What Are the Different Types of Food Industry Jobs?

Food refers to all kinds of finished products and raw materials for human consumption or drinking, as well as articles that are traditionally both food and Chinese medicinal materials, but do not include articles for therapeutic purposes. (The 14th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Twelfth National People's Congress on April 24, 2015 revised the meaning of "food" in the "Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China") ^[1] "Basic Terms for the Food Industry" 1994 ^{[2 ]} Food is defined as: substances that can be consumed or consumed by humans, including processed foods, semi-finished products and unprocessed foods, excluding tobacco or pharmaceutical-only substances.

From the perspective of food hygiene legislation and management, the broad concept of food also involves: the raw materials of the food produced, the cultivation of food raw materials, the substances and the environment exposed to the breeding process, the added substances of the food, all the packaging materials that directly or indirectly contact the food, Facilities and environments that affect the original quality of the food.

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2019-11-30 16:11 A number of laws and regulations will be implemented in December 2019-11-30 16:11

Starting on December 1, the soon-to-be-enforced regulations of the Food Safety Law will strengthen the responsibility of food safety principals of production and business operators, and the establishment of a "punishment to people" system will fully reflect the "four strictest" requirements in the field of food and medicine. If one of the three situations is intentionally committing an illegal act, the nature of the illegal act is bad, or serious consequences of the illegal act, the legal representative, principal responsible person, directly responsible person in charge of the illegal unit, and others The person who is directly responsible shall be fined more than 1 times and not more than 10 times the income obtained from the unit in the previous year. ... more

Food words concept

Basic food explanation

[food] Substances processed for human consumption

Canned food

Food industry ^[3]

Food Citation Explanation

Refers to : Song Hong 's "Yangu Manlu": "The chef asks for food and dishes. Keep the book to show that the first food is sheep's head and the first dish is green onion." Song Taogu "Qing Yilu · "Xu Linglong Stone Town Sheep": "You Shizao is the Jin King's room, and I lived there, knowing that I was killed last night. Ask the food, and say: 'The first Xuhuang Lingzhen town sheep.'"

Broadly referring to food for consumption: Gao Xiaosheng's "Chen Chensheng's Change of Industry" 3: "Chen Chen Shengsheng simply stopped going back, and went to the department store and food company to take a closer look." Xinmin Evening News 1992.3.8: "Confucius Temple and Shanghai Foods of all colors, aromas and tastes like Yuyuan Garden attract tourists to taste. " ^[3]

Basic meaning of food

Food definition

Food: refers to all kinds of finished products and raw materials for human consumption or drinking, and articles that are both food and medicine according to tradition, but do not include articles for therapeutic purposes. [This interpretation comes from the Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China]

Food classification

Generally, food can be divided into two parts: endogenous material components and exogenous material components. Among them, the endogenous material component is a component of the food itself, and the exogenous material component is other components that are artificially added or mixed in the whole process from food processing to ingestion.

According to the content of food ingredients, food ingredients can also be roughly divided into eight categories, namely: protein, fat, carbohydrates (also known as carbohydrates), inorganic substances (also known as minerals), vitamins, water, and dietary cellulose ( Collectively referred to as cellulose) and chitin. ^[4]

Food functions

There are two main aspects of the effect of food on the human body, namely nutritional functions and sensory functions, and some foods also have a regulating effect.

The nutritional function of food: refers to the food can provide the nutrients and energy needed by the human body to meet the nutritional needs of the human body, it is the main function of food.

The sensory function of food: It means that food can meet people's different hobby requirements, that is, the requirements on food color, aroma, taste, shape and texture. Good sensory traits can stimulate taste and smell, excite taste buds, stimulate the secretion of digestive enzymes and digestive juices, and thus have the effect of increasing appetite and stabilizing mood.

Food regulating function: It means that food can have a good regulatory effect on the human body, such as regulating human physiological rhythms, improving the body's immunity, lowering blood pressure, lowering blood lipids, lowering blood sugar and other effects. Such as celery's lowering blood pressure, kelp's lowering blood pressure and cholesterol, walnut's brain-building, mung bean's antipyretic and detoxifying effects. Therefore, any food with regulating function is called functional food or health food. ^[5]

