How Do I Structure the Parts of a Research Paper?

Business management thesis belongs to management, and the main research methods applied are qualitative methods such as literature analysis, survey practice, causal analysis, and quantitative research methods using mathematical models. The subject of business administration in China has been developed relatively late, but its development speed is very fast. Therefore, in recent years, a number of excellent papers on business administration have emerged.

Business Management Papers

the papers on the industrial and commercial management

Business administration is a discipline that studies the operating activities of profit-making organizations and the theory, methods, and techniques of business management. There are four secondary disciplines, which are:

(1) Accounting, which mainly studies the theory and methods of accounting in business management;

(2) Business management (including financial management, marketing, and human resource management), which mainly studies the business activities of an enterprise and its organization and management;

(3) Tourism management, focusing on the management of the tourism industry;

(4) Technology economics and management science, the production, distribution and application management of research technology, is a combination of management science and engineering technology science.

Business management academic papers are a type of academic papers. The academic papers on business administration are theoretical articles that are based on social laws. The general structure of academic papers on business administration is

(A) the title. The title is the window of the dissertation, which should be a high-level summary of the content of the dissertation. A good paper title can generally reflect the research direction, results, content, and meaning of the author. The title quote should be precise, concise, refined, popular and novel. When determining the topic, the topic must be specific, the excavation must be thorough, the reason must be deep, and the intention must be new.

(2) Executive summary. It is to briefly summarize the main content of the article, so that readers can understand the outline of the paper to determine whether it has reading value. The summary should be two or three hundred words, not too long. Generally short papers (less than three thousand words) can be omitted.

(3) Introduction (introduction, introduction, preface, preface). Outline the motivation, purpose, significance and main methods of researching this topic, and point out what the predecessors or others have done, to what extent and what has not been resolved, and explain the main results and contributions of the research on this issue. This part takes a small proportion and serves as an introduction. The text must be concise, clear, and specific, so that people can see the introduction and know the basic value of this article.

(Four) the theory (the body). This part occupies most of the paper and has a very important status. It is the part where the author expresses the research results. The key to this part is the argument, that is to prove the thesis proposed by the author. This includes the proposal of the topic, the assumptions for solving the problem, the research process (problems that arise in the research and the methods to solve the problem. Means, main data), the research results, etc. Writing this part should pay attention to the application of theory and logical reasoning, pay attention to the transition between paragraphs, pay attention to the primary and secondary, and grasp the essence. If there is more content, add a subtitle. Different sequence codes from big to small can also be used.

(5) Conclusion. It is the crystallization of the entire research and the result of the argumentation, that is, the conclusion drawn from the analysis, comparison, induction, synthesis, and generalization of the theory, and the answer to the entire subject. When writing conclusions, the wording must be precise, the logic must be strict, and the text must be concise and specific so that readers can see the author's unique insights. Ambiguous words such as "probably" and "maybe" should not be used. When a clear conclusion cannot be reached, it should be stated that further discussion is needed.

(6) References. At the end of the article, indicate the literature that was referenced when writing the dissertation; when quoting the original or original text of others, you must also indicate the source for easy searching. This reflects the author's scientific attitude and truth-seeking spirit, and shows the author's respect for the achievements of others. It also reflects the degree of the author's research on the history and current situation of this topic, which is convenient for readers to understand the research situation in this field, evaluate the level of the paper and the credibility of the conclusion.

In today's world, with rich information and vast texts, the ability to index materials in different categories has become very popular and has made tangible contributions to scientific research. The collating papers not only provide more detailed information than the index, but also the valuable thing is that the collator, when reading a large amount of similar information, uses his unique professional vision and professional thinking to make a selection and induction, and the information is highly concentrated. The organizer synthesizes the academic essence scattered in each article into a clear and organized question systematically and clearly. This is creative synthesis. This synthesis is clearly different from Abstracts. This kind of synthesis requires professional expertise, academic appreciation level, comprehensive induction ability, and the keenness to discover issues with academic value.

We should actively pursue the creativity of academic papers and make our own contributions to scientific development. We should consciously resist "people and clouds" or novels, and consciously resist writing "prompt success" and "parrot" for promotion Makeover articles that repeat what others have said. It is an academic sorrow to treat dissertation writing as a "stepping stone" to a promotion title.

