century-old and thousand-year-old precious woods in the virgin forests suffered from sudden major geographical and meteorological changes (such as earthquakes, torrents, lightning strikes, typhoons, etc.). Deeply buried under the ancient riverbeds and sediments of rivers and lakes, and some are buried in the anoxic dark ground for thousands of years, even tens of thousands of years. They have been washed by rapids, crushed by mud and rocks, and fish pecking. Crabs live in different shapes and poses. After thousands of years of abrasion and modification by nature, the gloomy wood has both the quaintness and the charm of stone. Its texture is solid and heavy, its color is dark and luxurious, its cross section is smooth and delicate, and its wood is oily, moisture-resistant and scented. It's natural. The ancient tree records that individual tree species also have medicinal value. It combines the characteristics of "thin, transparent, leaky, and wrinkled", and it deserves the reputation of "Oriental Shenmu" and "Plant Mummy".

The gloomy wood has been regarded as a valuable wood and a rare thing since ancient times. It is a symbol of honor and status. China's folks always have the folk saying, "Even if there is a box of jewelry, it is worse than the ebony side" and "Golden Mansion is sent to the land in exchange for ebony sacrifices to the heavenly spirit". In ancient times, noble officials and elegant scholars regarded the gloomy wood furniture and the artwork from the gloomy wood carvings as treasures of heirlooms and town houses, as well as evil spirits. Over the ages, especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the gloomy wood has become the first choice for emperors to build palaces and make coffins. The emperors of the Qing Dynasty also listed it as a special material for the royal family. The folk cannot use it privately, which makes the gloomy wood more rare. Yuan Shikai, a national thief during the Republic of China, moved against the tide of history. The "Emperor's Dream" died before long. However, in order to show that he once had an emperor's identity, his family worked hard and spent a lot of money to find a gloomy wood and built a coffin for it. Although this is a historical joke, it also shows that the gloomy wood is hard to find.

Strictly speaking, gloomy wood is beyond the scope of wood and should be classified as a "treasure". This is because in the "Treasure Garden" of the Palace Museum, there are treasured works of art crafted from gloomy wood, which shows that its preciousness is far beyond that of ordinary wood. Judging by its texture, cultural value, and appreciation prospects, gloomy wood furniture and artworks can be said to be incomparable, and have even surpassed the precious rosewood.

Because ebony is a non-renewable resource, the amount of development is getting less and less, and some natural-shaped ebony artworks are of great collection value.

Wood Striped Ebony

Striped ebony, also known as grained ebony, as the name suggests is striped ebony. The "Redwood" national standard separates striped ebony from ebony and becomes a category independently. Striped ebony and ebony belong to the Diospyros genus Ebenaceae. The difference between the two lies in the wood color: the heartwood of ebony wood is black, while the heartwood of striped ebony wood is black or chestnut brown. There are light-colored stripes. Striped ebony was called wood, wenmu, wuwenmu in ancient times. Cui Bao of Jin Dynasty "Ancient and Modern Notes": "The wood is out of Linyi in Jiaozhou, the color is black and the text is also called Wenmu." "Statement": "The Wenmu tree is seven or eight feet tall, and its color is black, such as buffalo horns, which are used as horsewhips, which are found in Nichinan." According to ancient records: "Uwen" was unavailable in the future. In Japan, ebony and striped ebony have the title of ebony. According to Sudo's "Southern Wood", striped ebony, black heartwood, with gray or red-brown stripes.

Wood walnut

Walnut (Juglans regia)

made in China

Heart and sapwood are clearly distinguished. The sapwood is light yellow-brown with gray; the heartwood is reddish-brown with firewood, and even dark brown, often with dark stripes, and chocolate in the air of Jiulu. The texture is straight or oblique, the structure is slightly thin, shiny, the annual rings are obvious, and the wheel circle is microwave-shaped. Scatter porous material. The hole is small and visible to the naked eye. The early wood tube hole is clear to the naked eye and has a small ring; it gradually decreases toward the outer edge of the annual ring. Most of the pores are single or multiple pores, in diameter or oblique, and a few contain intrusive bodies. The wood rays are thin and numerous. I am shallow and visible to the naked eye. The wood rays are thin and numerous, light in color, visible to the naked eye, and there are ray streaks on the diameter surface.

Material properties: The material is slightly harder and slightly heavier, with a density of 0.672g / cm & sup; the color is beautiful; slow drying, stable properties after drying, non-deformation, during the drying process, a little attention will cause cracks, wear resistance, paint And glue connection performance is good.

