What Is the Effective Nuclear Charge?
When a nuclear bomb explodes, it releases much more energy than conventional munitions using chemical explosives. One kilogram of uranium fission releases energy equivalent to the energy released when 20,000 tons of TNT explosives exploded. Nuclear weapons can be divided into strategic nuclear weapons and operational tactical nuclear weapons according to the scope of their operational tasks. According to their equivalent sizes, they can be divided into 10 million tons, million tons, 100,000 tons, 10,000 tons, 1,000 tons, and 100 tons. In the late 1980s, Su began to develop miniature ultra-miniature nuclear warheads with equivalent to as small as 10 ton and large to 100 ton and their equivalent adjustable nuclear warheads.
Nuclear bomb equivalent
When a nuclear bomb explodes, it releases much more energy than conventional munitions using chemical explosives. One kilogram of uranium fission releases energy equivalent to the energy released when 20,000 tons of TNT explosives exploded. Nuclear weapons can be divided into strategic nuclear weapons and operational tactical nuclear weapons according to the scope of their operational tasks. According to their equivalent sizes, they can be divided into 10 million tons, million tons, 100,000 tons, 10,000 tons, 1,000 tons, and 100 tons. Su began to develop miniature super miniatures with equivalent weights as small as 10 tons and as large as 100 tons in the late 1980s.
The power of a nuclear weapon refers to the total energy released during an explosion, and is usually measured in TNT equivalents (Tianti equivalent). It represents the weight of TNT explosives required to produce the same energy; commonly expressed in tons, thousand tons or million tons of TNT equivalent, sometimes referred to as "equivalent", the energy released by a 1 ton TNT explosive explosion is about 4183 MJ. The nuclear weapons currently equipped by foreign forces have formed a complete series of different abilities. Very large nuclear weapons, such as
Effective killing distance = C * explosion equivalent ^ (1/3) ...... (C is proportional constant, ^ (1/3) is cube root)
Generally take the proportional constant of 1.493885
When the equivalent is 100,000 tons:
Effective killing radius = 1.493885 * 10 ^ (1/3) = 3.22 km
Effective killing area = pi * 3.22 * 3.22 = 33 square kilometers
When the equivalent is 1 million tons:
Effective killing radius = 1.493885 * 100 ^ (1/3) = 6.93 km
Effective killing area = pi * 6.93 * 6.93 = 150 square kilometers
When the equivalent is 3 million tons:
Effective killing radius = 1.493885 * 300 ^ (1/3) = 10.00 km
Effective killing area = pi * 10.00 * 10.00 = 314 square kilometers
When the equivalent is 10 million tons:
Effective killing radius = 1.493885 * 1000 ^ (1/3) = 14.93 km
Effective killing area = pi * 14.93 * 14.93 = 700 square kilometers
When the equivalent is 10 million tons:
Effective killing radius = 1.493885 * 10000 ^ (1/3) = 32.18 kilometers
Effective killing area = pi * 32.18 * 32.18 = 3257 square kilometers
The energy released by ordinary atomic bombs in the air is roughly converted into lethality in the following proportions: shock waves account for 50%, light radiation 35%, penetration nuclear radiation 5%, and radioactive contamination 10%.
Radius table (unit: km) of the killing (referring to immediate death or loss of combat effectiveness) of exposed personnel on the ground during the nuclear bombing of different magnitudes by various factors:
| Nuclear bomb | Nuclear shock wave | Light radiation | Through nuclear radiation |
| 1,000 tons | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.71 |
| 10,000 tons | 0.45 | 0.57 | 1.00 |
| 100,000 tons | 1.15 | 1.87 | 1.48 |
| Million tons | 2.87 | 5.60 | 1.98 |
According to calculation experiments, the damage radius of a million-ton nuclear bomb on the ground during a ground explosion was 4.8 kilometers.
It can be seen that small-equivalent nuclear bombs have the greatest lethality of penetrating nuclear radiation, and large-equivalent nuclear bombs have the most severe light radiation.