But we must also see that the creativity of an academic paper is limited. Amazing discoveries, great inventions, filling gaps, these creations are by no means easy, and it is impossible for every academic paper to have this kind of creativity, but as long as you have your own insights, add a little new to the existing research results It provides a little bit of information that people do nt know, enriches the arguments of others, and contributes to academics from different perspectives and aspects, which can be regarded as a kind of creation.

(1) How to write the theme

A business management thesis can only have one theme (it can't be a piece of work pieced together). This theme should be specific to the basic level of the problem (that is, the problem can no longer be subdivided into sub-questions to a lower level), not a problem. The field to which they belong is not the subject of the problem, in other words, the subject of the research should not be too large. Because the scope of the issues involved is too broad, it is difficult to thoroughly study them in a master's thesis. Generally, a master's degree thesis should conduct in-depth research on a specific issue in a subject area and draw valuable research conclusions.

Business management thesis is an academic work, so its presentation must be rigorous and concise, with important points. Professional common sense should be abbreviated or not written, so that it has clear levels, reliable data, concise text, thorough explanation, rigorous reasoning, and correct arguments. Avoid using literary nature. Or emotional non-academic language. If a non-universal new term, new term or new concept appears in the paper, it should be explained immediately.

(Two) how to write the title

The title of business management thesis should concisely and concisely reflect the main content of the thesis work, and must not be general. Since others are searching your thesis by the keywords in the title of your thesis, it is very important to use precise terms. The title of the dissertation should be a precise and specific description of the research object. This description should generally reflect the research conclusions to a certain extent. Therefore, our dissertation title should not only tell the reader what the problem is, but also tell the reader about the research. the conclusion. For example, "Between Fact and Fiction: The News Views of Merlot, Carpenter, and Wolff" are more professional and accurate than the "Report Studies of Three American Writers".

(3) How to write the abstract

The abstract of the business management thesis is a high-level summary of the research content of the thesis. Others will retrieve a master's thesis based on the abstract. Therefore, the abstract should include: a description of the problem and research purpose, a brief description of the method used and the research process. Introduction, brief summary of research conclusions, etc. The abstract should be independent and self-explanatory, and it should be a complete thesis.

The reader should be able to have a holistic understanding of the research methods and conclusions of the dissertation by reading the abstract of the MBA thesis, so the abstract should be written accurately and concisely. The abstract of the dissertation must not be written as an outline of the full text, especially to avoid "Chapter 1 ...; Chapter 2 ...; ..." or other similar statements.

(IV) How to write the introduction

The introduction of a business management thesis roughly includes the following parts: 1. The question is raised; 2. The background and significance of the topic; 3. The literature review; 4. The research method; 5. The structure of the paper.

1. Proposal of the problem: clarify what the question is "what".

2. Background and significance of topic selection: Explain why this topic was chosen for research, that is, to explain the contribution of the research to the development of the discipline, the theoretical and practical significance to the national economy and people's livelihood.

3. Literature review: Make a comprehensive comprehensive review of the literature within the scope of this research topic. There must be a "review" at the same time as "reporting", pointing out the shortcomings of existing research results, and speaking out their own ideas for improvement.

4. Research methods: Explain the scientific research methods used in the thesis.

Arrangement of thesis structure: Introduce the arrangement of the writing structure of this thesis.

5. "Chapter 2, Chapter 3, ..., the chapter before the conclusion" is written as the content of the thesis author's research, and can not be incorporated into the research results of others without distinction. What has been said in the literature review section of the introduction does not need to be repeated here.

There must be an organic connection between the chapters, in a logical order.

(V) Writing of conclusions

The conclusion is to refine and generalize the main research results and arguments of business management thesis. It should be accurate, concise, complete, and organized, so that after reading it, you can fully understand the meaning, purpose and work content of the paper. It mainly expounds the status, role and significance of his creative work and research results in this academic field. At the same time, it is necessary to strictly distinguish the results obtained by oneself from the research results of the mentor and others.

(I) Title (Title, Topic)

The title is also called the title or title. The title is a logical combination of the most appropriate and concise words reflecting the most important specific content in the paper.