Timber wolfberry

Chinese wolfberry (Engelhardtia roxburghiana)

made in China

The difference between heartwood and sapwood is obvious to slightly obvious. The wood is gray-brown to light reddish-brown, with beautiful color and straight or oblique texture. The structure is cumbersome to medium, and the annual rings are slightly obvious and wide. Scattered holes to scattered holes, small tube holes; slightly less, early wood tube holes are easily visible to the naked eye. Multiple tube holes (2 to several) are common, either in diameter or oblique. Axial thin-walled tissues are well developed, and are mostly linear from the nodules. The wood rays are thin, slightly visible to the naked eye, and there are ray streaks on the diameter surface.

Material properties: The material is slightly lighter, with a density of 0.569g / cm & sup; it is not difficult to dry, less cracks and no deformation after drying. Timber is flexible and easy to process. In the nature of the paint, the adhesive force is good, and the nail holding force is medium, but it does not split.

Timber Maple Poplar

Maple Poplar (Pterocarya stenoptera)

made in China

Heart and sapwood are not distinguished, and the wood is light brown and slightly yellow. The wood is shiny and often staggered in texture. The annual rings are slightly obvious and wide. Semi-porous to porous materials. The hole is slightly small to medium. Visible to the naked eye. Axial thin-walled tissue, visible under enlarged microscope, is mainly tangent to the tube (light color, thin and much), with intermittent chords. The wood rays are thin and clear under the mirror, and the wood rays on the diameter surface are visible.

Material properties: Soft material, density is 0.386g / cm & sup; easy to warp when dry, non-corrosion resistance, good paint and adhesive properties, not strong nail grip, but not splitting.

Wood Casuarina

Casuarina equisetifolia

made in China

The difference between heartwood and sapwood is not obvious to slightly obvious. Sapwood is wide and reddish-brown. Heartwood is narrow and reddish-brown. The wood has a turbulent texture oblique to staggered, the structure is thin, and the annual rings are not obvious to slightly obvious. Loose porous material. The tube holes are slightly thin, most of them are sparsely scattered or oblique in diameter, and the axial thin-walled tissue is well developed. Ribbon off the tube. Fine wood rays. Radial ray streaks are visible.

Material properties: The air-dry density is 1.043g / cm & sup; it is very heavy. The material is strong and strong. The wood is difficult to dry and severely cracked. It is extremely perishable and moth-eaten in the south without preservative treatment.

Timber Spring Elm

Spring Elm (Ulmus propinqua)

made in China

Heart and sapwood are clearly distinguished, sapwood is narrow, dark yellow, and heartwood is dark purple gray-brown. The wood texture is straight and the structure is rough. The annual rings are obvious, and the width is narrow and uneven. Ring hole material. Early wood tube has large holes. Late wood tube holes are small to very small, converging into discontinuous waves along the annual rings. Axial thin-walled tissue is not easy to see. The wood rays are fine and few, and the horizontal or speckle-shaped streaks are visible on the uniform distribution of the diameter.

Material properties: Air-dry density is 0.59g / cm & sup; Difficult to dry, easy to crack and warp. Not resistant, preservatives are easily injected.

Timber White Elm

Ulmus pumila

made in China

Heartwood and sapwood are distinctly different, sapwood is yellow-brown, heartwood is dark reddish-brown. The wood is shiny. The texture is straight and the structure is thick. The annual rings are obvious, narrow to very wide, and slightly wavy. Ring porous material, a few contain invading body. Late wood tube holes are small, in the form of multiple pipe holes and tube hole clusters, forming an intermittent tangential shape, and the axial thin-walled tissue is in a tubular shape, usually wavy bands surrounding the late wood tube holes. There are few wood rays, fine to very fine.

Material properties: Air-dry density is 0.639g / cm & sup; Difficult to dry, large shrinkage, easy to warp and crack, strong durability, easy anti-corrosion treatment. Coloring and paint are good. Easy to glue.

Timber Beech

Beech (Zelkova schneideriana)

made in China

Heart and sapwood are clearly distinguished. Sapwood is wide, khaki or light reddish brown, and heartwood is reddish brown. Glossy, straight texture, fine to medium structure, obvious annual rings, uneven, and significant difference in morning and evening wood. Ring hole material, early wood tube hole is large. Contains reddish brown gum. Late wood tube holes are small, oblique, tangential or wavy. Axial thin-walled tissue near the tube type. Among the wood rays, the radial rays have obvious streaks.