Food Awareness Week

The National Food Safety Publicity Week 2012 was launched in Beijing on the 11th. Li Keqiang, member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and vice premier of the State Council, made important instructions. He pointed out: Food safety is a major basic people s livelihood issue that concerns every family and everyone. While strengthening supervision and resolutely cracking down on food safety violations and crimes in accordance with the law, we must strive to improve the moral integrity of the entire food industry. The fundamental foundation for the continued stability and improvement of the security situation. The theme of the 2012 National Food Safety Publicity Week is "Building a Integrity Homeland and Building Food Safety Together" as the theme, which is of practical significance. It is hoped that the Food Safety Office, together with relevant parties, will innovate forms, emphasize practical results, strengthen integrity education, strictly enforce external constraints, create an atmosphere of punishing evil and promote good, and believe in shame, and promote the establishment of a long-term mechanism that benefits honest people and punishes those who fail. Make food producers and operators afraid, unable or unwilling to produce fake and shoddy food, guide and encourage the whole society to participate, maintain and supervise together, and strive to improve the level of food safety and security.

This morning, Hua Jianmin, vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, announced the official launch of Food Safety Awareness Week. During the Food Safety Awareness Week, various regions and relevant departments will closely focus on the theme of "building a home of integrity and co-casting food safety", and use a variety of media and carriers to carry out various forms of content-rich publicity activities to demonstrate food safety. Governance and rectification results, introduce typical cases and key deployments of cracking down on food safety violations and punishing severe dishonesty, and further strengthen the integrity and legal awareness of food producers and operators. At the same time, in-depth publicity of model units and individuals who are honest and trustworthy, stir up and promote integrity, create a strong atmosphere of trustworthiness and shameful distrust, and enhance the awareness of producers and operators in fulfilling their responsibility for food safety; widely popularize food safety knowledge and mobilize The society participates in food safety supervision and forms a strong joint force to maintain food safety.

Food Safety Promotion Week will adopt multi-angle and multi-level publicity models such as joint mobilization of relevant departments in various regions, holding a series of theme activities, and supervising corporate self-education, and holding legal policy lectures, typical case exhibitions, consumer guide consultations, and consumer visits. A series of activities that are close to the enterprise and the masses, such as enterprises, popular science knowledge contests, concentrated training of employees, and the opening of major regulatory technology projects. At the same time, Food Safety Awareness Week is also a specific measure to carry out special education and governance activities on outstanding issues in the field of ethics. In the next step, the relevant departments will continue to strengthen supervision, carry out in-depth food safety management and rectification, and always maintain a high-pressure situation of severe punishment for food safety violations and crimes. In addition, we will integrate blocking, guide self-discipline, and make integrity education in the food industry a normal work. , And further improve incentives and restraints, strengthen the construction of a long-term mechanism for food safety integrity, and steadily improve the integrity of the food industry.

The National Food Safety Promotion Week is co-sponsored by the Office of the State Council Food Safety Committee, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Health, the General Administration of Industry and Commerce, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, the Food Bureau, the Food and Drug Administration, and the China Association for Science and Technology.

Food green food

Food concept

Green food refers to non-polluting safe, high-quality, and nutritious food that is produced in accordance with the principles of sustainable development and produced in accordance with a specific production method and approved by a specialized agency to use the green food mark. Because environmental protection-related things are often called "green" internationally, in order to highlight that this kind of food comes from a good ecological environment, it is named green food.

Green food is divided into three types: A, AA, and AAA. All three should meet the "Environmental Quality Standards for the Origin of Green Food." Among them, A-level green food is strictly in accordance with the guidelines for the use of green production materials and production in the production process. The operating regulations require that limited chemical synthetic production materials be used in limited quantities. The products approved by the special agency are permitted to use the products of the Class A green food mark; the AAA green food is produced according to organic production methods, and no chemically synthesized pesticides are used in the production process. , Fertilizers, veterinary drugs, food additives, feed additives, and other substances harmful to the environment and physical health, the use of genetic engineering technology is prohibited, approved by a specialized agency, the use of AAA green food mark products.

Food production

After World War II, developed countries such as Europe, America, and Japan

On the basis, agricultural modernization has been achieved. On the one hand, the food supply of these countries has been greatly enriched, and on the other hand, it has also had some negative effects. It is mainly due to the continuous and large-scale input of agricultural chemicals into farmland, causing harmful chemicals to accumulate in the organism through soil and water, and enter the crops and livestock through the food chain, resulting in food pollution and ultimately harming the human body. health. It can be seen that agriculture, which is overly dependent on chemical fertilizers and pesticides (also known as "petroleum agriculture"), will pose a hazard to the environment, resources, and human health, and this hazard has the characteristics of concealment, accumulation and long-term nature.

