How Do I Become a Neuropsychologist?

Neuropsychological analysis does not simply explain the physical activity of the brain itself, as does neurophysiology, nor does it analyze behavior or psychological activity itself as purely as psychology. It is a study of psychology from the perspective of neuroscience. People need to understand how the human brain reflects things in the external environment, how to reflect social phenomena, how to generate psychological activities, and what is the relationship between psychological activities and physiological activities of the brain. Neuropsychology uses the brain as the physical ontology of psychological activity to study the relationship between brain and psychology or brain and behavior.

Neuropsychological analysis does not simply explain the physical activity of the brain itself, as does neurophysiology, nor does it analyze behavior or psychological activity itself as purely as psychology. It is a study of psychology from the perspective of neuroscience. People need to understand how the human brain reflects things in the external environment, how to reflect social phenomena, how to generate psychological activities, and what is the relationship between psychological activities and physiological activities of the brain. Neuropsychology uses the brain as the physical ontology of psychological activity to study the relationship between brain and psychology or brain and behavior.

Chinese name

Neuropsychology

Foreign name

Neuropsychological

Field

psychology

Nature

noun

Neuropsychological citations

It establishes a quantitative relationship between human perception, memory, speech, thinking, intelligence, behavior, and the functional structure of the brain, and uses psychological, anatomical, physiological, and biochemical terms to explain mental phenomena or behavior. It synthesizes God

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Based on the research results of anatomy, neurophysiology, neuropharmacology, neurochemistry, experimental psychology and clinical psychology, it adopts a unique research method to become a discipline that intersects psychology and neuroscience.

Overview of Neuropsychology

The term neuropsychology was coined by EG Boring, a well-known professor of psychology at Harvard University, as early as 1929, based on the work of KSLashley. Lashley is a well-known behaviorist psychologist in the United States. His life was mainly devoted to the research of the relationship between animal brain function and behavior. For the first time, he established a quantitative relationship between the two, pioneering the experimental science of explaining complex behaviors in terms of brain function. Since then, some basic problems of studying the relationship between psychology (behavior) and the brain have become the main content of neuropsychology. God

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Although the term psychology was introduced at that time, it should be systematically discussed as a discipline, starting from the book "Principles of Neuropsychology" published by Soviet scholar Lulia (APJlyp 1912 ~ 1977) in 1973 .

An important branch of psychology that studies and illustrates the relationship between human mental activity and the brain. It is an interdisciplinary subject of psychology and neurology. It does not simply study and explain the activity of the brain itself as in neurophysiology, nor does it simply analyze behavior and psychological activities as in psychology. Instead, it treats the brain as the physical ontology of psychological activities and comprehensively studies the relationship between the two. It has a theoretical significance to clarify that "psychology is the function of the brain"; in practice, it can provide methods and basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment of neuroscience.

It is customary to use the French surgeon P. Broca in 1861 as a historical starting point of neuropsychology when he found that the left subfrontal gyrus caused motor aphasia. Since then, the development of neuropsychology itself has been advancing along the two paths of so-called "clinical neuropsychology" and "experimental neuropsychology". A large number of cases of local brain injury have been accumulated in clinical observations; in the laboratory, a large amount of data has also been accumulated through experimental studies of animal brain damage and research on the biochemical, physiological, and experimental psychology of the human hemisphere functions. From the perspective of contemporary trends, the close cooperation between clinical and laboratory is a fruitful working method, so two paths have begun to transform into one.

Formation and development of neuropsychology

Introduction to Neuropsychology

The ancients used the relationship between the soul and the body to explain the various properties of psychological activity, and germinated ancient neuropsychological thoughts in the form of conjectures. Aristotle had divided psychological processes into feelings, perceptions, fantasies, attentions, memories, and cognitive activities through observation and analysis; C. Gallen proposed the "gas theory" of mental activities in the 2nd century AD; 4 AD At the end of the century, Nemeselings and A. Augustin formed the ventricle theory based on these two ideas. It is believed that the human ventricle is divided into anterior, middle and posterior chambers. It is believed that perception and appearance are located in the anterior chamber, while thinking and memory are located in the middle and posterior chambers. This doctrine has been dominated by the medieval academia for 1200 years.

