What Are the Different Types of Merchant Transaction?

Commodity trading method refers to the means and forms used by the commodity to realize its own value and social value. It specifically includes several factors such as trading channels, trading methods, and settlement methods. It is a transaction process, that is, the movement of the commodity entity into the consumer field in turn. The external form of the process.

Commodity trading methods

Right!

Commodity trading method refers to the means and forms used by the commodity to realize its own value and social value. It specifically includes several factors such as trading channels, trading methods, and settlement methods. It is a transaction process, that is, the movement of the commodity entity into the consumer field in turn. The external form of the process.

Chinese name

Commodity trading methods

Solid

Means and form

Including

Easy ways, trading methods and settlement methods, etc.

Features

Diversity

Commodity trading method refers to the means and forms used by the commodity to realize its own value and social value. It specifically includes several factors such as trading channels, trading methods, and settlement methods. It is a transaction process, that is, the movement of the commodity entity in turn into the consumer field The external form of the process.

(I) Diversity

Commodity trading methods are diverse, that is, businesses adopt a variety of trading methods to meet consumers' different consumption needs.

(Two) phased

Commodity trading methods have different trading methods in different historical periods, which are determined by historical conditions and other resources and environments.

(Three) complexity

Commodity trading methods are complex, that is, which kind of commodity trading method should be adapted to the attributes of the commodity and should meet the needs of consumers, while the commodities are diverse, the consumer preferences are also diverse, and the consumer level is also diverse. Commodity trading methods are also complex.

(Four) complementarity

Various transaction methods are complementary and interrelated, and a single transaction method sometimes has a negative effect.

(V) Systematic

Commodity trading methods are systematic, and one trading method and another trading method complement each other into a system, not accidental.

Under the conditions of a market economy, the way in which commodities are traded restricts and affects the scale of the circulation of goods and the development of the circulation industry from various aspects. It has become not only a means for competition by circulation enterprises, but also a condition for survival of circulation enterprises. The economic effects of commodity trading methods are mainly reflected in the following four aspects.

1. Commodity trading methods determine the type and composition of the commodity business entity.

Commodity transaction methods not only affect the commodity transaction process, but also determine the organizational behavior of the commodity transaction subject. Different commodity transaction methods require that the commodity business entities have different organizational forms, business objectives, business objects, business scope, and business scale. For example, a wholesaler is a true wholesaler only if it faces business users for resale and processing, and carries out a large number of wholesale transactions. A retailer is a retailer only if it conducts true retail transactions oriented to end customers and consumers. Therefore, the commodity operation subject of wholesale and retail transactions is completely different from the commodity operation subject of futures trading in terms of specific operations and social management.

2. Commodity trading methods promote the expansion of commodity circulation.

For the expansion and expansion of commodity trading, buyers and sellers always rely on a certain external form, that is, the transaction method. Therefore, the transaction method directly affects the transaction process and transaction result. And quality restrictions often determine that it can only be carried out within a certain range, and it is difficult to promote the circulation of goods on a large scale. The flexible use of multiple trading methods such as wholesale, retail, and agency can provide possibilities for large-scale commodity circulation. And create favorable conditions. For this reason, to expand the scale of commodity circulation, various trading methods must be flexibly used to achieve various expected purposes and effects.

3 Commodity trading methods determine the speed of commodity circulation.

Commodity transaction methods are a means to complete commodity circulation. There are differences in the speed of commodity circulation under different commodity transaction methods. In general, both parties to the transaction need a transaction method commensurate with the object and scope of the transaction, which will help the commodity to complete the entire circulation process quickly. Much faster. In practice, in order to speed up the circulation of commodities, a variety of transaction methods are often used together to speed up the entire process of rapid circulation of commodities. For example, the combination of wholesale and retail transactions is often much faster than a single wholesale or retail sale; the combination of distribution and consignment is also faster than a single distribution or consignment.

4 Reasonable commodity trading methods can promote the sale of commodities.

According to the characteristics of different products and the requirements of buyers, commodity production enterprises and operating enterprises can not only facilitate transaction completion, but also enable buyers and consumers to obtain more customer transfer value in the transaction, thereby attracting More middlemen and consumers buy products, expand product sales, and increase product market share.