In 1962, Ms. Rachel Carson of the United States, using the measures taken by East Lansing, Michigan to eliminate beetles that hurt elm trees, as an example, disclosed the situation of the insecticide DDT harming other organisms. The city sprayed a large amount of trees with DDT. The leaves fell to the ground in autumn. The earthworms ate the leaves. The robin ate the earthworms after the earth returned to spring. Almost all the robines died in the city one week later. Ms. Carson wrote in the book "Silent Spring": "The world is widely contaminated with insecticides. Chemicals have penetrated the water on which everything depends, penetrated the soil, and spread a harmful film on plants ... Has caused serious harm to the human body. In addition, there are terrible aftermaths that may not be detected for a few years, and may even have an influence on heredity, which will not be noticed for generations. Ms. Carson s assertion is no doubt A wake-up call to the world.

In the early 1970s, the idea of "organic agriculture", which was extended from the United States to Europe and Japan, was designed to limit the excessive input of chemicals to protect the ecological environment and improve food safety.

The tide has affected many countries. Some countries have begun to adopt economic measures and legal means to encourage and support the development and production of pollution-free food in their countries. Since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, many countries have started with agriculture and actively explored the model of sustainable agricultural development to alleviate the severe pressure on the environment and resources caused by oil agriculture. Developed countries such as Europe, the United States, Japan, and Australia and some developing countries have accelerated research on ecological agriculture. In this international context, China has decided to develop pollution-free, safe and high-quality nutritious foods, and named them "green foods".

The green food logo is represented by a specific graphic. The green food logo graphic consists of three parts: the sun above, the leaves below and the bud in the middle, symbolizing the natural ecology. The logo graphic is a perfect circle, which means protection and safety. The color is green, which symbolizes life, agriculture, and environmental protection. AA green food logos and fonts are green and the background color is white; A A green food logos and fonts are white and the background color is green. The entire graphic depicts a harmonious vitality under the bright sun, telling people that green food is safe, non-polluting food from pure, good ecological environment, and can bring people vitality. The green food logo also reminds people to protect the environment and prevent pollution by improving the relationship between people and the environment.

Food standard

In the management of import and export food inspection and quarantine, "other food-related items" are usually included in the scope of food management. Right in green food

Green food logo.Jpg General term for non-polluting safe, high-quality, nutritious food. Similar foods are called organic food, ecological food, natural food in other countries.

In May 1990, the Ministry of Agriculture of China officially stipulated the names, standards and logos of green food. standard regulation:

The origin of the product or product raw materials must meet the ecological and environmental standards of green food.

Crop planting, livestock breeding, aquaculture and food processing must comply with green food production operation regulations.

The product must meet the quality and hygiene standards of green food.

The label of the product must comply with the relevant regulations in the "Green Food Label Design Standard Manual" formulated by the Ministry of Agriculture of China.

Food sign

The logo of green food is a green circular pattern, with the sun above, and the leaves and buds below. The circle symbolizes protection. After testing, more than 400 kinds of food produced by more than 200 enterprises in China have reached the green food standard (as of the end of 1993), and they have obtained the right to use the green food mark and become green food. Vegetables are a major component of green food.

Food meaning

The development of green food is the need for people to continuously improve their environmental awareness, health awareness and living standards. It is the development direction of agriculture and the food industry.

Food pollution-free food

Pollution-free agricultural products (food) refer to foods that are produced in environments, production processes, and final products that comply with standards and norms for pollution-free foods. In the production process of pollution-free agricultural products, it is allowed to use artificial, safe chemical pesticides, veterinary drugs, fishery drugs, fertilizers, feed additives, etc., in limited quantities, varieties, and time.

Food new resources food

New resource food refers to food-free habits that were first developed, discovered, or introduced in China, or have food habits only in individual regions, and are in line with food

Pollution-free food (3 photos)

Basically required items. The trial production and formal production of new resource foods are reviewed and approved by the Ministry of Health and issued to the "Sanitary Examination Approval for New Resource Foods Trial Production" with the approval number "Wei Xin Shi Trial (XX) No. X". The advertising and packaging of food must be marked with "New Resources Food" and the approval number of the trial production of new resources food in a prominent position.

Genetically modified food

Genetically modified foods are foods and food additives produced by animals, plants, and microorganisms that use genetic engineering techniques to alter the composition of the genome, including:

Genetically modified food (3 photos)

(I) Genetically modified animals and plants and microorganism products; (ii) Directly processed products of genetically modified animals and plants and microorganisms; (3) Foods and food additives produced by using genetically modified animals and plants, microorganisms or their directly processed products as raw materials.