In 1543, A. Visari used his persuasive materials to inspire people to get rid of the ventricle theory and try to find a "single organ" in the brain entity as a place for mental activity. However, since scholars in this period only relied on subjective speculations, about 200 years after the ventricular doctrine was rejected, the issue of the relationship between psychology and brain has not been explained more deeply.

18 18th century neuropsychology

In the early 18th century, T. Reed decomposed human psychological activities into various primitive abilities;

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Health and anatomists look for these primitive brain organs accordingly. In 1796, German neuroanatomist FJ Gall published the theory of mechanical positioning, thinking that there are many independent organs in the brain, and each organ controls a separate and innate function of mental activity. The brain organ itself has corresponding protrusions on the skull. This doctrine has since developed into a cranioceratology with a great influence. Craniophysiology is not in line with scientific facts, but since then, people have begun to establish the belief in the positioning of mental functions of mental activity. Contrary to Gal's theory of mechanical positioning, French physiologist M.-J.-P. Flouran also proposed the theory of isoenergetics of the brain. He believes that the brain works as a unified whole, and that various types of behavioral disorders are actually only related to the amount of damage to the brain. For the first time, he experimentally demonstrated that different regions of the cerebral cortex are functionally alternate and plastic. The fierce debate between this doctrine and the theory of mechanical positioning continued into the middle and late 19th century.

19 19th Century Neuropsychology

The cytopathology of R. Fieldshaw was introduced in the mid-19th century. The notion that organisms are "cell nations" is widely spread. The direct impact of this theory on neuropsychology is to urge people to study the cellular structure of the cerebral cortex. At the same time, efforts are being made to associate a certain area of the brain with a certain psychological activity. This is the beginning of "positioningism" in neuropsychology. In 1861, Broca was following the path of localism. For the first time, pathological anatomy confirmed that the symptoms of speech expression disorder were caused by lesions in the left subfrontal gyrus. This discovery directly linked mental activity with brain entities, ending the myth that mental processes are soul activities with facts. Then, in 1870, G. Friedrich, a surgeon in Vienna, and E. Hitzich, a German psychiatrist, stimulated the dog's cerebral cortex with electric current to cause the corresponding group of muscles to move. In 1874, Russian anatomist BA Bates discovered that the center of motion was composed of huge cone cells (ie, Bates cells).

The entire second half of the 19th century was a period of rapid development of "narrow localism" in neuropsychology. At the same time as Bates, German psychiatrist C. Wernick described 10 patients with sensory aphasia. He autopsied three patients and saw the lesions in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus. In 1876, D. Ferrier used animal experiments to determine the auditory center in the temporal lobe; H. Mengke discovered in 1881 that the dog's occipital lobe was damaged, and then all objects could not be seen. However, the neuropsychological thoughts of this period are not limited to localism. The "holism" in ancient thought has always been developing as the opposite of positioningism. German physiologist FL Goertz experimentally proved in 1876 that partial damage to the cerebral cortex of animals can cause a general decline in "psychological abilities", which indicates that the cerebral cortex always carries out reactive activities as a whole. The strongest opponent of positioningism is British neuropsychologist JH Jackson. He divided the functional organization of the brain into three categories: the first is the low level, including the spinal cord and the brain stem; the second is the medium level, including the motor and sensory regions of the cerebral cortex; the third is the high level, which refers to the frontal lobe of the brain. However, these ideas only later became his successors to Swiss neuropsychologists KW Monakov (1914), British neurologists H. Head (1926), and K. Goldstein (1927). Understand and develop. Among them, the most prominent is the so-called classic period of Heide, which basically ended in the early 20th century. Accumulated a lot during this short period

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data.

20 20th Century Neuropsychology

At the beginning of the 20th century, the development of neuroscience has made progress in both the cortical cell structure and the cortical nerve fiber structure. The former is represented by K. Brodman's brain map, which distinguishes the human cortex into 47 regions, and the latter is most prominently the work of German psychiatrist PE Fletschesse. However, for psychologists or neuropsychologists,

What cares most is what is the relationship between organizational structure and fiber pathway and function.

On the basis of a sufficient accumulation of neuropsychological data

In 1929, EG Paulin first proposed the name of neuropsychology. The most famous of these is Canadian neurosurgeon W. Penfield. In the 1940s, he took advantage of the opportunity of neurosurgery craniotomy. Later, he and others studied the afferent and efferent fiber pathways that connect these areas, as well as the cortical structure associated with human speech activities, and opened up a modern context for the correlation between behavior and brain function. the study.