Commodity trading methods can be divided into different types according to different standards.

(1) Classification by commodity transaction volume and transaction object

Commodity trading methods can be divided into two forms: wholesale transactions and retail transactions. The so-called wholesale transaction refers to the way in which the transaction subject purchases or sells commodities to manufacturers or other operators in order to further resell or process goods or services. Retail refers to the transaction activities of selling goods or services directly to end consumers.

(II) Divided by the time span of the completion of the commodity transaction

Commodity trading methods can be divided into spot trading, forward contract trading and futures trading.

(Three) by payment method

Commodity trading methods can be divided into cash transactions and commercial credit transactions. Cash transactions are payments and deliveries at the same time, which is the so-called "one-handed payment, one-handed delivery". On the spot, the "money and goods" transaction is realized. Commercial credit transactions are payments and deliveries that are separated in time and space. Delivery is made after payment, or payment is made after delivery, and sales are based entirely on commercial credit relationships. In essence, buyers and sellers have a loan relationship within a certain period of time, and specifically include credit sales, installment payments, prepayment subscriptions, and commercial paper.

(4) Divided by whether the ownership of the goods is transferred during the transaction

Commodity trading methods can be divided into independent transactions (distribution) and trust transactions. Autonomous trading refers to the complete autonomy and ownership of both the buyer and the seller in a commodity transaction. Both parties conduct commodity transactions in accordance with their own requirements to achieve their own different purposes. All kinds of transaction methods are derived or evolved on this basis in order to adapt to the development level of productivity and realize the needs of commodity circulation. Trust transaction refers to the commodity trading method of accepting the commission of others to carry out agency business. It is mainly based on a high degree of credit and generally includes forms such as sales agency, processing, leasing, trust, and auction.

(5) Classification according to whether there are special special provisions in specific transaction conditions

Commodity trading methods can be divided into special trading methods and general trading methods. The so-called special special provisions refer to the rights and obligations specifically emphasized in the transaction conditions, as well as various other special requirements of the transaction. If there are special provisions on trademarks, packaging, and samples; some make special provisions on payment and settlement; some make special provisions by means of assembly or at the place of transaction. This type of transaction is widely used in international trade, mainly to expand import and export trade, and to make some special provisions on a certain aspect of trade and a specific project. There are no special requirements for trading conditions for general trading methods.

With the continuous development of social productive forces and the economy, commodity trading methods are constantly innovating and developing, and different commodity trading methods are constantly infiltrating and complementing each other to gradually form a complete system. However, in the specific trading activities, which one of the trading methods to choose is not what you want, but to follow the objective laws and basic requirements of commodity circulation to comprehensively consider various factors.

1. The level of development of social productive forces and the different stages of development of the commodity economy.

Any kind of commodity trading method is a product of the development of the commodity economy to a certain stage. In the simple commodity economy stage, the level of development of social productive forces is low, and there are very few surplus products available for exchange. The task of commodity exchange can be accomplished by means of barter or sporadic buying and selling. Only under the conditions of intensive, commoditized, and socialized large-scale production can commodity exchanges and futures transactions occur. At the same time, the mode of commodity transactions is a necessary condition for the further development of the commodity economy. Due to the uneven development of social productive forces in various regions, departments and industries, the degree of development of the commodity economy will vary greatly, and there will inevitably be multiple transaction methods at the same time. Therefore, it is necessary to use multiple circulation channels and multiple transaction methods to communicate the economic links between different producers and operators in various regions and enterprises. A single transaction method cannot adapt to the development level of multi-level productivity, and is not conducive to regional economic development. In developed areas of the commodity economy, modern commodity trading methods such as credit transactions, lease transactions, and futures transactions can be vigorously developed. Of course, traditional cash transactions and spot transactions are also indispensable. In backward areas, in addition to maintaining traditional trading methods, they can Interchange the existence by means of the original barter.