Genetically modified foods, as a new type of food, can only be produced or imported after review and approval by the Ministry of Health. Genetically modified foods that have not been reviewed and approved by the Ministry of Health may not be produced or imported, and may not be used as food or food ingredients. Genetically modified foods shall comply with the provisions of the Food Sanitation Law and its related laws, regulations and standards, and shall not cause acute, chronic or other potential health hazards to the human body. The edible safety and nutritional quality of genetically modified food shall not be lower than the corresponding original food. Food products (including raw materials and processed foods) containing genetically modified organisms and / or expression products shall be marked with "GMO XX food" or "using GMO XX food as raw material". The genetically modified food comes from the potentially allergenic food, and the standard "This product is genetically modified to XX food, and those who are allergic to XX food should pay attention".

Food irradiation food

Irradiated food refers to food processed with gamma rays produced by cobalt 60 and cesium 137 or electron beams produced by electron accelerators below 10 MeV, including food materials and semi-finished products processed by irradiation. The state implements a permit system for food irradiation processing. After the Ministry of Health reviews and approves, it issues an approval number for irradiated food varieties, and the approval number is "Wei Shi Fu Zi (XX) No. X". The irradiated food must be labeled with the irradiated food label uniformly formulated by the Ministry of Health.

Food health food

Health food is a kind of food. It has the common characteristics of general food. Its raw materials are also mainly taken from natural plants and animals.

vegetables Art, to bring its rich functional ingredients into full play, so that it can regulate human body functions, and is suitable for special foods consumed by corresponding people with specific functional needs.

Health food can be divided into: nutritional supplement type, antioxidant type (life extension type), weight loss type, adjuvant therapy type and so on. Among them, the health care function of the nutrient supplement is to supplement one or more nutrients necessary for the human body. Functional health foods, through their functional ingredients, exert specific and special regulating functions.

Common health food

Life's nutritional milk: Every 100 grams of milk contains 3.5 grams of protein, 4.0 grams of fat, 5 grams of carbohydrates, 120 mg of calcium, 93 mg of phosphorus,

Healthy Food Iron 0.2 mg, thiamine 0.04 mg, riboflavin 0.13 mg, nicotinic acid 0.2 mg, vitamin A 42 mg, vitamin C 1 mg. The lysine content of milk protein is second only to eggs, and the cholesterol content is only 16 mg per 100 grams.

1. Healthy fruits: Papaya, green plum, strawberry, tartare, passion fruit, orange, mandarin, kiwi, mango, apricot, persimmon, watermelon, and apple.

2. Healthy vegetables : Sweet potatoes are rich in vitamins and are anti-cancer experts. They are the first of all vegetables. Followed by asparagus, cabbage, cauliflower, celery, eggplant, beets, carrots, amaranth, kale, enoki mushroom, snow red, Chinese cabbage.

3. Healthy meat : The chemical structure of goose and duck meat is close to olive oil, which is good for the heart. Chicken is called the "best source of protein."

Ome 4, the best brain food : spinach, leek, pumpkin, onion, broccoli, pepper, pea, tomato, carrot, green cabbage, garlic, celery and other vegetables, walnuts, peanuts, pistachios, cashews, fragrant rice, pine nuts, Nut foods such as almonds, soybeans, brown rice, pork liver, etc.

5, healthy soup food : chicken soup is the best, especially the hen soup can also prevent and treat colds, bronchitis, especially suitable for drinking in winter and spring.

6. Healthy cooking oil : corn oil, rice bran oil, sesame oil, etc. are particularly good. Vegetable oil and animal oil are prepared in a ratio of 1: 0.5 for consumption.

7. Healthy teas : green tea; green tea helps prevent radiation.

In short, no matter what type of healthy food is, it is for the purpose of health care, it can not be quick-acting, and it takes a long time to benefit people.

Food organic food

Organic food is an international term that is literally translated from English Organic Food. Other languages also call it ecological or biological food. What is said here

Healthy vegetables "Organic" is not a chemical concept, but refers to an organic farming and processing method. Organic food refers to the organic agricultural production system, which is produced and processed according to organic agricultural production requirements and corresponding standards, that is, chemical substances such as fertilizers, pesticides, growth hormones, and chemical additives are not used during the production of raw materials and products. Genetic engineering technology, and all agricultural and sideline products certified by independent organic food certification agencies, including food, vegetables, fruits, dairy products, livestock and poultry products, honey, aquatic products, spices, etc.