Advances in Neuropsychology

Promoted by these studies, neuropsychological breakthroughs have occurred, and this progress is inseparable from the contributions of Soviet neuropsychologist A.. Lulia. He summarized a large number of cases of brain injury through long-term clinical observations, explored the functional organization principles of the brain in various psychological activities of the human with the new category of the 3 basic functional joint areas of the brain, and divided the brain into 3 major areas accordingly. Block functional unit, which is the cerebral cortex joint area. The cerebral cortex joint area includes: the first functional joint area, which regulates the cortical tension and maintains the arousal state, which is located in the subcutaneous reticular structure and its part, which is the first functional unit of the brain. The second functional joint area is a joint area that receives, processes, and stores information. Its function is reduced to the integration of excitement from each analyzer, ensuring the collaborative work of the entire group of analyzers; it is located behind the two hemispheres of the brain The sensory area of the cortex (visual, auditory, somatic, etc.) is the second functional unit of the brain. The third basic function joint area is a joint area for planning, regulating, and controlling complex psychological activities. These positive and active psychological activities are realized by the brain area located before the central sulcus in the anterior part of the two hemispheres. Three functional units. The second and third joint areas are hierarchical structures, consisting of three different types of cortical areas overlapping each other, namely the projective cortical area, the projective-contact cortical area, and the overlapping cortical area. Human psychological processes are very complex functional system activities. These processes cannot be localized in the narrow and confined parts of the brain alone, but can only be realized with the participation of various components of the brain organs working in concert. The three basic joint areas are different systems of these complex components.

This technique was eventually used by neurosurgeons

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Used in the treatment of refractory epilepsy. The difference between modern neuropsychology and the past is that it has established its own theory and adopted unique methods, such as direct cortical electrical stimulation, one-sided electrical shock, dual-listening technology, half-field tachymeter technology, and cleft Cutting technology, etc.

Neuropsychological classification

Introduction to Neuropsychology

In 1974, LADavison divided the study of neuropsychology into three areas, namely experimental psychology, behavioral neurology, and clinical neuropsychology. The research in these three fields involves the relationship between brain and psychology (behavior), but their objects and methods are different.

Experimental neuropsychology

Study the function of the brain or the basic principles of the brain and behavior. The research subjects are mainly animals, and occasionally humans are used for experiments under finely controlled conditions. The main researchers in this area are KH.Pribram and RWSperry.

Neuropsychological behavioral neurology

Research is performed primarily on patients. Behavioral neuroscientists design quizzes

Psychological test

In-depth examination of the deviation or abnormality of the "normal" function of each individual patient. The difference from clinical neuropsychology is that these psychological tests do not measure "quantity" of "behavior" but only analyze "qualitative". That is, only the conceptual meaning of behavior is emphasized, and the utility meaning of behavior is not emphasized. The research provided by Lulia is the best example of behavioral neurology. The second edition of Behavioral Neurology, co-authored by JHPincus and GJTucker in the United States in 1978, focuses on diseases that cross some fields between neurology and psychiatry. The study of nervous system disorders from the behavioral manifestations of these diseases can be referred to as the psychology of the nervous system.

Neuropsychology Clinical Neuropsychology

The objects of clinical neuropsychology are patients as well as behavioral neurology, but the emphasis is on the diagnosis, identification, prognosis and treatment of patients with advanced brain dysfunction. Clinical neuropsychology uses various tests to determine the intelligence, sensorimotor function, and personality of patients with diagnosed or pending brain damage. The tests used are usually standardized and quantified. The results of patient operation can be compared with the control group, and the results are calculated and processed by statistical analysis. In addition to the differential diagnosis of brain injury and other diseases, it can also determine the location of the lesion, the efficacy and prognosis of various drugs or surgical treatments, and can propose a rehabilitation plan to accelerate the recovery of normal functions. ALBenton and BMReitan are well-known clinical neuropsychologists.

