What is a photo -tube of a photo -gulf?

and Photomultiplier's tube uses two scientific principles to amplify the effect of a single incident photon. They are produced in many different configurations of light -sensitive materials and angles of incident light to achieve high profits and low noise within their working range of ultraviolet, visible and almost infrared frequencies. Originally developed as a more responsive TV camera, Photomullier tubes are now in many applications.

In the invention of semiconductors, vacuum tubes were largely eliminated from the electronic industry, with the exception of a photomultiplier tube. In this device, a single photon pass through the window or facial plate and affects the photocathy, an electrode made of photoelectric material. This material absorbs the energy of light photon at specific frequencies and emits electrons as a result of a photoelectric effect.

The effects of these emitted electrons are amplified by the principle of Secemise on the occurrence. ElectroNY issued from the photocathode are focused on the first of a series of electron multiplier plates called dynodes. On each dynode, incoming electrons are caused by other electrons. There is a cascade effect and the incident photon has been amplified or detected. Therefore, the basis for the name “Photomultiplier” is the name, a very small signal of a single photon is strengthened to a point where it is easy to detect the current from the photo -tube tube.

spectral response of the photo -tube tube is mainly due to two design elements. The type of window determines what the photons can switch to the device. The photochatod material determines the response to the photon. Other variations on the design include the windows mounted on the tube or side windows, where the photon current bounced off the photocathode. Because profit or reinforcement Jeomes with a secondary emission process and does not increase with increased voltage acceleration, multi -stage photomultip was developedLikators.

The

response of the photocathod depends on the incident photon frequency, not the number of photons received. If the number of photons increases, the generated electrical current increases, but the frequency of emitted electrons is constant for any combination of a window photocathode, resulting in Albert Einstein as evidence of a particle nature of light.

The photo of the Photomultiplier tube is up to 100 million times. This feature, along with low noise or unfounded signal, makes these vacuum tubes necessary to detect a very small number of photons. This detection capacity is useful in astronomy, night vision, medical imaging and other uses. The semiconductor versions are used, but the vacuum tube is better suitable for detecting light photons that are not collimated, which means light Rays does not travel with parallel paths.

Photomultipliers were first developed as television cameras that allowed the TV broadcasting of MoveUT for studio shots with clear lights to more natural settings or on site. Although in this application they have been replaced by devices associated with a charge (CCD), the pipes of the photomultuctors are still widely specified. Many of the developmental work on the Photomultiplier tube was carried out by RCA in facilities in the United States and in the former Soviet Union in the second half of the 20th century. In the initial decades of the 21st century, most of the world's photo -tubes are produced by the Japanese company Hamamatsu Photonics.