Organic food is a relatively uniform reference to pollution-free natural foods in the national standard. In addition to organic foods, some derived products such as organic cosmetics, textiles, forest products, or organic foods are provided internationally as production materials, including biological pesticides and organic fertilizers. After certification, they are collectively referred to as organic products.

Food specialty food

Products that are unique or famous in a certain place must have a history, preferably cultural connotations, and specialty foods are very popular.

Food meat food

Meat products, also known as meat foods, refer to cooked meat products or semi-finished products made from seasoned meat using livestock and poultry as the main raw material, such as sausages, ham, bacon, braised pork, grilled meat, etc. . That is to say, all meat products using livestock and poultry as the main raw material, and all meat products added with seasonings, do not vary depending on the processing technology. They are all called meat products, including: sausages, ham, bacon, braised pork, barbecue Meat, jerky, preserved meat, meatballs, kebabs, patties, cured bacon, crystal meat, etc.

Food Functional Food

With the advancement of global medical care and the improvement of the economic environment, the quality of human life has greatly improved, and the average life expectancy has also been extended.

Meat products (4 photos)

In the developed countries, the problem of aging population is becoming more and more serious. In addition, the westernization of diet has gradually increased the number of chronic patients, and the rapid increase in national health care expenditure has made the concepts and products of preventive medicine and health care gradually pay attention to the world.

In terms of the definition of the health industry, it can be divided into two parts in the narrow sense and the broad sense. The narrow sense refers to products and services related to human health, such as pharmaceutical production and marketing and medical-related services, also known as health care. The broad definition includes medical related peripheral industries, such as cosmetics, nutrition and health products, and leisure fitness.

The health concept is classified according to needs. It can be divided into three categories: nutritional supplement, disease prevention / improvement, and specific functions. Nutritional supplementation is to supplement one or more nutrients necessary for the human body, such as vitamins A and C. The main way of eating is disease prevention / improvement, which can be achieved by eating or using equipment, such as eating blood pressure / blood sugar-adjusted food, or exercise and massage to achieve disease prevention effects. Specific functions are mainly Refers to products with significant curative effects. For example, patients with cereal allergies must eat cereals that have been specially processed and extracted wheat protein and rice protein.

These products with the concept of health and health care can be generally referred to as functional foods. According to their ingredients, efficacy, and regulations, they can be further divided into three categories: general functional foods, health foods, and pharmaceuticals.

Foods that are generally believed or believed to bring certain benefits to the body can be called as long as they claim to promote health.

Food carcinogenic food

Food blacklist

Carcinogenic food, please be careful Salted fish: Dimethyl nitrite produced by salted fish can be converted into carcinogen dimethylamine nitrite in the body. Shrimp paste, salted eggs, pickles, sausages, ham, and smoked pork also contain carcinogens and should be eaten as little as possible.

Barbecue food: roast beef, roast duck, roast lamb, roast goose, roast suckling pig, roast lamb skewers, etc., should not eat more because it contains strong carcinogens.

Smoked food: Such as bacon, smoked liver, smoked fish, smoked eggs, smoked tofu and other carcinogens containing benzopyrene, regular food is susceptible to esophageal and gastric cancer.

Deep-fried foods: After the coke is fried, the carcinogen PAHs are produced. After the coffee is burnt, benzopyrene increases by 20 times. Fried pancakes, stinky tofu, fried taro, and fried dough sticks, etc., are mostly carcinogens at high temperatures because most oils are used repeatedly.

Moldy substances: Rice, wheat, beans, corn, peanuts, and other foods are susceptible to moisture and mildew. After being contaminated by mold, carcinogenic toxins--aflatoxins--are produced.

Overnight cooked cabbage and sauerkraut: Nitrite is produced, which is converted into carcinogens of amine nitrite in the body.

Betel nut: Chewing betel nut is a factor that causes oral cancer.

Repeatedly boiled water: Repeatedly boiled water contains nitrite, which enters the body to form carcinogenic amine nitrite.

Ham + lactic acid drinks are easy to cause cancer. Those who use sandwiches with yogurt for breakfast should be careful. Ham, bacon, etc. in the sandwich with lactic acid drinks are likely to cause cancer. To preserve meat products, food manufacturers add nitrates to prevent food spoilage and botulinum growth. When nitrates meet organic acids, they turn into nitrosamines, a carcinogen.