Stages of Neuropsychology

The stage of neuropsychological thinking

(3,000--19th century BC)

In ancient books and medical books (including China and the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Medicine), there have been long discussions about the relationship or localization of some advanced psychological functions with the brain. Some Western scholars, such as Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen, have linked human psychological function to a certain part of the brain (the small chamber of the brain, which later formed the ventricle theory). Until the middle of the sixteenth century,

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A. Vasalius (1514-1564) published the famous anatomy works "Human Body Structure" and "Excerpts" in 1543. The detailed anatomy of the brain has amended the previous ventricle theory (one doctrine once ruled (1,000 years in the academic world), which encouraged some scholars in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to look for high-level psychological functions from other parts of the brain entity. For example, Descrates chose the pineal gland as the spirit. (Psychological) ability or part of a mental soul inhabited. The "brain and head cover theory" proposed by the famous anatomist Gall (FJGall1758-1828) in the early eighteenth century had the greatest impact. He proposed that human's various complex abilities are closely related to various strictly defined parts of the brain. As these parts gradually grow up, corresponding bulges on the skull are formed, and these bulges determine individual differences in human psychological ability. Although his theory was subjectively speculative in physiology, his contribution was to use the brain as an organ of the mind and locate functional organs with different physiological or psychophysiological functions in the cortex. At that time, it had a great impact and broke through. The concept of non-physical Cartesian soul is moving towards the concept of more material neurological functions, which has prompted later researchers to take more detailed observations and finer neuroanatomy to replace the previous speculations and conjectures on the relationship between psychology and brain. On the other hand, Gal's doctrine became the theoretical pillar of "phrenology" or "bone-phase science" that became widespread in European and American society. Craniophysiology is not a science. It divides the human head into thirty-seven contact areas, large and small, and supplements and revises 37 types of psychological abilities of Garr, belonging to "feelings" and "sense." Two categories. It believes that the brain is made up of many independent organs, each of which manages separate, innate mental abilities. Which part of the skull is raised means that the part of the brain is larger and a certain mental ability or ability is prominent. Touching or measuring a person's head bulge can assess a person's personality and various mental abilities. In this way, craniology has become an astrological divination in the coat of "science".

Neuropsychology

Gard's disciple Spurzheim (1776-1832) adopted the term "cranial physiology" to metabolize Gard's point of view and to be dogmatic, to study the noble character of human beings, that the brain is composed of many independent organs Each organ manages a separate, innate mental ability. There are thirty-seven types of Gall's mental abilities supplemented and revised by Spitzheim, which is equivalent to the number of organs in the mind. The development of these organs can increase the size of the head cover. Therefore, the head cover is divided into three large and small. Seventeen interconnected areas. Psychological abilities comparable to these areas can be divided into emotional and intellectual. Various are divided into two groups. Emotions are divided into two groups: "Inclination" and "Sentiment". The former is located on the lower part behind the head and on the sides above the ears, and the latter is located on the back, sides and top of the head, in an area above the "inclination". Reason is divided into two groups: "perception" and "thinking", both of which are located on the forehead, and thinking is in the center of the forehead

Sputzheim is not so much a scientist as a propagandist. After breaking up with Gall in 1813, he published many works on craniography in English, wrote many details of it, established new detailed parts of the head cover, and revised the functional nouns. Finally, he The United States passed on its doctrine and died in Boston.

In the scientific community, craniography is never recognized by the average scientist. But it was very popular in the society at that time, and it was supported by some famous people. Craniopharyology is appreciated by most people because it is the easiest person to understand himself, and craniography is like a key that can unlock a mystery .... You can judge a person by touching or measuring the bulge of the skull. Personality and various mental abilities. For example, Scotland's Qom (1778 ~ 1858), after being influenced by Spitzheim, has been vigorously promoting craniography since 1817. His works are even more than Spitzheim. In addition to his book, he also gave a number of lectures on craniography, and, like Spitzheim, went to the United States to promote this doctrine. In the United States, the Fowler brothers made the greatest publicity, and they co-founded the American Journal of Craniology. British Journal of Craniology. Founded in 1823, the American magazine was later renamed the Journal of Craniology, and merged with the British magazine in 1880. It was not published in Philadelphia until the publication of Volume 124 in 1911. There are twenty-nine craniographic society in Great Britain, and at least one craniographic society exists in New York until 1921. Craniofacial science has prospered for a century.