2. Corporate personality.

The transaction method must be based on the actual situation of the enterprise and selected according to the individuality and characteristics of each enterprise, in order to more effectively realize the circulation of goods and improve the efficiency of circulation. First, we must fully consider the business goals of each enterprise and choose the method that is most conducive to achieving the goals. Second, we must fully consider the scale and production capacity of the enterprise. Generally speaking, small and medium-sized enterprises have a small scale, limited production and sales volume, and insufficient funds. They mainly rely on local markets, local production, wholesale and retail. Large enterprises have large scale, large production and sales volumes, and abundant funds. They can choose conditionally. Wholesale transactions, futures transactions, credit transactions, agency transactions, etc. Third, it is necessary to highlight the characteristics of the enterprise, highlight the individuality of the enterprise, surprisingly win, and do not follow the trend.

3 Characteristics and circulation of different commodities.

Different commodities often have different use value storage periods, different transportation requirements and physical characteristics during their operation. At the same time, the circulation laws of different commodities are different. Therefore, different commodity trading methods must be selected according to the characteristics and circulation laws of different commodities.

(1) Choice of daily industrial products trading methods. The flow of daily industrial products is from urban to rural, from centralized to decentralized, with long channels and many links. At the connection between production and commerce, the wholesale transaction plays an obvious role in the organization and operation of the commodity, and at the same time, commercial credit transactions and bill transactions can play a supporting role. At the connection between business and consumers, retail transactions, cash transactions, and spot transactions are the dominant transaction methods. These transaction methods can ensure the long-term and stable operation of commercial operations, and then supplemented by credit transactions. More conducive to broadening sales channels.

(2) The choice of trade methods of production materials of industrial products. The production materials of industrial products are generally divided into agricultural production materials and industrial production materials. In addition to the characteristics of general industrial products from centralized to decentralized, and from urban to rural, the flow of agricultural production materials of industrial products has the characteristics of strong seasonality and strong production periodicity in the supply chain. Therefore, in the first link of supply, regional wholesale transactions are generally used, supplemented by bill transactions. In retail supply, factors such as farmers' individual business, limited investment, and strong seasonality in agricultural production are considered. It is better to choose a transaction method based on cash transactions and supplemented by deferred payments and instalments. As for the transaction of industrial production materials, since it is generally a commodity transaction, wholesale transactions and forward contract transactions can be used.

(3) The choice of agricultural and sideline products trading methods. The general flow of agricultural and sideline products is from rural to urban, from scattered to concentrated, and has a bulk nature. At the same time, the production of agricultural and sideline products is mostly family-run and individual production. Therefore, in the acquisition process, cash transactions and pre-purchase transactions, as well as trust transactions such as purchasing, storage, transportation, sales, and processing can be selected. For industrial raw materials of bulk agricultural and sideline products, futures trading and bill trading are ideal trading methods.

4 Benefit optimization principle.

The choice of any kind of transaction method is to maximize the benefits of the enterprise and obtain the maximum economic benefits with minimal investment. Therefore, we must consider: first, what kind of transaction method can maximize the convenience of purchase, attract users, and expand the sales of the enterprise; second, what kind of transaction method can complete the process of commodity circulation at the fastest speed and in the shortest time , Saving circulation costs and accelerating capital turnover; third, what kind of transaction method has the lowest input cost and the largest output, thereby improving the business effectiveness of the enterprise. The method is for the content. Talking about the transaction method without the benefit of the enterprise, everything is useless and meaningless.

5. Market supply and demand situation and fasting situation

The market always operates in an unbalanced state. Different supply and demand situations will affect the choice of trading methods, and the trading methods depend on the party that dominates the market. When supply exceeds demand, producers and operators will choose the simplest trading method based on their own interests. When supply exceeds demand and market competition is fierce, producers and operators will do everything possible to quickly sell goods and strive for the largest market share. To meet the needs of consumers, at this time, the transaction method will become an important content and means for enterprises to participate in market competition, such as credit sales, preferential rewards, discounts, and prize sales will be selected and used in large quantities. At the same time, when choosing a trading method, it should also depend on the competitors, and take corresponding countermeasures and trading methods according to the strength, competitive strategies and means of the competitors. In addition, different trading methods should be adopted according to different competition content. Quality competition is different from price competition, service competition is different from advertising competition and public relations competition. Flexible trading methods are conducive to coordinating various competitive elements, achieving strengths, avoiding weaknesses, and forcing strength. the goal of.