Material properties: Air-dry density is 0.81g / cm & sup ;, heavy, difficult to dry, easy to crack if not dried properly, strong in durability, and easy in antiseptic treatment Good paint and adhesive properties.

Wood Schima

Schima superba

made in China

The difference between heart and sapwood is not obvious. The wood is light yellow-brown to light reddish-brown and shiny. The texture is straight or oblique, and the structure is fine. The annual ring is slightly obvious, and the wheel circle has a dark latewood band. Loose porous material. The pores are many and small, most of them are solitary, uniformly distributed, and the axial thin-walled tissue is not visible. The very narrow diameter of wood rays has fine brown-red wood rays streaks.

Material properties: Air-dry density is 0.623g / cm & sup3 ;, Medium. Dry and easy to crack, easy to dry. The wood is weak in corrosion resistance. It is easy to process and has strong nail holding force, but it is easy to split. Good paint and adhesion.

Wood yellow polo

Huang Boluo (Phellodendron amurense)

Origin: North Korea, Soviet Far East, and Japan

Heart and sapwood are clearly distinguished. Sapwood is yellowish white with gray, very narrow, usually 2-5mm; heartwood is dark chestnut brown. The texture is straight, the structure is coarse and shiny. The wood color and pattern are very beautiful. With a bitter taste. The annual rings are obvious, narrow and uniform. Ring hole material. The pores of the early wood are medium to slightly larger and clear to the naked eye. The wood rays are fine to very fine, few in number, slightly visible to the naked eye, and light in color.

Material: light and soft, density is 0.499g / cm & sup; the paint and adhesive performance are good, the nail holding force is medium, and it is not easy to split.

Wood bitter

Melia azedarach

made in China

Heart and sapwood are clearly distinguished. Sapwood is yellowish white and very narrow; heartwood is purple-brown to red. The texture is straight or oblique, the structure is thick and shiny, the annual rings are obvious, very wide and uneven. Ring hole material. Early wood tube holes are medium in size and easily visible on the inner eye. Contains reddish brown gum; latewood tube holes are slightly less, very small to slightly small, visible to the naked eye. The wood rays are fine and light in color, visible to the naked eye; there are ray streaks on the diameter surface.

Wood properties: wood weight is medium, density is 0.6g / cm & sup; dryness is good, heartwood is relatively resistant, but sapwood is vulnerable to ascaris. The wood is easy to process, easy to cut, and the cut surface is quite smooth.

Wood Pistacia

Pistacia chinensis (Pistacia chinensis)

made in China

Heart and sapwood are clearly distinguished. The sapwood is yellowish or gray-brown, wide, the heartwood is yellow-brown, dark brown in the open air, and sometimes with ginger stripes on the vertical surface. The texture is straight or oblique, the structure is fine and shiny. The annual rings are obvious and slightly wider. Ring hole material. The diameter of the early wood tube is medium and visible to the naked eye. There are many, but few, latewood tube holes that can only be seen under a magnifying glass. The wood rays are fine, visible to the naked eye, and light in color; there are ray streaks on the diameter surface.

Material properties: The material is strong, the density is 0.764g / cm & sup; easy to dry, but easy to produce radial split; strong toughness, easy to dry and bend.

Wood maple

(Acer mono)

Origin: Soviet Union, North Korea, Japan

The difference between heart and sapwood is not obvious, the wood is red, and there are often fake heartwood with gray and purple and green spots. The texture is straight, the structure is fine and shiny. Pelvic plaque is significant. The annual rings are slightly obvious, narrower and uniform, and the boundaries between the annual rings are dark and thin. The wheel is angular and slightly cobweb-like. Loose porous material. The wood rays are fine and light in color, clear to the naked eye. The ray streaks on the radial surface are obvious and beautiful; the chord surface is short-lined, which is obvious under the magnifying glass.

Wood properties: The wood is slightly heavier and harder, with a density of 0.709g / cm & sup; the wood dries slowly and cracks frequently during drying, but the anti-warping phenomenon is not serious; the corrosion resistance is medium and the preservative injection is difficult. High mechanical strength, high elasticity and wear resistance.

Wood mangrove

Manglietia fordiana

made in China

Macro-structural features: The border forests are clearly distinguished. The sapwood is grayish yellow, the heartwood is small, and the yellowish brown. Straight texture, fine structure and light material. The annual rings are obvious, the width is narrow, and the wheel circle has thin lines. Loose porous material. The tube holes are slightly more, very small, uniformly distributed, and the wood rays are small and slightly fine, unevenly distributed, and the wood rays of the diameter surface are not obvious.