Developmental stages of neuropsychological science

In the nineteenth century, due to the invention of microscopy and cell staining, and the creation of Weier Xiao's cytopathology, cells are considered the basic unit of life, and the organism is the mechanical sum of individual cells. This prompted people to study the relationship between the structure of the nerve cells in the brain and the mind. The founder of the famous brain, Rolando's sulcus (ie, the central sulcus), L. Rolando 1770 ~ 1831, refuted the incorrect positioning of Gall's brain, and positioned the higher-level psychological functions in the brain slightly more correctly. It is considered that the founder of scientific brain physiology (PJMFlourence, 1794 ~ 1867) opposed mechanical positioning theory. In order to overthrow the pseudoscience of craniography, he used animals (birds) as experiments, and used precise surgery on the brain. Partial removal of neural structures such as the two hemispheres, cerebellum, quadruplex, and medulla oblongata was performed to observe the function of each part. Therefore, he explained the relationship between psychology and brain more accurately than Roland diagram, and founded the theory of "brain function holism" which is opposite to "brain localization". Floron believes that all brain tissues are equipotential. As long as there is enough brain tissue remaining, the remaining brain tissue can replace the function of the lost brain tissue. He believes that mental function does not depend on special parts of the brain, but the brain works as a unified whole. At the time, some Lenovos believed that since the brain is composed of countless nerve cells, the spirit (mind) can also be composed of countless individual ideas, or combined into more complex ideas or higher-level psychological functions. In other words, since the brain can be thinned into many small units, the spirit can also be analyzed into many local psychological functions. Therefore, the study of brain function localization has once again attracted scholars' interest. Some clinicians have made valuable observations about some of the advanced psychological dysfunctions caused by local brain damage or lesions. In 1861 PPBroca discovered that one of his aphasia patients was associated with a lesion in the posterior frontal lobe of the left brain, linking the loss of verbal speech to brain damage, furthering the study of brain function localization. In 1874 Wernike described a patient with a lesion in the posterior superior superior temporal gyrus that had difficulty understanding speech. In this way, it was found that damage to two different places in the brain caused two different speech functions, forcing clinicians to use more sophisticated methods than conventional neurological examinations to determine patients with advanced neurological impairment. In 1872, Froust designed a test to allow a patient with motor aphasia to listen to a word, and asked him to use the number of fingers to indicate how many letters or syllables the word had. This began to use experiments or tests on patients with brain damage. Methods to study advanced psychological activities. Many psychologists collaborate with neurologists to investigate the extent of various psychological defects, its mechanisms, and their interrelationships using experimental psychology when different parts of the human brain are injured. This is a neuropsychology that has developed clinically from neuropathy.

Another approach is from research into animal behavior. Lashley pioneered research in experimental psychology by using rats to observe animal learning, vision, and animal behavior during brain injury. Based on the data from animal experiments, the relationship between brain function and various behaviors was explained, and the basic theory of brain and behavior was proposed.

Modern stage of neuropsychology

The term "neuropsychology" was first coined by Paulin in 1929, marking a period when scholars entered a systematic study of the relationship between the behaviors controlled by the higher-level psychological functions of the brain and the structure and fibrous pathways of the brain. Observe the brain and psychological relationship from the clinical manifestations of patients with brain damage, electrical stimulation of various parts of the cortex during brain surgery, removal or destruction of a part of the brain, or stimulation by buried electrodes. Among the group of well-known neurologists and neurophysiologists that have emerged since the 1930s, the work of W. Penfield has attracted attention. He directly stimulated various parts of the cerebral cortex of patients undergoing craniotomy with a weak electric current, and asked the patient to answer his feelings, thereby obtaining more precise areas of cortical sensation and movement. Later, during the period of the United Nations War, Lulia studied the advanced psychological functions of a large number of patients with brain trauma, especially the diagnosis and rehabilitation of speech disorders. He published two monographs in the late 1940s: "Traumatic Aphasia" (1947) and "Restoration of Brain Function after the War Injury" (1948), and based on this, he studied the psychological activity of people for a long time. Brain function organization. Lulia used the functional systems of Arnolds (..A) to explain human psychological processes. He believed that the term functionality might describe more complex processes such as digestion, circulation, and breathing. Functioning (these functions are integrated by many tissues and organs). Certain tissues and organs make up a certain structure called a system. They are both interconnected and differentiated, and they are unified and hierarchical. The final function (absorption of nutrients) in the system (such as the digestive system) is constant, but the way to achieve function is greatly affected by many factors. Lulia tries to use this perspective to explain which systems of the brain are involved in the structure of perception and action, speech and thinking, movement and conscious purpose activities. Human psychological processes are complex functional systems, composed of many cortex and subcortical regions, and work in harmony through the action of fiber pathways. He formed and founded "Neuropsychology" based on a large number of facts accumulated in modern neurology and clinical practice of neurosurgery, especially long-term psychological research data on patients with local brain injury. "Principle" is discussed systematically. Therefore Lulia is considered one of the founders of the new discipline "Neuropsychology".