(1) Natural carcinogens in food mainly include: nitroso compounds, high fat substances, high concentration alcohol, etc. The precursors of nitroso compounds are higher in stale foods such as rotten foods. When the human body has atrophic gastritis or insufficient gastric acid secretion, the stomach synthesizes the precursors of nitroso compounds into nitrous acid. Based compound.

(2) Carcinogens in food pollutants mainly include:

Household pesticides, household detergents may contain carcinogenic compounds, and food in contact with these can be contaminated.

Carcinogenic food (5 photos)

Some hormonal preparations can be introduced into edible poultry and livestock through veterinary treatment or feed additives, thereby inducing tumors associated with the endocrine system.

Some food packaging materials contain multi-link hydroxyls, which are potentially carcinogenic. Such as food packaging bags, wrapping paper, etc.

Carcinogens in the air accumulate in food through soil and water.

(3) Additives in food, such as nitrosamines contained in preservatives, food coloring, spices, flavoring agents and other additives.

(4) Carcinogens caused by food processing and storage, smoked foods and pickled foods contain a large amount of cycloaromatic hydroxyl carcinogens, and aflatoxins contained in moldy rice, corn, and beans are harmful to humans and animals. All have a strong carcinogenic effect.

Food is naturally carcinogenic

(1) Nitroso compounds

It is a common carcinogen in food. It can be synthesized from its precursors (amines, nitrites and nitrates) in animals, humans, food and the environment. These precursors can be used in a variety of foods. It appears, especially the poor quality stale foods such as leftovers and rotten vegetables. The main part of the human body to synthesize nitroso compounds is the stomach, especially when atrophic gastritis or gastric acid is insufficient, it can be synthesized from the nitrite swallowed by saliva and amines in food. Nitroso has been detected in gastric juices of animals and humans Based compound.

(2) High-fat diet research has found that long-term high-fat diets are prone to breast cancer, uterine cancer, and colorectal cancer. This is particularly evident in some developed countries.

(3) High-concentration alcohol Alcohol is a surface disinfectant. High-concentration alcohol can denature proteins on the surface of the digestive tract mucosa and increase the incidence of tumors.

Carcinogenic food contamination

(1) Many foods can be polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. Such substances have been proven to have carcinogenic effects, especially benzopyrene has strong carcinogenic activity. Most of these substances originate from pollution from heating systems, industrial systems, and transportation. These substances accumulate in food not only through the atmosphere but also through water and soil.

(2) Many foods such as cereals, fruits, and vegetables can be contaminated with pesticides. Insecticides and detergents commonly used in daily life may contain carcinogenic compounds.

(3) Some hormonal preparations can be introduced into animals through veterinary treatment or by adding feed. When people eat these animals, they can take in the hormones that remain in them. Observations indicate that both estrogen and progesterone can induce tumors related to the endocrine system.

(4) Some food packaging materials such as plastic bags, paper printed with text patterns, and paraffin wax on packaging boxes may contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, all of which are potentially carcinogenic.

Food additives

Food additives include preservatives, food colors, flavors, flavoring agents, and other additives. Many bagged foods on the market contain preservatives, and the preservatives contain a large amount of nitrosamines, which have obvious cancer-promoting effects.

Food carcinogens

Smoked foods and salted foods contain a large amount of cycloaromatics carcinogens. In addition, high concentrations of salt can not only reduce the concentration of gastric mucus protein, destroy the protective effect of the gastric mucus barrier, allow carcinogens entering the digestive tract to directly enter the gastric mucosa, and induce cancer; on the other hand, high salt foods can also cause Gastric mucosa festers, causing cancer. Sauerkraut contains a lot of nitrates and nitrites. These substances can be combined with secondary amines in amines under certain conditions to generate highly carcinogenic nitrosamines. Amines not only exist in large amounts in nature, but also mold can often cause the secondary amine content in food to increase greatly.

Improper storage and transportation of food may cause mildew. The aflatoxins contained in moldy rice, corn, and peanuts have a strong carcinogenic effect on humans and animals.

Food is one of the three major elements of human life and health. Once food is contaminated, it will endanger human health. Food contamination means that various foods that people eat, such as grains and fruits, are mixed with harmful and toxic substances or germs during the production, transportation, packaging, storage, sales, and cooking processes. Food pollution can be divided into two categories: biological pollution and chemical pollution. Biological pollution refers to the contamination of food by harmful viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Chemical pollution is caused by contamination of food with harmful and toxic chemicals. Various pesticides are the main cause of chemical contamination of food.

Food about pollution

Food contamination is divided into three categories: biological, chemical and physical pollution.