Material properties: Air-dry density is 0.437g / cm & sup ;; light. Easy to dry, dry shrink. Heartwood is abrasion resistant and highly resistant to termites and insects.

Camphor

Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora)

made in China

The difference between heartwood and sapwood is obvious or slightly obvious. The sapwood is wide, yellow-brown to gray-brown, and the heartwood is red-brown or stained with dark stripes. The wood has a typical camphor smell. Shiny, oblique or staggered texture, fine structure. The annual rings are obvious, the width is narrow and uneven, the early wood band is slightly wider, and the late wood band is darker, forming a dark wheel line. From loose to loose porous material. From early wood to late wood, the hole gradually becomes smaller. Axial thin-walled tissue is ring-shaped, a few wing-shaped; wood rays are thin, and the diameter is visible with streaks.

Material properties: air-dry density 0.535g / cm & sup ;; light. It is easy to warp and crack when dry, and shrinks when dry. Not easy to decay and worms, strong durability, smooth cut surface.

Timber Nanmu

Nanmu (Phoebe zhennan S. Lee et FN Wei)

made in China

The difference between heart and sapwood is not obvious. The wood is yellowish brown and slightly greenish. Glossy and scented, oblique texture and fine structure. The annual rings are obvious. The wheel circles have dark brown lines. Loose porous material. The hole is thin. Axial thin-walled tissues are annularly bundled. The wood rays are fine, wide and narrow, and the diameter shots are fine and dense.

Material properties: Air-dry density is 0.61g / cm & sup; It has warping phenomenon when it is dry, it does not rot for a long time, it is easy to process, and the cut surface is smooth; the paint and adhesiveness are good.

Wood Dalbergia

Dalbergia hupeana

made in China

Heart and sapwood are not distinguished, and the wood is light yellow-brown. The annual rings are slightly obvious, with uneven widths. Loose materials, tube holes are slightly smaller, small to medium, most are distributed separately. Axial thin-walled tissues are rich, adjacent tube-shaped wing-shaped, polywing-shaped, off-tube-shaped, wheel-shaped, thin wood rays, slightly small, light color. String mask wave marks.

Material properties: Air-dry density 0.987g / cm & sup ;; weight. Dry slowly. Corrosion resistant, but susceptible to insects. The material is hard, the cutting is difficult, and the cut surface is smooth. Abrasion and impact resistance.

Wood acacia

Sophora Japonica

made in China

Heartwood and sapwood are clearly distinguished, with narrow sapwood, yellowish white, and dark grayish-brown heartwood. The texture is straight, the structure is slightly thick, and the annual rings are obvious. The windows are usually uneven. Ring hole material. Early wood tube holes are medium to slightly larger, usually with a width of 2-3 rows of heartwood, often containing brown gum, late wood tube holes are slightly smaller, or clustered or chopped. The wood rays are fine and few, and the color is light.

Material properties: air-dry density 0.722g / cm & sup ;, medium, abrasion-resistant, but sapwood is susceptible to moth, easy to cut, smooth cut surface.

Robinia pseudoacacia

Robinia pseudoacacia

made in China

Heartwood and sapwood are clearly distinguished. The sapwood is light yellow and very narrow; the heartwood is dark yellow-brown, the wood is shiny, the texture is straight, the structure is thick, and the annual rings are obvious, usually wide and uneven. Ring hole material. Early wood tube pores are medium to large, 2 to several columns wide, dense, and completely filled with invading material in the heartwood. Late wood tube holes are small and few, the center is scattered, and the edges are arranged in clusters or laterally connected into intermittent concentric bands. Axial thin-walled tissues are abundant. The tube-shaped ring is tubular, wing-shaped, poly-wing-shaped, with wood rays to the middle, and the radial surface rays are not obvious.

Material properties: air-dry density 0.792g / cm & sup; heavy, dry slowly, otherwise it is easy to warp, the heartwood is durable, resistant to moisture and fire, the sapwood is not rot-resistant, and susceptible to insects Difficult to machine and cut, the cut surface is smooth. Paint and tack are good.