Another prominent contributor in modern neuropsychology is RW Sperry. He cut off the nerve fibers (largest called corpus callosum) that connect the two hemispheres of the brain of cats, monkeys, and orangutans, which is called "split brain" surgery. In this way, the interconnection between the two hemispheres is cut off. After external information is transmitted to a part of the cerebral hemisphere cortex, this information cannot be transmitted to the corresponding part of the contralateral cortex through the transverse corpus callosum fibers at the same time. Each hemisphere performs its activities independently, and it is impossible for each other to know the activities of the opposite hemisphere. This operation was first used clinically by patients with chronic refractory epilepsy by VanWagenen and Herren in 1940, and obtained better results, and the seizures almost completely disappeared. In 1961, Sperry designed a sophisticated and detailed test. After the person undergoing split brain surgery recovered, he performed a neuropsychological measurement, obtained first-hand information on the functional division of the left and right hemispheres, and found that the two hemispheres are functional. Asymmetry, the right hemisphere also has speech functions, thus updating the concept of the dominant hemisphere. Each hemisphere of the split-brainer has its own feelings, perceptions, and ideas, and can independently learn, remember, and understand. Both hemispheres can be trained to perform conflicting tasks that occur simultaneously. Sperry's research deeply revealed the relationship between human speech, thinking, and consciousness and the two hemispheres. He achieved outstanding results and won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1981.

In the past two decades, due to the improvement of experimental methods and research techniques, external stimuli can be entered into the left and right cerebral hemispheres of normal people under non-traumatic conditions, and various advanced psychological functions and left and right brains can be studied with the full function of the cerebral hemispheres Relationship. Therefore, in addition to clinical research on patients with brain injury, modern neuropsychology can also do research on normal healthy people in the laboratory.

Purpose of neuropsychological examination

Symptoms of neuropsychology

(1) Provide symptomatic basis for localized diagnosis of brain injury cases

Any mental activitymemory, thinking, speech, etc.is different from ordinary motor sensory neurological functions. It is difficult to trace their relationship to neural structure directly from behavioral performance. Because psychological activity is a complex brain process, it is based on the material integration of a high degree of brain function. For example, in conversational conversation in spoken language, those who participate in the conversation are both speakers and listeners. It is necessary to use "speak" to express one's thoughts, and to continuously understand each other through "verbal acceptance". The entire conversation process, in addition to including the minimum functional integration of listening and speaking muscle movements, also includes the decoding of complex speech and auditory symbols and encoding a series of brain information processing stages. From this point of view, any psychological process is performed by a functional system formed by many brain structures that perform different functions. Because neuropsychological test methods are designed based on the working status and general characteristics of different functional links included in psychological activities, neuropsychological tests can provide accurate symptomatic basis for clinical diagnosis and can be brain- Research on behavioral interrelationships and diagnosis methods to determine the location of brain injury.

Neuropsychological assessment

(2) Provide curative effect judgment standards and prognostic evaluations for medical and surgical treatments

Because of the accuracy of neuropsychological tests, it is possible to sensitively evaluate changes in the mental capacity of patients with brain injury during treatment. Therefore, it helps to evaluate the efficacy and prognosis.

Neuropsychological Psychological Basis

(3) Provide psychological basis for formulating rehabilitation treatment procedures and rehabilitation measures for advanced neurological functions

Neurorehabilitation is mainly achieved through rehabilitation training to promote functional reconstruction or functional transfer. Only the neuropsychological test can accurately grasp the nature and extent of the impaired mental ability of patients with brain injury (that is, which functions, which links are impaired, and how important), can it be possible to take targeted rehabilitation measures, arrange rehabilitation procedures, and improve the efficacy .