Thesis title is the first important information about the scope and level of a thesis given by a dissertation. It must also take into account the specific usefulness of searching for secondary keywords such as unsatisfactory keyword selection and indexing and indexing. information. The thesis topic is very important and must be carefully selected. Someone described its importance, using the following sentence: "Thesis title is half of the article." The requirements for the thesis title are: accurate and decent: short and refined: extension and connotation are appropriate: eye-catching.

The requirements for these four aspects are described as follows:

Accurate and decent

The paper title is required to accurately express the content of the paper and properly reflect the scope and depth of the research. The common faults are: too general, the title is not subtle. The key issue is that the topic should be closely related to the content of the thesis, or the content of the thesis should be matched and closely related to the content of the thesis, that is, the topic should be deducted, and the text should be deducted. These are the basic guidelines for writing a dissertation.

2. brief refinement

Try to reduce the number of words in the title, and the words need to be selected. As for how many words are acceptable, there is no uniform "hard" rule. Generally, the title of a dissertation is not to exceed 20 words. However, the pursuit of a small number of words can not affect the proper reflection of the topic on the content. When there is a spear, it is better to use a few words and try to be clear. If the short title is not enough to show the content of the thesis or reflect the nature of a series of studies, you can use positive and subtitles to solve it. Add subtitles to supplement the specific experimental materials, methods and content to make the title both full and accurate. Not general and general.

3. The extension and connotation are appropriate

"Extension" and "intension" belong to the concepts in formal logic. The so-called extension refers to each object reflected by a concept; the so-called connotation refers to the reflection of the unique attributes of each conceptual object. In the proposition, if we do not consider the proper use of extension and connotation in logic, errors may occur, at least improperly.

4. eye-catching

Although the title of the dissertation is in a prominent position that first catches the eyes of the readers, there is still a question of whether the title is eye-catching, because the words used in the title and the content they express are eye-catching, and their effects are far apart. Some people have done statistical analysis on some titles of papers published in 1987 in 36 medical and scientific journals published in public and selected 100 titles with errors. Among the 100 titles with errors, 20% are errors that are "omitting inappropriately"; 12% are errors that are "improperly using prepositions". The main errors in using prepositions are:

Omit subject-after the first person pronoun is unsatisfactory, no preposition structure is used, and the auxiliary component is mistaken for the subject;

When prepositions are required, they are not used;

No need to make

Used when using a preposition structure. 11% belong to the "principal error"; 9% belong to the "improper use of parallel relationship" error; 9% belong to "inappropriate wording" and "sentence confusion" errors, and other types of errors, such as lengthy titles , Disagreement, repetition, ambiguity, etc. occur from time to time.

(2) Author name and department

This item belongs to the paper signature issue. The first is to indicate the responsibility of the author, the second is to record the labor results of the role, and the third is to facilitate the reader's contact with the author and literature retrieval (author index). It is roughly divided into two cases, namely: single author paper and multi-author paper. The latter is listed as the first author, the second author in the order of their signatures ... It is important to adhere to a practical and factual attitude. The most important contributions to research work and thesis writing are listed as the first author, the second most contributed, and the second author, and so on. Indicating the author's organization is also to facilitate readers to contact the author.

(III) Abstract

Papers should generally have abstracts, some for international communication, and abstracts in foreign languages (mostly in English). It is a short statement without comment or comment on the content of the paper. Other uses are to obtain the necessary information without reading the full text of the dissertation. The summary should include the following:

the purpose and importance of conducting this research;

The main content of the study, indicating what work has been completed;

The basic conclusions and research results obtained, highlighting the new insights of the paper;

Meaning of conclusion or result.

Although the abstract should reflect the above, the text must be very concise and the content must be fully summarized. The size of the abstract generally limits the number of words to less than 5% of the number of words in the thesis. For example, for a 6,000-word paper, the abstract usually does not exceed 300 words.

Do not list examples in the abstract of the dissertation, do not talk about the research process, use diagrams, do not give chemical structural formulas, and do not self-evaluate. Common problems in writing the abstract of the paper are as follows: first, copy the text in the subtitle (table of contents) or the conclusion of the paper;

(4) Key words

Keywords belong to a category of keywords. In addition to keywords, subject words also contain unit words and title words.