Timber Flower Palm

Flower Palm (Ormosia hosiei)

made in China

The difference between heartwood and sapwood is very obvious. The sapwood is light yellow-brown; the heartwood is dark brown with yellow (chocolate), the texture is oblique, the structure is medium and shiny. The wooden rays are slightly visible to the naked eye, and the chord surface has wave marks. The annual rings are not obvious. Loose porous material. The holes are small and visible to the naked eye, either alone or in multiple holes (mostly 2-3). The pores contained white deposits, and the axial thin-walled tissue was quite abundant, which was obvious to the naked eye.

Material: Hard and heavy material, air-dry density 0.742g / cm & sup ;, not easy to dry, sapwood and heartwood have a large difference in chordal shrinkage, often crack at the junction of heartwood and sapwood, can withstand corrosion, but sapwood is vulnerable to insects. The wood is easy to process, the cutting is not difficult, and the glue and paint performance are good. Strong nail grip.

Liquidambar formosana

Liquidambar formosana

made in China

The difference between heart and sapwood is not obvious. Wood taupe to gray-red. The sapwood is easy to turn green, the texture is staggered, and the structure is fine. The annual rings are not obvious. Loose porous material. The holes are small and evenly distributed, and the wood rays are fine. The axially injured gum channel is chordal in cross section and often contains white deposits.

Material properties: air-dry density 0.588g / cm & sup; medium, dry and easy to warp and deform, and the rate of expansion and contraction is also large, so it must be slowly dried, non-corrosive, heartwood is easy to decay when standing, and sapwood is easy to fall after harvesting. Discoloration; decayed wood has a dark "boundary". Not easy to split. Good paint staining and bonding properties.

Lumber

Alnus cremastogyne

Origin: The difference between Chinese heartwood and sapwood is not obvious, the wood is yellow, with light reddish brown after a long time, the texture is straight, the structure is thin and loose, the annual ring is obvious, and the annual ring circle is thin and wavy. Scattered porous materials with many small holes. It is evenly distributed, and it can be composed of 2 to several diameters and multiple pipe holes. There are two kinds of wood rays: wide and narrow. The broad-rayed streaks on the diameter are slightly obvious, the same color, and often have pith spots.

Material properties: Light-dry density. Easy to dry, without excessive warping and cracking, easy to set after drying. It is easy to be anti-corrosive, but it is not resistant to corrosion. The wood segment must be sawn in time, otherwise green-brown discoloration is likely to occur. Good paint and adhesive properties.

Wood flax

Quercus acutissima

made in China

Heart and sapwood are clearly distinguished. Sapwood is taupe or dark brown, slightly wider. Heartwood is reddish brown or chestnut brown. The wood is shiny. The texture is straight or oblique, the structure is thick, the annual rings are obvious and uneven. Ring hole material. Early wood tube pores are large to very large, 1 to several columns, and many invading bodies. Late wood tube holes are small, arranged in diameter or flame, and light in color. Axial thin-walled tissues are abundant, ring-shaped and detachable. There are two types of wood rays, wide and narrow. The former is very wide, and the diameter has beautiful and obvious rays.

Material properties: Air-dry density 0.93g / cm & sup ;; Not easy to dry, easy to produce cracks and warps. The wood is resistant to decay and abrasion. Paint and adhesive properties are good.

Lumber

Alder (Quercus mongolica)

made in China

Heart and sapwood are clearly distinguished. Sapwood is yellowish white with brown, heartwood is brown to dark brown, and sometimes slightly yellow. Shiny. The latitude and longitude are straight or inclined, and the structure is thick. The annual rings are obvious and wavy. Ring hole material. Late wood tube pores are mostly small to very small arranged in a radial pattern. With invading filler. Axial thin-walled tissue is tubular and parted. There are two types of wood rays, wide and narrow. The former are few in number, light in color, and wide in diameter.

Material properties: air-dry density of 0.766g / cm & sup; heavy, difficult to dry, easy to warp and crack, water-resistant and wear-resistant. Strong nail holding force, good paint coloring performance, and difficult to glue.

Fraxinus mandshurica

Fraxinus mandshurica

made in China

Heart and sapwood are clearly distinguished. Sapwood is yellowish white and narrow; heartwood is taupe. Straight texture, beautiful pattern, coarse structure, shiny. The annual rings are obvious, wide and narrow. Ring hole material. Early wood tube holes are medium to large, obvious to the naked eye. Late wood tube holes are very small visible in the enlarged microscope, the wood rays are thin, can only be distinguished to the naked eye, and the color is light.

