What is starch biosynthesis?

Starch is a type of polymer known as polysaccharide, which consists of glucose molecules and is synthesized in a relatively large number of plants. Glucose is a simple type of sugar - or carbohydrate - known as monosaccharide. Polysaccharides are built of many monosaccharide units, perhaps thousands of connected together. Starch biosynthesis in plants begins with sugars produced by photosynthesis and includes a number of enzymes or organic catalysts. Amylosis consists of predominantly unhappy chains of glucose or glucose molecules, usually 1,000 to 4,400 in number. For amylopectin, chains are more branded and generally contain 10,000 to 100,000 glucans. About 70% starch in most plants is in the form of amylopectin, but this may vary somewhat between different species. Plants store starch in the form of granules in cells.XTENT in chloroplasts. These are both types of plastic - bodies in a plant cell that perform specialized functions. It is assumed that they were created as symbiotic blue -green algae that wereIncorporated into cells at an early stage of plant development. In these plastids, the starch molecules are assembled from glucose building blocks. Glucose comes in the form of a glucose-phosphate compound, which is an indirect product of photosynthesis.

Glucose molecules have hydroxyl groups (OH) associated with carbon atoms. Glucose units bind when the hydrogen atom is removed from the hydroxyl group on one glucose molecule and the entire hydroxyl group is removed from another, in fact it removes water (H _{2). The remaining oxygen atom from one molecule is then connected to the carbon atom, from which the hydroxyl group was removed on the other side-the reaction can be repsted as: R-oh + Ho-R → R-O-R + H 2 O, where r stands for the rest of the glucose molecule. In this way, long glucose molecules are formed. This type of binding between carbohydrate molecules is known as glycosidic bond.}

However, the details of the process are more complicated than this - including a number of enzymes - but can be summarized as follows. The process begins with combining glucose-1-phosphate with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form adenosine glucose diffosphate (adp-glucose), catalyzed enzyme agpi. Adp-glucose can then add its glucose molecule to an existing glucose molecule, create glycosidic bond, and thus through many repetitions of this process to create an amylosis molecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the starch synthan enzymes. Amylopectin consists of starch enzymes (SBE), which create links between existing chains of glucose molecules to create a branched polymer.

The purpose of starch biosynthesis in plants is to provide energy storage. Glucose, produced by photosynthesis, ensures immediate energy needs, but the energy reserve to be used when conditions prevent sufficient glucose synthesis have a clear survival value. Many plants have evolved into the storage of large amountsKrobu in tubers; For example, in potatoes with 60-80% dry weight consists of starch. Since 2011, there has been a significant amount of research into the biosynthesis of starch in plants in order to increase the production of starch crops.