What is the phosphorylation of the substrate?
The phosphorylation of substrate, also called phosphorylation at the substrate level, is a biochemical process by which cells form adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diffosphate (ADP). This process occurs in the cytoplasm and is an important step in the metabolic path known as glycolysis. ATP is a coenzyme cavalry or coenzyme, which means that although it is not a protein itself, it is necessary to control responses, transfer energy and effect as a source of fuel for the cell. The phosphate group consists of four oxygen atoms linked to central phosphorus atom and carries a negative charge. The enzyme mediates the reaction between ADP and phosphate compound. The reaction products are ATP and other compounds consisting of hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes phosphorus. We will take a reaction as a whole, we can imagine ADP with its two phosphate groups that are converted into ATP, molecule with three phosphate groups, adding one phosphate group from another molecule. In glycolysis, blood glucose is converted into pyruvat organic acids andEtc. This process is the core of metabolism, allowing organisms to transform the sugar they obtain from nutrients to energy.
During a step of early substrate phosphorylation in glycolysis, the phosphate group is transferred to ADP from a compound called 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Two substrates, ADP and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, bind to enzyme phosphoglyceration kinase, which catalyzes the reaction. It is produced ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.
The last step of glycolysis also includes the phosphorylation of the substrate. Phosphoenolpyruvát, high -energy phosphate compound, transmits its group of phosphate to ADP through the enzyme of pyruvate kinase. The products are ATP and pyruvat, a molecule consisting of hydrogen and oxygen.
substrate phosphorylation is regulated by external factors and may not always occur during glycolysis. If, for exampleP to use. The presence of ATP itself can also inhibit enzymes involved.
hormones also play a role in glycolysis regulation. Low blood glucose, also known as low blood sugar, leads to glucagon production. This hormone is produced in the pancreatic and increases blood sugar. It inhibits the activity of pyruvate kinase in the final step of the glycolysis, which prevents the phosphorylation of the substrate.