Wood properties: The wood is slightly hard and dense, with a density of 0.686g / cm & sup; it is not easy to dry, has large shrinkage, and is prone to warp defects; it is more resistant to corrosion and water. Tough material, good bending resistance. Good paint and adhesive properties.

Wood eucalyptus

Eucalyptus (Shorea pclysperma)

Origin: Philippines

Heartwood and sapwood have obvious differences, sapwood yellow or gray-brown, narrow; heartwood reddish brown to dark reddish brown with purple growth rings are not obvious, but due to dry and wet seasons, there are unclear ring layers, texture is staggered, Beautiful band-like pattern, medium to coarse structure, loose porosity, large tube pores, very clear to the naked eye, evenly distributed with invading fillings. The wood rays are very thin, barely visible on the chord surface to the naked eye.

Material properties: average dry condition, medium durability.

Timber White Eucalyptus

White Eucalyptus (Pentacme contorta)

Origin: Philippines

The difference between heartwood and sapwood is not very obvious, and the sapwood becomes pale gray-brown after turning yellowish white; the heartwood is pale gray to yellowish brown with peach color. The axial thin-walled tissue is not visible to the naked eye, but visible under the enlarged microscope, the adjacent tube is sparse, short wing-shaped and chord-shaped, and is scattered away from the tube-shaped or banded around the tree path.

Material properties: The material is light to slightly hard, with a density of 0.38-0.53g / cm & sup ;, slow drying, low durability, easy processing, general sawing, good planing performance, and good adhesion.

Wood mahogany

Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni)

Origin: West Indies, South America, Cuba

Heartwood and sapwood are clearly distinguished, sapwood is white to light yellow; heartwood is light reddish brown to reddish brown to light red with red, silky luster, beautiful, texture until staggered, or wavy band pattern, slightly thick and dense . No special odor, loose porous material. The pores are visible to the naked eye and are evenly distributed. They are sensitive and separate. The pores contain white substances or gums. The ducts are visible to the naked eye. The wooden rays are clear under a magnifying glass.

Material properties: The material is moderately soft and hard. The air-tightness is 0.60-0.68g / cm & sup; the absolute density is about 0.55g / cm & sup; it is easy to dry, not easy to crack and warp.

Wood hemu

Caesalpina sappan

Origin: Vietnam, Myanmar, India

The difference between heartwood and sapwood is obvious. The heartwood is fresh orange-red, which turns deep red and bright when exposed to the atmosphere. It is very clear and pleasing to the eye; the sapwood is narrow, gray-white, straight in texture, fine and even in structure. . Radial cut wood is shiny. Loose porous material. The growth wheels are distinct, slightly wider, and usually uniform. The hole is small and visible to the naked eye.

Material properties: Less warpage after drying, cracks are easy to occur if not dried properly. Durable. The material is very hard and heavy, with a density of 0.95g / cm3. After the wood is processed, the planed surface is very smooth.

Wood rosewood

Rosewood (Pterocarpus santalinus)

Origin: Mysore, South India

Heartwood and sapwood are clearly distinguished. The sapwood is narrow, white, and the sapwood to heartwood changes sharply. The heartwood of freshly cut wood is orange-red, and over time, it becomes red wine with purple-black or almost black. Shiny, oblique texture, cumbersome structure, dense section, loose porous material. The tube pores are medium to small or rare, barely visible to the naked eye. The tube hole does not contain invading fillers, and it contains reddish brown gum or white sediment or not. The wood rays are very fine, and they are not clear and dense under a magnifying glass.

Materials: Drying is difficult, slow, but less cracking. Heartwood has immunity to tree rot fungi, termites and other insect pests, and has strong durability, so no antiseptic treatment is needed in use. Tough wood, tough, extremely hard, extremely hard. Oblique texture.

Wood Sandalwood

Sandalwood (Santalum album)

Origin: India, Southeast Asia, Australia

The sapwood is white, odorless, and heartwood. It is light yellow-brown when freshly cut, and becomes dark brown when exposed to the atmosphere. After a long time, it is dark red-brown. It is somewhat dull and shiny, and the wood is fragrant. This special fragrance For millennia. There is no special taste. Occasionally, a weak wavy texture or a rare bird's eye pattern appears on the radial section, and the structure is extremely thin and uniform. Loose porous material. The wood rays are very thin and visible under the magnifying glass.

Material properties: The material is thin and heavy. When the moisture content is 12%, the density is 0.92g / cm & sup; the hardness is medium to hard. The texture is straight or slightly wavy and dense. Slow drying and strong durability.