Food biological contamination

Biological contamination is the contamination of food by harmful viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Bacteria and fungi that belong to microorganisms are invisible to human eyes. The eggs rot and the vegetables rot, mainly bacteria and fungi. There are many types of bacteria. Some bacteria, such as Proteus, Xanthomonas, and Enterobacter, can directly contaminate animal foods. They can also contaminate animal foods through tools, containers, washing water, etc., and make food spoilage. There are many types of fungi, more than 50,000. The earliest mold that served humans was a type of fungus. Today, people eat fermented bean curd and sauce products without mold. But more than a hundred of these strains produce toxins, and the most toxic is aflatoxin. Food contaminated with this toxin can cause primary liver cancer in animals. According to surveys, in regions where aflatoxin is high in food, the incidence of liver cancer is dozens of times higher than in other regions. British scientists believe that breast cancer may be related to aflatoxin. The climate is warm and humid in East China and South Central China, and aflatoxin pollution is more common, mainly on peanuts and corn, followed by rice and other foods. The parasites that contaminate food are mainly tapeworms, roundworms, trichinella, etc. These parasites generally contaminate water and soil through the feces of patients and sick animals, and then contaminate fish, fruits, and vegetables. Causes parasitic diseases.

The contamination of food by mold and its toxins is more common in the rainy areas of the south. There are more than 200 known mycotoxins. Different molds have different toxic production capabilities and different toxins. Mycotoxins that are closely related to foods include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, varicella toxins, penicillins, aflatoxins, citrinic penicillins, streptomycins, telomycins, and butyrolactones. After the food is contaminated by mold and mycotoxins, there are two main causes of harm; namely, food spoilage caused by molds and toxins caused by molds cause human poisoning. Food contaminated by mold can reduce the edible value of food, or even make it completely inedible, causing huge economic losses. According to statistics, an average of 2% of the world's cereals are inedible every year due to mildew. Most of the poisoning caused by mycotoxins is caused by food, oil crops and fermented foods contaminated by molds, and mold poisoning often manifests as obvious local and seasonal.

There are many factors that affect mold growth, reproduction and toxin production. Conditions closely related to food are moisture, temperature, substrate, ventilation and other conditions. For this reason, controlling these conditions can reduce the harm caused by mold and toxins to food.

Food contamination pathway

Bacteria contaminate food through the following ways: First, the pollution of food raw materials: the variety of food raw materials, a wide range of sources, the degree of bacterial contamination varies with different varieties and sources; the second is the pollution of food processing; The third is the pollution caused to food during food storage, transportation and sales. Food bacterial contamination indicators mainly include the total number of colonies, coliform bacteria, pathogenic bacteria and so on. Common bacteria that are easily contaminated with food include Pseudomonas, Micrococcus and Staphylococcus, Bacillus and Clostridium, Enterobacter, Vibrio and Flavobacterium, Halophilus, Lactobacillus, etc.

Microorganisms (bacteria and bacterial toxins, molds and mycotoxins)

Parasites (including eggs, refers to the indirect or direct contamination of food by the feces of patients or sick animals)

Insects (beetles, mites, moths, flies, pupae)

Virus (Hepatitis virus, Polio virus, Foot-and-mouth disease virus)

Causes of food chemical contamination

The problem of food quality and safety caused by the contamination of food by chemical substances is chemical pollution of food. At present, the most serious harms are chemical pesticides, harmful metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzo (a) pyrene, N-nitroso compounds and other chemical pollutants. Abuse of food processing tools, food containers, food additives, plant growth promoters Etc. are also important factors that cause chemical contamination of food.

Common chemical contamination of food is pollution by pesticides and pollution by industrial harmful substances. At present, there are more than 1,400 chemical pesticides in various countries around the world, and about 40 are used as the basis. According to their uses, they can be divided into pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, plant growth regulators, grain fumigants, etc .; Its chemical composition is organic chlorine, organic phosphorus, organic fluorine, organic nitrogen, organic sulfur, organic arsenic, organic mercury, urethanes and the like. There are also food fumigants such as bitter chloride and zinc phosphide. In addition to pesticides that can cause acute poisoning of the human body, most of them cause chronic harm to the human body, and are caused by the form of contaminated food. The main ways for pesticides to contaminate food are as follows: one is to directly contaminate edible crops by using pesticides to prevent crop diseases and insect pests; spray the crops; second is to absorb the roots of plants; third is to fall with rain in the air; fourth is to enrich the food chain; Mixed in storage. Several commonly used pesticide varieties that are likely to cause food contamination are organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, organic mercury pesticides, and urethane pesticides.