The subject word is a new type of information retrieval language vocabulary that is used to describe the subject matter of the literature and to retrieve the information. It is precisely because of its appearance and development that computerized information retrieval (computer retrieval) becomes possible. Subject words are words or phrases that distinguish between things by their characteristic relationships, express them in natural language, and have a matching function to accurately display the dynamics of the semantic conceptual relationship between words.

Keywords are the subject words that indicate the subject matter of the document, but have not been dealt with in a standardized way. Keywords are used for document indexing and are selected from the paper to indicate words or terms of the main content information items of the full text. A paper can choose 3 ~ 8 words as keywords.

The general choice of keywords or keywords is:

After the author finishes writing the dissertation, looking at the full text, the information or vocabulary that can indicate the main content of the dissertation is first presented. These residences or words can be found and selected from the title of the dissertation, or from the content of the dissertation. . For example, in the above example, six keywords were selected, of which the first three were selected from the title of the paper, while the last three were selected from the content of the paper. The selection of the last three keywords supplements the main content information that the title of the paper fails to show, and also improves the depth of the concepts involved. Need to be selected, together with the keywords selected from the title, to form the keyword group of the paper.

The use of keywords and keywords is mainly to meet the needs of computer retrieval and to meet the needs of international computer online retrieval. Adding the term "keywords" to a publication opens up a new way for the publication to increase the "citation rate" and increase the "reputation".

(5) Introduction

The introduction, also called the preface, belongs to the introductory part of the entire thesis. His writing content includes: research reasons, purposes, backgrounds, previous work and knowledge gaps, theoretical and experimental foundations, expected results, and their status, role, and significance in related fields.

The text of the introduction should not be lengthy, and the content selection need not be too scattered and trivial. The wording should be refined and the reader should be read. There is no hard and fast rule for the size of the introduction. It depends on the size of the entire paper and the needs of the content of the paper.

(VI) Main Body

The main text is the thesis of a thesis, which belongs to the main body of the thesis. It occupies the largest length of the thesis. The creative results or new research results embodied in the thesis will be fully reflected in this part. Therefore, this part is required to be substantial, with sufficient and reliable arguments, strong arguments, and clear themes. In order to meet this series of requirements, and also to achieve a clear hierarchy and clear context, the text is often divided into several large paragraphs. These paragraphs are called logical segments, and a logical segment can contain several natural segments. Each logical paragraph may be titled appropriately (subheading or subheading).

Paragraphs and divisions should depend on the nature and content of the thesis.

The common divisions are:

Experimental raw materials and materials / experimental methods / experimental results and analysis.

Theoretical analysis / experimental devices and methods / experimental results comparison and analysis.

According to the needs of the content of the paper, other paragraph division schemes can be flexibly adopted, but in general, the contents of the experimental part and the theoretical analysis part should be included in general. The "Experimental Results and Analysis" section is a key part of the thesis. Someone once said, "The result of the experiment is the dirty of the dissertation." This is not an exaggeration. The novelty of the dissertation is mainly reflected here.

1. The abstract should exclude the content that has become common sense in the subject area; do not write the content that should appear in the introduction into the abstract; generally do not interpret and comment on the content of the paper (especially self-evaluation).

2. Do not simply repeat the information already in the title. For example, the title of an article is "Study on the occurrence of rhizomes in test tube culture of several Chinese orchid seeds". Do not write at the beginning of the abstract: "In order to ... Research. "

3. Rigorous structure, concise expression and precise semantics. What you write first and what you write later should be arranged in logical order. Sentences should be coherent from top to bottom and echo each other. Abstract Use long sentences with caution. Sentence patterns should be simple. Every sentence must be ideologically clear. There is no vague, general, and vague word, but the abstract is a complete essay after all, and the telegram-style writing is not desirable. The abstract is not segmented.

4. Use the third person. It is recommended to use "researched ...", "reported ...", "researched ..." to indicate the nature and subject of a document, without using "this article", "author", etc. as subjects .

5. Use standardized terminology instead of non-public symbols and terms. If the new term does not yet have a suitable Chinese term, it may be indicated in the original text or in parentheses after translation.

6. Except for the fact that it cannot be modified, mathematical formulas and chemical structural formulas are generally not used, and there are no illustrations or tables.