6. International economic and trade exchanges and complementary advantages.

At present, in international economic and trade, transaction methods continue to develop in a direction of diversification and flexibility. Therefore, in the context of world economic integration, in order to promote wider opening, develop international economic and trade exchanges, and achieve an early integration of domestic and international markets, companies should choose flexible trading methods and standardize according to the principle of complementary advantages and international practices. The company's operating behaviors are conducive to the company's continuous access to the international market, tempering and improving its competitiveness in the international market. At the same time, it makes the counterparty easy to accept. Through the internationalization, customization, generalization, standardization and flexibility of commodity trading methods, enterprises can break cross-cultural barriers in international trade, improve the domestic operating environment, and attract more foreign businessmen.

Commodity trading methods are produced with the emergence of the commodity economy. At the same time, in the practice of commodity transactions, buyers and sellers gradually formed according to different commodities, different regions, different objects, and the different needs of both parties. And constantly developing and improving. Therefore, commodity trading methods belong to both the economic and historical categories. At different stages of the development of the commodity economy, commodity trading methods also have different forms.

(I) Primitive Tribal Stage

In the earliest primitive tribal stage, the level of social productivity was very low, there were relatively few surplus products, and there was no currency. There were bartering between tribes and families, and the scope of the exchange was limited to extremely narrow areas, that is, the exchange was only between the two parties. Only when there is a mutual demand for the use value of the counterpart's product can it be concluded.

In the trading activities, there are only two parties, the buyer and the seller, without any medium in between. The two parties have direct contact with each other and at the same time play the dual roles of buyer and seller.

(II) Simple commodity economy stage

At the stage of simple commodity economy, since the business is mainly for the exchange of goods for the purpose of use value, the movement of goods in the transaction process is often based on the line of "producer-commercial operator-consumer". At that time, productivity was still not high. The developed and exchanged social products are very limited, so the transaction methods are mainly limited to small sporadic transactions and cash transactions for cash transactions.

(3) The stage of developed commodity economy

In the advanced stage of the commodity economy, due to the rapid development of social productivity, the breadth and depth of transactions have been expanding. A large number of spot transactions such as wholesale transactions, credit transactions with financing facilities, agency transactions for trust trading, auctions, and leasing have been developed and developed. Continuous improvement; At the same time, new types of trading methods such as forward contract trading and futures trading have also been continuously developed and improved. Commodity trading methods are becoming increasingly diversified, which is more conducive to the smooth completion of commodity circulation.

(IV) Market economy stage

Under the conditions of a contemporary market economy, science and technology are advancing by leaps and bounds, social productive forces are developing at an unprecedented speed, social division of labor is gradually deepening, emerging sectors are constantly emerging, market products are becoming increasingly rich, market competition is increasing sharply, and the degree of world economic integration is deepening. In order to adapt to this change, reduce costs, expand sales, and increase profits, a number of highly viable, low-risk, and high-income transaction methods have emerged as the times require. Commodity transaction methods have clearly shown a trend of diversification. On the basis of traditional trading methods, some continue to innovate and some cross-use. Everything depends on the specific situation and appears to be more flexible. Especially, such as "three to one supplement" and other trading methods that were originally limited to international trade. It has been widely promoted and applied to domestic commodity circulation, which has further enriched commodity trading methods.

Commodity trading methods have developed to this day, and the flexibility and diversification they present are not achieved overnight, but are the result of continuous innovation and evolution with the development of social productivity. A variety of commodity trading methods penetrate each other and combine together. Form a sequential, complementary, and coexisting chain, and form a complete trading system under the condition of complementary functions.

At different stages of the development of the commodity economy, different commodity trading methods will emerge. For example, in the initial stage of a commodity transaction, it is based on the exchange of goods. In the early stage of the development of commodity trading, commodities were based on currency transactions. Different currency methods were used at different currency stages. The earliest currency was fixed special commodities that served as general equivalents as a medium for exchange, such as shells, bones, agricultural products and other natural worlds Some of the items later developed into metal, and later developed into gold and silver as media. Under the conditions of a developed market economy, with the emergence of credit relationships, paper cash has appeared, and new methods such as forward transactions and futures transactions have emerged. Under the conditions of the contemporary market economy, electronic money has appeared in commodity transactions. In this process, different commodity trading methods exist objectively in real life.