With the development of modern industrial technology, the pollution of food by industrial harmful substances and other chemical substances has also attracted more and more attention. Industrial hazardous substances and other chemical substances mainly refer to metal poisons (such as methylmercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, N-metaline compounds, polycyclic aromatic compounds), etc. The main ways of industrial hazardous substances contaminating food include environmental pollution, pollution of food containers, packaging materials and production equipment, tools, and pollution of food transportation processes.

Pollutants from production, life and environment, such as pesticides, veterinary drugs, toxic metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, N-nitroso compounds, heterocyclic amines, dioxins, trichloropropanol, etc.

Food containers, packaging materials, transportation vehicles, etc. that dissolve into food (harmful substances)

Abuse (food additives)

Substances generated during food processing and storage, such as harmful alcohols and aldehydes in wine

Substances added during adulteration and fraud

Physical food contamination

It mainly comes from a variety of complex non-chemical impurities. Although some pollutants may not threaten the health of consumers, it seriously affects the sensory properties and / or nutritional value of food, and the quality of food cannot be guaranteed. , Mainly include: pollutants from food production, storage, transportation, and marketing, such as grass seeds mixed during grain harvest, debris in liquid food container pools, dust and flies during food transportation and marketing; food adulteration If it is, such as sand and gravel mixed with grain, water injected into meat, and a lot of sugar mixed with milk powder, etc. radioactive pollution of food mainly comes from the mining, smelting, production, application and accident of radioactive materials Pollution.

Physical pollution of food usually refers to food quality and safety problems caused by impurities in food production and processing that exceed the specified content, or foreign radionuclides adsorbed and absorbed by food.

For example, during the production process of wheat flour, mixing magnetic metal objects is a physical pollution. Another type of manifestation is radioactive pollution. For example, natural radioactive materials are widely distributed in nature. It exists in all tissues of ore, soil, natural water, the atmosphere, and animals and plants, especially aquatic products such as fish and shellfish. Some radionuclides have a strong enrichment effect, and the content of radionuclides in the food used may exceed the specific radionuclide present in the surrounding environment by a significant amount. The contamination of radioactive materials is mainly the pollution of crops, aquatic products, feed, etc. through water and soil, entering the food through the biosphere, and can be transferred through the food chain. There are three ways that radionuclides can contaminate food: one is the pollution of sinking matter in nuclear tests; the other is the pollution of nuclear power plant and nuclear industrial waste discharge; and the third is local pollution caused by accidental leakage.

Food chemical contamination

Chemical pollution refers to the pollution of harmful chemicals. The large use of chemical pesticides in farmland and orchards is the main cause of chemical pollution of food, vegetables and fruits. These pollutants can also enter the water body with rainwater and then into the fish and shrimp. After being contaminated by pesticides in a lake in China, the body of many fishes deformed and the medicine tasted strong after cooking. These "potion fish" have poisoned hundreds of people. Some farmers are drying food on the road, which will easily contaminate the volatile matter in the asphalt, which will adversely affect human health.

With the development of social urbanization, people have got rid of the self-sufficient idyllic life. Many grains, vegetables, fruits, and meats are transported or stored long distances, or processed many times before being delivered to people. During the transportation, storage and processing of these foods, people often put various additives into the food, such as preservatives, fungicides, bleaching agents, antioxidants, sweeteners, flavoring agents, coloring agents, etc., many of them Has certain toxicity. For example, overdose of the preservative salicylic acid can cause vomiting, chin, central paralysis, and even death.

Food contamination hazard

Food contamination is a big problem that endangers people's health.

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classification

1. Milk and dairy products

2. Fat, oil and emulsified fat products

3. Frozen drinks

4. Fruits, vegetables (including tubers), beans, edible fungi, algae, nuts and seeds

5. Cocoa products, chocolate and chocolate products (including chocolate-like and chocolate substitutes), and confectionery

6. Food and food products

7. Baked food

8. Meat and meat products

9. Aquatic products and their products

10. Eggs and egg products

11. Sweetener

12. Seasoning

13. Special nutrition food

14.Drinks

15. Alcohol

16. Other categories:

Contains seven sub-categories:

16.01 Jelly

16.02 Tea and coffee

16.03 Collagen casing (casing)

16.04 Yeast Products

16.05 Fried food

16.06 Puffed food

16.07 Others: for XX process