Wood ebony

Ebony (Diospyros ebemum)

Origin: India, Sri Lanka

Heart and sapwood are clearly distinguished, sapwood is white or yellow-white, wide. Heartwood is black jade, with pale black stripes in between. After the wood is polished, the black metal luster appears, the processed surface is hard and smooth, the texture is irregular or wavy, the structure is very fine, dense and uniform, no special smell, the wood rays are very thin, and the heartwood is a thin white band.

Material properties: The material is dense, especially hard and heavy. The air-dry density is 1.16g / cm & sup; it is not easy to dry. It is prone to end cracks or surface cracks during the drying process. It is durable and immune to powder beetles.

Wood teak

Teak (Tectona grandis)

Origin: India, Malaya, Myanmar and Thailand

Heartwood and sapwood are distinctly different, sapwood is light yellow-brown; heartwood is golden yellow, and it becomes dark yellow-brown over time. Most of it has brown bars, latitudes and longitudes in dry and growing areas, parabolic patterns on the chord surface, wood is shiny, and the new wood has a slightly pungent smell , No taste, feels fatty, touches oily on the pomelo wood, the texture is usually straight, but there are staggered textures in the same producing area, the structure is slightly thick, the ring hole material, the growth ring is obvious, very wide , Uneven. Many wood rays, visible to the naked eye.

Wood properties: Burmese teak density 0.60g / cm & sup3 ;. The wood is in a good dry condition, and it needs to be covered during natural drying to prevent it from drying too fast. It has good stability, low swelling and easy to change the wood color, but the wood color after drying is consistent. Strong anti-corrosion, anti-corrosive, and difficult anti-corrosion treatment. The sapwood is susceptible to worms, but the heartwood is very resistant to termites and rotten wood creatures in the sea. Has good mechanical properties and is resistant to corrosion.

The average air-dry density of oak trees is 0.76 g / cm3, the air-dry density of Pinus massoniana is 0.45 to 0.65 g / cm3, and the average air-dry density of poplar trees is 0.440 g / cm3. The youngest is Populus euphratica from Qinghai (0.347 g / cm3), and the average air-dry density of Chinese fir is 0.334 g / cm3.

Wood balayan

Origin: Southeast Asia

Heartwood and sapwood are distinguished from light yellow to dark brown. The wood is shiny, the annual rings are slightly obvious, and the wood is semi-scattered. The hole is slightly small to medium. Visible to the naked eye. Axial thin-walled tissue, visible under enlarged microscope, is mainly tangent to the tube (light color, thin and much), with intermittent chords.

Material properties: The material is harder, the density is 0.64g-0.72g / cm & sup; it is not easy to warp when drying, corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, good toughness, good anti-moisture property, good paint and adhesive performance, strong nail holding force .

Common wood species

1. Mahogany

The so-called "redwood", from the beginning, was not the furniture of a particular tree species, but the collective name for high-quality rare hardwood furniture since the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Huanghuali: A cherished tree species unique to China. The wood is shiny and has a spicy taste; the arts and sciences are diagonal and staggered, the structure is fine and uniform, and it is resistant to decay. Strong durability, hard material, high strength.

Rosewood: Produced in subtropical areas, such as Southeast Asia such as India. China's Yunnan, Guangdong and Guangdong have a small amount of production. The wood is shiny and has aroma. It becomes purple-red-brown after exposure to the air. The texture and texture are staggered. The structure is dense, resistant to corrosion, durable, and the material is hard and delicate.

Rosewood: distributed in tropical regions of the world, mainly produced in Southeast Asia and South America, Africa. China's Hainan, Yunnan and Guangdong and Guangxi regions have been introduced and cultivated. The color of the material is more uniform, from light yellow to dark reddish brown, with visible dark stripes, shiny, slightly or significantly light aroma, staggered texture, fine and uniform structure (South America, Africa is slightly thick) wear-resistant, durable, strong, hard, High strength, usually floating in water. Southeast Asia's rosewood is the best in Thailand, followed by Myanmar.

Rosewood: tropical and subtropical regions, the main place of origin is Southeast Asian countries. The color of the wood is uneven, the heartwood is orange, light reddish brown to dark brown, and the dark articles are obvious. The wood is lustrous, with a sour or sour scent, and the texture and science are diagonal and interlaced, with high density, greasy, and hard and wear-resistant.

