What Is a Qualifying Child?

The Convention on the Rights of the Child applies to children worldwide, that is, anyone under the age of 18. ^{[1] The} United Nations Resolution No. 25 of the 44th Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations on November 20, 1989 was the first international legally binding agreement on the protection of children's rights, which entered into force in the world on September 2, 1990. On December 29, 1991, the Standing Committee of the Seventh National People's Congress ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Since then, the Convention on the Rights of the Child has become a widely recognized international convention in China. ^[2] As of October 2015, there were 196 States parties. The convention aims to create a good environment for children from all over the world. ^[3]

Convention on the Rights of the Child

The Convention on the Rights of the Child applies to children worldwide, that is, anyone under the age of 18. ^[1]

In 1923, the Charter of the Rights of the Child was recognized by the International Coalition for the Save the Children. ^[4]

Since the establishment of the United Nations, children's happiness and rights have always been a major concern. One of the first actions taken by the United Nations was the establishment of the United Nations Children's Fund on December 11, 1946. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the UN General Assembly recognized that children must receive special care and assistance. Since then, the United Nations has always emphasized the protection of children's rights in general international treaties, such as the international human rights conventions and the documents specific to children's rights, namely the "Children's Declaration of November 20, 1959." In view of the fact that the Declaration of the Rights of the Child does not have the effect of treaty law, it is increasingly necessary to guarantee the rights of children with treaty law, especially in the preparation of the International Year of the Child. At the United Nations Commission on Human Rights meeting in 1978, Professor Adam Lopatha of Poland (later chairing the Convention Drafting Working Group) initiated the drafting of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. ^[1]

Poland submitted a draft convention on the rights of the child to the General Assembly. In 1979, the UN Commission on Human Rights began work on a convention on the rights of the child. In the same year, Poland submitted an amended version of the draft Convention on the Rights of the Child to the Commission on Human Rights. The Human Rights Committee authorized an irregular working group to continue working on the text. In 1984, the General Assembly requested the Commission on Human Rights to make every effort to complete the draft convention and submit it to the General Assembly for adoption in 1985. In 1988, the UN General Assembly again requested the Commission on Human Rights to give priority to the work of the draft convention, and strived to complete the drafting of the full text of the convention in 1989 to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child and the 10th anniversary of the International Year of the Child. . During the 10 years from 1979 to 1989, the Commission on Human Rights studied the draft convention in detail and completed the drafting of the convention as scheduled in 1989, which was submitted to the General Assembly of the United Nations through the Economic and Social Council. On November 20, 1989, the UN General Assembly adopted this Convention. ^[1]

There are 54 articles in the Convention. The Convention defines "child" as "anyone under the age of 18." The Convention emphasizes that States should ensure that every child within their jurisdiction enjoys the rights contained in the Convention, regardless of the race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, nationality or society of the child or his parent or legal guardian Any difference in origin, property, disability, birth or other status. ^[4]

On November 20, 1989,

There are 54 articles in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. According to the Convention, all persons under the age of 18 are children, unless national or regional laws have different definitions. The Convention sets out dozens of rights that all children around the world should enjoy, including the most basic right to survival, full development, protection and full participation in family, cultural and social life. The Convention also establishes four basic principles: non-discrimination, maximizing children's interests, the right to survival and development, and respect for children's ideas. ^[5]

The Convention on the Rights of the Child is based on

Children have all the rights of one person.

All human rights for all tous les droits de l'homme pour tous

The Convention on the Rights of the Child has 54 articles and 41 substantive articles, among which dozens of children's rights are mentioned, such as

1. In 2013, 6.3 million children under the age of 5 died, and their causes of death were largely preventable. The goals of universal primary education and gender equality in primary and secondary education have not yet been achieved. The proportion of children living in extreme poverty around the world is imbalanced. In the least developed countries, nearly a quarter of children are engaged in child labour. Child marriages are still common, especially in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Birth registration rates have barely improved. ^[11]

• The first is from Montenegro, the latest signatory to the Convention. The Treaty of Montenegro ratified the treaty in November 2006, and Deputy Prime Minister Gordana Djurovic's article explores the progress made in implementing the Convention in this newly independent country and the challenges it still faces. Emphasis was placed on the issue of social integration of ethnic minorities, internally displaced persons and refugee families.

• In a second article, Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, an Inter-American Commissioner for Human Rights who was an independent expert on the UN Secretary-General s Child Violence Study, described his unique experience in improving the juvenile justice system Quality case.

• Next, Amihan Abueva, the chairwoman of the child prostitution and trafficking organization, the leading body against child exploitation, explained the practical impact of the Convention on law and advocacy.

• The fourth article, written by Peter Woicke, chairman of International Save the Children, explains the importance of accountability and enforcement mechanisms in promoting the realization of rights under the Convention. ^[13]

  Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict ^[14]

  Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography ^[14]

  Universal Declaration of Human Rights

  International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

  International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

  UN Charter

  Declaration on the Rights of the Child ^[6]

  Declaration on Social and Legal Principles on Child Protection and Child Welfare, Especially Domestic and International Fostering and Adoption Methods (adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 41/85 of 3 December 1986)

  United Nations Minimum Standard Rules for Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules)

  Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Abnormal Situations and Armed Conflicts

  Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Minors ^[15]

  "Adoption Law of the People's Republic of China" ^[10]

  Law of the People's Republic of China on Compulsory Education ^[10]

  Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency ^[10]