What Is the Occiput?

Occipital bone is one of the skulls. Participate in the formation of the skull, which is located in the back of the skull, and is a flat bone that is concave and convex.

Occipital bone is one of the skulls. Participate in the formation of the skull, which is located in the back of the skull, and is a flat bone that is concave and convex.

Chinese name

Occipital bone

Foreign name

occipital bone

Pinyin

zhn g

Explanation

Compound bone surrounding the foramen magnum at the back of the skull

Department

Posterior part of skull

Shape

Or edge, or flat, or long, or round

Occipital anatomy

The central large hole is called the occipital foramen, and the cranial cavity communicates with the spinal canal. The front of the foramen magnum is the basal part, the sides are the sides, and the back is the occipital scales. The basal part is forwardly connected with the sphenoid body. The outer side of the side has an oval-shaped bulge called the occipital condyle and the atlas to form the atlantooccipital joint. There is a hypoglossal nerve tube above the iliac crest, and a hypoglossal nerve passes through. The occipital scales form the lower part of the posterior cranial fossa. It has an external occipital bulge in the middle of the back and the lower part of the posterior cranial fossa, which extends to the upper line on both sides. This is where the trapezius muscles attach.

Occipital occipital related diseases and treatment

Foramen magnum hernia is a particularly critical type of cerebral hernia, which can easily lead to functional dysfunction in the center of life and cause death. Occipital foramen hernia is a pathological process in which the cerebellar tonsil is squeezed down and hernias are squeezed down, compressing the medulla oblongata, which then causes vital signs disorders, disturbance of consciousness, and changes in the pupil, etc., which are most commonly found in subcancerous lesions.

1.Diagnosis

Diagnosis of foramen magnum hernia with vertebral angiography; if the posterior inferior cerebellar artery is displaced downwards to or below the foramen magnum during vertebral angiography, it is a manifestation of foramen magnum hernia;

Clinical manifestations

Clinically, there are various signs of increased intracranial pressure and the pressure in the lumbar puncture spinal canal is not high. Supra-occipital foramen hernia should be suspected; patients with high intracranial pressure, such as sudden stop of breathing, are mostly caused by foramen magnum hernia. Especially seen in patients with posterior cranial fossa space occupying lesions; when the occipital foramen hernias, the pupils are often initially symmetrically reduced, then become enlarged, and the light response is weakened and then disappeared. This is the damage to the oculomotor nerve during acute hypoxia of the brain stem. Nuclear results. For cerebellar notch hernia or foramen magnum hernia secondary to acute craniocerebral injury and other intracranial space-occupying lesions, it is very difficult to relieve itself without any treatment, and most of them deteriorate rapidly in the short term. Treat early and often require surgical rescue. The main purpose of surgery is to remove intracranial space-occupying lesions and reduce cerebral edema, and sometimes it is necessary to directly treat cerebral hernia.

3.Treatment of foramen magnum hernia

Foramen magnum hernia is a clinical emergency that requires emergency treatment if it occurs or is suspected. For example, ventricular puncture and drainage can be performed when breathing is stopped, respiratory central stimulants are given, and the cause is treated while artificially assisted breathing. If caused by a posterior cranial fossa mass, extensive suboccipital decompression should be performed after the lesion has been cleared. Including the removal of the posterior ring vertebra and the open dura mater, if the cerebellar tonsil is moved into the cervical canal during the operation, the posterior arches of the 2nd and 3rd cervical vertebrae can be bitten and decompressed. If the tonsil impaction is found to be tight, Hemorrhage, softening and other manifestations should be carefully removed; if the intracranial pressure is still high, some cerebellar hemispheres can also be removed.

4. Prognosis of cerebral hernia

No matter what kind of brain hernia, if you do not take effective rescue measures quickly and actively, you will cause death. Sometimes the patient is rescued, but because the brainstem is compressed for a long time and the degree is severe, it has caused irreversible pathological changes. The patient has not been awake for a long time and is in a state of no food, no speech, and no movement. The prognosis of patients with cerebral hernia syndrome depends critically on the nature and severity of the primary lesion and the early diagnosis and treatment of cerebral hernia. If the patient has lost the opportunity to "grab the brain hernia" and the clinical disease has developed to the stage of the brain hernia, we can diagnose the primary lesion as soon as possible during the prodromal phase of the brain hernia and the compensation phase of the brain hernia and take it actively. Effective treatment measures to prevent the damage caused by cerebral blood circulation disorders and cerebral hypoxia have a good prognosis. However, if the patient has entered the decompensation stage of the brain hernia, the single brain hernia develops into multiple brain hernia, the brain stem is compressed for too long, cerebral blood circulation disorders, cerebral hypoxia have occurred, and irreversible damage has been caused. Even though various measures have been taken for active rescue, the prognosis is still unsatisfactory.