The different killing effects mentioned above affect the human body at the same time, so the comprehensive killing radius of a nuclear bomb is larger than that listed in the table above. The data on the killing radius of different equivalent nuclear bombs to people in different states are as follows (the unit is kilometers):
| 1,000 tons | 10,000 tons | 100,000 tons | Million tons | Ten million tons |
| 0.85 | 1.5 | 3.1 | 6.3 | 12 |
The power of nuclear bombs does not increase proportionally to the killing radius. It can be found from the table above that the law of the increase in the power of nuclear bombs is roughly doubled for each increase in order of magnitude (X10). In other words, the killing radius of a 10-million-ton giant nuclear bomb is only four times that of a 100,000-ton nuclear bomb, and the killing area is only 16 times that.
Taking a 1 million-ton nuclear bomb as an example, its killing radius for people behind different concealed objects is as follows (in kilometers):
| Exposed person | Inside staff | People inside the tank | People inside the bomb shelter | Permanent staff |
| 6.3 | 3.6 | 2.8 | 1.2 | 0.76 |
Therefore, in the city, after the air explosion of a million-ton nuclear bomb, the people behind the solid building will not be killed 4 kilometers away, and the people in the subway can escape a calamity as long as 8-900 meters away.
When a million-ton nuclear weapon air explosion occurred in a super large modern metropolis:
In the first few seconds, the intense light radiation and through nuclear radiation killed the exposed people within 6.3 kilometers and the direct sight of the bombing point immediately. The reflection of the colorful mirror glass wall will expose people hiding behind the building to light radiation. Nothing left, countless buildings started to burn at high temperatures; the subsequent shock waves turned all the glass curtain walls into countless glass shots and swept the streets and alleys. Millions of cars full of gasoline flew out of several blocks with flames to spread Tinder.
A fire caused by a nuclear explosion and the collapse of a skyscraper could cause more casualties than the nuclear explosion itself. In addition, there is the fourth killing effect of nuclear weapons-radioactive contamination. After all is over, it will still be entangled for several years. Its killing range depends to a large extent on meteorological factors such as wind and wind direction, and it depends on the hindsight Efficiency of scrubbing operations and medical ambulance work.
Of course, big cities are not only amplifying the secondary effects of nuclear bombs, they are not without their benefits: the survival probability of people in subways is high, and reinforced concrete forests have a great effect on blocking light radiation and reducing shock waves. A layer of soil that is tens of centimeters thick can block deadly penetrating nuclear radiation, and the labyrinthine structure allows rescuers to scavenge for radioactive contamination for time.
In a nuclear explosion with an explosion equivalent of 1 million tons or more, nuclear dust will rise into the stratosphere and arrive "Mushroom Cloud" [1]
29 kilometers high. How high the dust from a nuclear explosion can rise depends on the size of the nuclear bomb.
A nuclear bomb with an equivalent weight of 1 million tons can blast a pit with a diameter of hundreds of yards. The crushed stone thrown can reach millions of tons, of which 10,000 to 30,000 tons of extremely small nuclear dust particles will rise. To the stratosphere.
Atmospheric hydrogen bomb test conducted before the signing of the partial test ban treaty in 1963. These tests indicate that a 1 million ton-ton nuclear bomb contains 1 to 6 tons of dust in a mushroom cloud produced during a ground explosion. At the same time, it also shows that the typical particle size of nuclear dust is a few tenths of a micron (1 micron is 1/1000 mm). Based on estimates of the amount of nuclear smoke and dust generated by a nuclear war, experts from the TTAPS scientific team estimate that after a nuclear bomb explodes over a city, a nuclear explosion can cause more than 100 square miles per million tons of nuclear explosion. Generally speaking, the area where the fire spreads in rural areas is smaller. In urban fire zones, about 200 tons of nuclear smoke and dust are produced per square mile of fire, while rural fires produce only about 70 tons of soot.