The trend of commodity trading is diversification. With the development of production and the advancement of science and technology, the division of labor becomes more and more detailed, and even new types of commercial organizations have appeared, such as virtual enterprises and online stores. At the same time, under the conditions of a modern market economy, market competition is becoming increasingly fierce, prompting more and more commodity trading methods to emerge and develop.

The commodity transaction method is the method adopted by the commodity exchange. It is the form of purchase and sale adopted by the merchant in order to complete the transfer of the commodity from the production field to the consumption field and finally realize the value and use value of the commodity. Its essence is the method of transmuting the ownership of goods and the space-time position of goods entities in the process of commercial operation. Buying for sale is the core content of business operations. Since the generation of money, the process of commodity exchange has been broken down into two phases, buying and selling, and is clearly separated in time and space. The contradiction between the inherent separation of buying and selling and the unity of buying and selling in the process of commodity exchange can only be resolved by the exchange parties using specific transaction methods to achieve the shift of goods and currency.

Commodity trading methods are produced with the emergence of the commodity economy, and continue to improve with the development of the market economy. The factors that affect the form of transactions are:

1. The degree of development of commodity production. The degree of development of commodity trading methods is directly proportional to the degree of development of commodity production. The higher the degree of development of commodity production, the more developed the commodity trading methods and the more types. Under the condition of simple commodity economy, the main methods of commodity trading are cash payment and spot trading; under the condition of developed commodity economy, the method of commodity trading is constantly innovated, and there have been various types of contract transactions, futures transactions, credit transactions, and trust transactions. Commodity trading methods.

2. Supply and demand of goods. The supply and demand of commodities has an important influence on the development direction of commodity trading methods. Generally speaking, the oversupply of goods, the main contradiction is that there is little supply of goods. The method of commodity transactions has become a means of controlling sales and expanding acquisitions. It mainly adopts commodity transactions such as spot transactions and forward contract transactions. On the other hand, oversupply of commodities, the main contradiction is There is sufficient supply of goods, large inventory of producers and operators, and slow capital turnover. In order to stimulate consumption and expand sales, operators not only use general commodity trading methods, but also focus on credit sales, installment payments, bank mortgages and other credit transactions and brokerages. Agency and consignment trust transactions, etc.

3 Technical factors. On the one hand, the development of commodity trading methods is restricted by technical factors. Technical factors such as the specific production cycle and production conditions of different commodities make the supply of different commodities respond to prices and then to demand at different speeds. Some commodities are prone to supply fluctuations. In order to alleviate and even eliminate supply fluctuations, continuous development of commodity trading methods is required. On the other hand, the scope of application of different commodity trading methods is also affected by technical factors. Generally speaking, the commodities suitable for futures trading should be homogeneous commodities with relatively simple quality, grades and easy division, in order to use the quality indicators and delivery grades of standard products to convert commodities in the market into standardized contract terms. Effectively realize the contract transfer of the trader; and live perishable goods, such as vegetables, are more suitable for spot transactions where both money and goods are used. At the same time, the development and improvement of commodity trading methods are also affected by technical factors. The development of article coding technology and the popularization and use of electronic computers in the field of trade have provided conditions for the emergence of electronic data exchange; the advancement of communication technology has opened a broad path for the development of futures trading and credit trading.

4 Socio-economic system. The socio-economic system also has a restrictive effect on commodity trading methods. In the same social system, due to different economic systems, commodity trading methods will also be different. For example, under the traditional planned economy system, China's commodity trading methods are subject to the state's degree and form of market and economic control. The commodity trading methods are single. Commercial entities mainly adopt unified purchase and marketing, planned distribution, and limited supply of certificates as the main form. Spot Trading. Only after the establishment of a socialist market economic system did China have the soil and environment to generate a variety of commodity trading methods, and credit transactions and futures trading, which were previously regarded as "flood beasts", developed extensively, reducing risks and promoting commercial operations. development of.