Neuropsychological rehabilitation training assignments

(D) The test method itself is also a rehabilitation training operation

Sometimes, based on some psychological tests, the content can be extended and modified to make it a job training for rehabilitation.

The strongest opponent of positioningism is British neuropsychologist Jackson. He believes that the mental organization of the mental process is very complicated, so it cannot be viewed from the perspective of positioning a limited part, but can only be analyzed from the perspective of the entire structural level. He first proposed that the brain localization of speech activity and the brain localization of speech disorder are two different things. He noticed that patients with speech disorders did not have complete speech loss, and sometimes random speech functions were disrupted, but automated speech and emotional speech remained. He was also the first to put forward the concept of "functional organization" of the central nervous system.

Functional organization of the brain

Because scholars with different views have their limitations in theoretical thinking, no theoretical breakthroughs occurred during this period. Narrow-positionalists cannot explain a large number of cases that contradict their own views; and holists, because they associate mental activity with the quality of the entire brain, inevitably return to the obsolete "brain is a primitive, undifferentiated organization" Out of ideas.

In the early twentieth century, neuroscience made advances in both the cortical cell structure and the cortical nerve fiber structure. The former is an outstanding representative of the brain map that Brodman divided the human cerebral cortex into 47 regions, and the latter is the most prominent of the work of German psychiatrist Fletschesse. For psychologists or neuropsychologists,

What cares most is what is the relationship between organizational structure and fiber pathway and function.

On the basis of a sufficient accumulation of neuropsychological data

In 1929, Pauline first proposed the name of neuropsychology. Since then, very detailed clinical research and laboratory work have begun. In the 1930s and 1940s, a group of famous neurologists and neurologists emerged, the most famous of which was Canadian neurosurgeon Panfield.

In the 1940s, Penfield used the opportunity of neurosurgery craniotomy to obtain direct evidence of cortical sensory and motor function localization with weak current stimulation. This is the sensory motor localization map that has been in use. Later, he and others studied the afferent and efferent fiber pathways that connect these areas, as well as the cortical structure associated with human speech activities, and opened up a wide range of correlations between behavior and brain function. Modern research.

Other related aspects of neuropsychology

Promoted by these studies, neuropsychological breakthroughs have occurred, and this progress is inseparable from the contribution of Soviet neuropsychologist Lulia. Through long-term clinical observations, he summarized a large number of cases of brain injury, explored the functional organization principles of the brain in various psychological activities of the human with a new category of the three basic functional joint areas of the brain, and divided the brain into three major areas accordingly. Block functional unit, the combined area of the cerebral cortex.

Neuropsychological process

The three basic joint areas are different systems of these complex components. Human's various psychological processes are realized by relying on the unified activities of these three functional joint areas. Lulia's theory of explaining psychological activity based on the principle of functional system is undoubtedly a great progress for studying the complex relationship between behavior and brain.

Sperry et al. Used split-brain surgery to conduct in-depth research on the major topic of neuropsychology, the division of brain hemisphere function. In his early years, Sperry cut the optic cross, corpus callosum, and other joint fibers in the brains of cats and monkeys, allowing the two hemispheres on both sides to receive external stimuli independently to study various psychological phenomena and behaviors of animals. This technique was eventually used by neurosurgeons to treat refractory epilepsy.

Sperry conducted intensive experimental research on patients undergoing split brain surgery for several years, and finally found that after the corpus callosum was severed, the left and right hemispheres independently moved. Psychological experiments conducted in this case show that the vast majority of right-handed patients can recognize words presented to the left hemisphere, but cannot recognize words presented to the right hemisphere.

Neuropsychological experiments show

Additional experiments have shown that the patient's left hand retains the ability to draw but loses writing skills, while the right hand does the opposite. The patient can say the name of the object in the right hand but cannot say in the left hand, but can point out the object with the left hand. Functional separation of the left and right brains is confirmed through these behavioral experiments.

Modern neuropsychology is different from the past mainly in that it has established its own theory and adopted unique methods, such as direct cortical electrical stimulation method, one-sided electrical shock method, dual hearing technology, and half-field visual speed indicator technology And splitting technology.

China has started systematic research in neuropsychology since 1979, and has done a lot in clinical and laboratory work. In 1985, the clinical observation of split brain and experimental research of neuropsychology began, and some progress was made.