What Are the Effects of Taking Aspirin and Caffeine Together?

Another newly added effect of drugs and food in the body, that is, changes in pharmacokinetic properties or pharmacodynamic properties or effects on body nutrition, is called drug-food interaction (FDI). Comprehensively dialectically evaluate FDI, including adverse effects on the body, but also beneficial effects on the body. Studying and mastering the symptoms, mechanisms and prevention methods of these effects has important guiding significance and application value for improving the nutritional status of patients and rational drug use. It is also a research area of great interest for clinical nutrition and clinical pharmacy workers.

Introduction to Drug-Food Interactions

Classification of Drug-Food Interactions

The classifications are:

(1) Classification based on whether food-drug interaction is beneficial to the body

Have an adverse effect on the body, reduce the efficacy of the drug, increase toxicity or adverse reactions, or have a beneficial effect on the body

(2) Classification based on the mechanism of food-drug interaction

1. Synergy between food and drugs

2. Antagonism of food and drugs

3 Increase or decrease the effects of toxicity and adverse reactions

(3) Classification based on the role of food and drugs in the absorption, metabolism and special reactions in the body

1. Food and Drug Interactions in the Process of Digestion and Absorption

2. Food and Drug Interactions in the Process of Metabolism

3. Interaction of food and drugs on biological functions

4. Special clinical response of food ingredients and drugs

(4) Classification based on clinical pharmacological effects

For the convenience of work, clinical and pharmacists often observe and study the effect between diet and drugs according to the type of clinical medication. For example, the interaction between food and anti-infective drugs; the interaction between food and the cardiovascular system; the interaction between food and analgesics; the interaction between food and anti-tumor drugs.

(E) Interaction between special foods and drugs

Wine

2.Tea

3. Tobacco

4. Grapefruit Juice

FDI Drug-Food Interactions Mechanisms and Influencing Factors of Drug-Food Interactions (FDI)

FDI Drug-Food Interactions (I) Mechanism of FDI

Two-Phase Reactions of Drug Metabolism Most drug metabolisms are specific and unpromoted reactions within the cell. These drug-metabolizing enzymes are mainly liver microparticle mixed function enzyme systems, also known as liver drug enzymes. The most important of these is cytochrome P450.
The first-pass effect of drug metabolism is also called first-pass clearance or first-pass metabolism. It refers to the intake of drugs absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the vein. Before reaching the systemic blood circulation, we must first remember the inactivated metabolism of the liver to reduce the effective amount of drugs entering the systemic circulation. effect. If the composition of certain foods can change the activity of liver drug enzymes, it can affect the effective drug amount and change the bioavailability.
Direct physical and chemical reactions, that is, foods can undergo direct physical and chemical reactions in the body, affecting the digestion, absorption, metabolism and efficacy of drugs.
Affects gastrointestinal absorption
Affects bioavailability

Drug-Food Interactions (II) Influencing Factors

And multiple factors can affect FDI, the main factors can be summarized into two aspects, that is, the collective factors and the characteristics of the drug diet, and other environmental factors and time pharmacological factors. The body's own factors include age, gender, nutritional status and body shape, lifestyle, disease, and genetic factors. The dietary factors of a drug include the physicochemical characteristics of the drug diet, the dosage form of the drug, the dosage of the drug, the time of administration, the route of administration, the number of meals and their components, and the interval between intake of the drug and food. ^[1]

Drug-Food Interactions Some drugs require or are contraindicated with certain foods

When taking furantoin for the treatment of urinary tract infections, it must be taken with vegetables, which can increase the pH value in the urine, increase its solubility in alkaline urine, and improve the efficacy. However, you cannot take calcium with spinach at the same time. Because spinach contains a large amount of potassium oxalate, it will prevent the body from absorbing calcium and easily form calcium oxalate stones. Therefore, do not eat spinach within 2 hours before taking calcium tablets. Grapefruit interacts with many drugs and can compete with drugs for enzymes involved in drug metabolism in the liver, leading to increased drug toxicity. For example, taking the lipid-lowering drug lovastatin with grapefruit can increase the concentration of the drug in the blood too much, leading to drug poisoning. ^[2]

Drug-Food Interactions

1.Alcohol

When taking drugs, alcohol should be avoided, because alcohol contains alcohol, which accelerates the metabolic transformation of certain drugs in the body and affects the function of the drugs. In addition, long-term drinking may cause liver damage, affect the liver's metabolic function to drugs, and increase the chance of adverse drug reactions. Especially when taking medicine and drinking alcohol, ethanol can dilate blood vessels, which can cause gastric mucosal congestion or edema, thereby aggravating the adverse reactions of certain drugs to gastrointestinal irritation. risks of).

2.Caffeine-containing foods

Coffee, tea, soft drinks and other energy drinks all contain caffeine. It stimulates the central nervous system, raises blood pressure, and also produces a diuretic effect. People with hypertension should not drink caffeinated beverages for a long time. Caffeine also inhibits the metabolism of certain drugs (such as theophylline), which raises theophylline levels in the blood, which in turn induces side effects of caffeine, including insomnia and arrhythmias. In addition, coffee can stimulate the secretion of gastric acid, and people who have gastric ulcer or hyperacidity should not drink it.

3.Calcium-containing foods

Calcium strengthens teeth and helps bone growth. Nowadays, there are more and more calcium-added juices, breakfast cereals, soy products or dairy products on the market. Calcium in food may reduce the body's ability to absorb drugs. If you take antacids, thiazide diuretics, and thyroxine, take care not to consume calcium-rich foods to avoid nausea and vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, and even coma.

4.Juice

Grapefruit juice is widely known for its potential interactions with drugs. A wide range of drugs may interact with grapefruit juice. In addition, apple juice and orange juice compete with the drug for absorption, resulting in a decrease in the level of drug absorption into the blood.

5.Foods containing potassium

Beans and peas, nuts, fruits, leafy vegetables and salt substitutes are all rich in potassium. Potassium is an important nutrient that maintains the balance of body fluids and electrolytes. Unbalanced potassium levels in the body can cause nausea, vomiting, and even heartbeat. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors that lower blood pressure are used to treat digoxin in heart failure. When taking these drugs, you should avoid eating large amounts of high potassium foods or drinking such fruit juices and vegetable soups.

6. Foods containing tyramine

Increased tyramine levels can cause blood pressure to spike suddenly to dangerous levels. The longer the food is stored, the higher the tyramine level. Fermented foods, smoked foods, and spoiled or improperly stored foods may contain tyramine. The following foods contain tyramine:

Beef or chicken liver, dried sausages, bananas, dried fruits, chocolate, wine, cured meats, i.e. meat, pickles, fermented soy products treated with salt and nitrate or nitrite, stored improperly or spoiled food

Alcoholic beverages, especially beer that has not been pasteurized, contain tyramine. ^[3]

Drug-Food Interactions

Notes on taking over-the-counter proprietary Chinese medicines:

When taking over-the-counter proprietary Chinese medicines, some diets may affect the efficacy of the medicines or cause physical discomfort. For example, when taking medicines for stomach diseases, you are required to eat less cold, spicy and greasy foods. Avoid taking cold food when taking dysmenorrhea. When treating skin diseases such as measles and eczema, it is also required to avoid eating seafood such as alcohol, fish and shrimp while taking the medicine, so as not to worsen the condition.

Please read the label and instructions carefully before taking the medicine, and pay special attention to the warnings. If you have any concerns about the interaction of your medication with food or drink, you should consult your doctor promptly. ^[3]