7. No citation is required unless the document confirms or denies the published work of others.

8. Abbreviations, acronyms, and codes, in addition to being clearly understood by readers of adjacent majors, must be explained when they first appear. Other matters that should be paid attention to when writing scientific papers, such as the use of legal units of measurement, the correct use of language and punctuation, etc., are also applicable to the preparation of abstracts. At present, the main problems in the preparation of the abstract are: incomplete elements, or lack of purpose, or lack of methods; citations, no independence and self-evidentity;

1. Analysis of industrial clusters' competitive advantages and policy suggestions

2. Analysis of cross-cultural differences in Chinese enterprises

3. On employment in the reform of state-owned enterprises

4. Investigation and analysis of the family-owned management model of private enterprises

5. Dialectical thinking on the family business organization of farmers

6. Discussion on the way out for private enterprise management

7. Employee happiness and competence

8. Analysis and countermeasures of China's retail enterprise marketing environment

9. Analysis of obstacles to the development of family businesses in China

10. On Marketing Strategy Choices of Enterprises

11. Talking about enterprise management under the condition of knowledge economy

12. Ways to improve the quality of enterprise personnel

13. On the innovation of corporate incentive mechanism 1

14. On the Impact of Manager's Compensation on Enterprise Performance

15. How can companies strengthen risk management

16. Reasons and Countermeasures for Brain Drain in Enterprises

17. Empirical Research on Moderate Responsibility of Enterprises

18. Analysis of China's urban unemployment

19. Empirical Analysis of Financial Management Activities of Private Enterprise Finance

20. How can companies successfully recruit

21. Discussion on supply chain logistics management

Choosing a topic is the first step in essay writing. The selection of a topic is directly related to the academic value and use value of the thesis, novelty, advancedness, groundbreaking, applicability, and ease of writing. The following highlights the principles of topic selection:
1. It is valuable to be objectively required. The topic selection should be based on the needs of China's economic construction, and has great theoretical and practical value. This is the case for the "Research on Enterprise Alliances". Just as Li Qixiang, deputy general manager of FAW Group, said that the competition between Chinese cars and foreign cars in terms of technology, quality, brand, function, cost, and economies of scale is inferior to others. They can only rely on integration, strategic alliances, and "Volkswagen" Joint venture into the world's largest automobile group, relying on foreign development. Therefore, the research on strategic alliances not only meets the needs of China's economic construction, but also has great theoretical and practical value.
2. Capture inspiration and focus on innovation. The life of the thesis lies in innovation. The meaning of innovation is very broad. It refers to a new perspective, the creation of new perspectives, new arguments (new materials), new additions, new methods, and new perspectives. Others say that innovation means that the content of research is new, the method is new, and the content and method are new. Others believe that innovation refers to unique insights, to raise issues that have not been raised by previous generations, to correct the wrong views of previous generations, and to further deepen, refine, quantify and simplify the results of previous generations. As can be seen from the above, a paper must always be a little innovative, otherwise it is not a real paper.
Innovation depends on inspiration, and inspiration depends on accumulation. Only in the long-term hard struggle can a chance spark of thought happen by accident, and this fleeting thought spark may become the starting point of academic innovation.
Of course, innovation cannot be completely separated from the research results of the predecessors, it can not be separated from the mainstream thinking of management science, it must not be without an innovation platform, but to build an independent system, otherwise it will not succeed. (Innovative thinking method described later)
3 Be realistic and focus on hot spots. There are many theoretical and practical issues in management, especially the current drastic changes in China's economy, the integration of the world economy, and various new things. New issues are emerging endlessly. The objects that can be studied can be used as topics for thesis selection. It is undoubtedly an unprecedented opportunity for students studying management. According to China's actual national conditions, it is still easier to produce results and be accepted by society at this stage when researching practical issues. From the study of practical economic management issues, it is possible to draw actionable policy conclusions, which will have a profound effect on the reform and development of China's economy and have far-reaching significance. However, do not catch up with "fashionable" and "lively." Because "hot spots" are issues that everyone is concerned about, it is not easy to innovate. Be sure to choose hot topics based on your business expertise, etc.
According to the actual situation, we must grasp the problem accurately, and grasp the problem's title. The problem will be attractive at first glance.