Chicken Wings: distributed in subtropical regions of the world, mainly produced in Southeast Asia and South America, because of its texture similar to "wings of chicken wings". The texture is staggered, unclear, the color is abrupt, the wood has no aroma, and the growth rings are not obvious.

To sum up, the characteristics of "redwood" furniture are:

advantage:

1) The color is darker, which mostly reflects the antique style, used for traditional furniture. 2) The wood is heavy and it feels good. 3) Generally, wood has its own fragrance, especially sandalwood. 4) Hard material, high strength, wear resistance and good durability.

Disadvantages:

1) Because the yield is small, it is difficult to have high-quality tree species with uneven quality. 2) The texture and annual rings are not clear, and the visual effect is not fresh enough. 3) The material is heavy and cannot be easily carried. 4) The material is hard, the processing is difficult, and the phenomenon of cracking easily occurs.

5) The material is relatively greasy and easily returns to oil at high temperatures.

1. oak

Oak belongs to the oak family and belongs to the beech family. The heart of the tree is yellowish brown to reddish brown. The growth ring is obvious, slightly wavy, heavy and hard. It is distributed from north China to Jilin, south Liaoning to Hainan, and Yunnan. Rarely, premium oak still needs to be imported from abroad, with excellent materials reaching nearly 10,000 yuan per cubic meter, which is an important reason for the high price of oak furniture.

1. Fraxinus mandshurica

Fraxinus mandshurica is mainly produced in Northeast and North China. Yellowish white (sapwood) or brownish yellow (heartwood). The annual rings are obvious but uneven, the wooden structure is thick, the texture is straight, the pattern is beautiful, shiny, and the hardness is large. Fraxinus mandshurica has the characteristics of elasticity, good toughness, abrasion resistance and humidity resistance. But it is difficult to dry and easily warped. Processability is good, but tearing should be prevented. The cut surface is smooth, and the paint has better stickiness.

1. Oak

Commonly known as Tochigi. Heavy, hard, slow growing, obvious distinction between heart and sapwood. Straight or oblique texture, strong water and corrosion resistance, high processing difficulty, but smooth cut surface, wear resistance, high bonding requirements, good paint coloring and finishing performance. Domestic furniture manufacturers mostly use cypress wood as a raw material. Domestic manufacturers mostly use oak wood for furniture: Huari, Huafeng, HSBC, Futaba

Cons of Oak:

1) Slow growth, long growth cycle (hundreds of years), fewer high-quality tree species.

2) The cementation requirements are high, and it easily cracks at the joints.

3) High processing difficulty and many processing defects.

1. Walnut

Walnut is a better quality wood, mainly produced in North America and Europe. The domestic walnut is lighter in color. The black walnut is light dark brown with purple, and the string section is a beautiful large parabolic pattern (large mountain pattern). Black walnuts are very expensive, and veneer is usually used for furniture, and solid wood is rarely used.

2.Cherry wood

Imported cherry wood is mainly produced in Europe and North America. The wood is light yellow-brown and has an elegant texture. The chord section is a medium parabolic pattern with small ring patterns. Cherry wood is also high-grade wood, and veneer is usually used for furniture, and solid wood is rarely used.

3.Maple

Maple is divided into soft maple and hard maple. It belongs to temperate wood and is produced in the south of the Yangtze River Basin to Taiwan. It is produced in the eastern United States. The wood is gray-brown to gray-red, the annual rings are not obvious, the official holes are many and small, and the distribution is even. The maple wood texture is staggered, the structure of the kidney is thin and uniform, light and hard, and the pattern is excellent. Easy to process, the cut surface is not smooth, and it is easy to warp when dry. The paint has good coating performance and strong adhesiveness.

4.Birch

Birch annual rings are slightly obvious, the texture is straight and obvious, the material structure is delicate and soft and smooth, and the texture is soft or moderate. Birch is flexible, easy to crack and warp when dry, and not abrasion resistant. Good processing performance, smooth cut surface, good paint and gluing performance. Commonly used for carved parts, less used. Separable features are multiple "watermarks" (black lines). Birch is a medium-grade wood, and solid wood and veneer are common. Produced in Northeast China and North China, the wood is delicate and pale white and yellowish, and the fiber has poor shear resistance, and it is easy to "stubble together. Its roots and knots are multi-patterned. The ancients used it for door cores and other decorations. Its bark is flexible and beautiful. Pu people are very emotional about this, often inlaid with scabbards and other places. Only the wood is succulent, and it deforms a lot after it is formed, so it is rare to see all tables and chairs made of birch.