What Are Music Hallucinations?

Hallucination: huàn jué

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Hallucination Hallucination

Hallucination concept

Hallucination: huàn jué

Hallucination refers to the perceived experience that occurs when there is no corresponding objective stimulus. In other words, hallucinations are a subjective experience, and the subject's feelings are similar to perceptions. This is a more severe form of perception disorder. The difference between illusion and illusion is that the former does not exist objectively. Because their feelings are often vivid and vivid, they can cause anger, sadness, panic, evasion, and even emotional or behavioral reactions to attack others. Attempts to persuade people who experience hallucinations do not believe that hallucinations are sometimes futile. Hallucinations can occasionally be seen in normal people. For example, when you seem to sleep but not sleep, hallucinations or hallucinations are called pre-sleep hallucinations; hallucinations that occur when you are awake and tired are called pre-wake hallucinations. Hallucinations can also be produced by suggestion. Some people who are addicted to religious fanatics in the past literature, claiming to see "Guanyin Bodhisattva" or "Jesus Christ" do not necessarily have pathological significance. However, it should be said that hallucinations are mostly pathological. If a person has hallucinations many times, they should be checked in time to diagnose and treat their psychological disorders and prevent accidents such as hurting, running away or suicide under the influence of hallucinations.

Hallucinations

Hallucinations have two main characteristics:

First, hallucinations are feelings. Due to the lack of corresponding realistic stimuli, objective test results prove that the feelings are illusory, but as far as the patient's own experience is concerned, they do not feel illusory.

Second, although hallucinations are derived from subjective experience and have no objective source of reality, some patients firmly believe that their feelings come from objective reality.

Hallucinations

Hallucination

According to the origin of hallucinations, hallucinations can be divided into two types: true hallucinations and pseudo hallucinations.

True hallucinations are also called complete hallucinations and perceptual hallucinations. Refers to the patient's experience as an actual, non-existent, illusion originating from objective space, with "real" vivid vividness. Patients are convinced, with corresponding thinking, emotional, and will-behavioral responses.

Pseudohallucination: The hallucinations are not vivid and vivid. They are generated in the subjective space of the patient, such as the brain and the body. Hallucinations are not obtained through sensory organs. If you hear voices in your belly, you can see a human figure in your head without your own eyes. Although the image of hallucinations is different from general perception, the patient often believes that he did hear or see it with a high degree of conviction.

The difference between true hallucinations and pseudo hallucinations

True illusion	Pseudo illusion
(1) Perceived entity	Unconscious substance (image)
(2) Exist in objective space	Exist in subjective space
(3) Feeling by external senses	Feeling by "internal senses"
(4) Patients have vivid and realistic behavioral responses to hallucinations	Patients are mostly aware of what is subjective
(5) Impairment of perception process	Representational Process Disorder

The structural properties produced by hallucinations.

(1) Elemental hallucinations (or primitive hallucinations) refer to simple and primitive hallucinations, such as fire and whistle.

(2) Complete hallucinations. The hallucinations are vivid, vivid, lifelike, and projected into the outer space, causing corresponding emotional and behavioral responses.

(3) Incomplete hallucinations (pseudohallucination): refers to an hallucination that exists in subjective space and lacks an objective physical sense. In fact, this is a pathological appearance, a thinking that obtains the image of perception. To some extent, it can be compared with the vivid "dream". It has the characteristics of clear contours, bright colors, and vivid images, but it lacks the physicality of perception and can be felt without external senses, that is, "see" or "hear" directly from the brain. Although the patient closed his eyes, he still had clear images in his brain. As a voice, the source and direction of the voice are often unclear.

(4) audible thoughts: refers to the patient experiencing a hallucination and speaking his thoughts out loud. The hallucinations are exactly the same as the thinking content. If thinking is accompanied by sound, the patient feels that the sound is his own, which is called thinking sounding; if he thinks that the content of his thinking is spoken out by others, it is called mind-reading. They are more common in schizophrenia.

(5) Visible thoughts: It refers to hallucinations consistent with the content of thinking, which is equivalent to the voice of thinking, and it is rare in clinical practice.

(6) Psychic hallucination: Refers to patients who feel that there are invisible words and silent speech in the brain, the content does not belong to themselves, and cannot be changed by subjective will.

There are also several special types of hallucinations. Functional hallucination refers to a hallucination experience in which the same senses appear while feeling the stimulus of reality. For example, people whispered in the sound of running water. Unlike misinformation, there is no distortion of the real stimulus, but rather the simultaneous perception of the illusion. Reflex hallucination refers to the hallucination that occurs in one sense when it is received by one sense. Such as hearing the illusion of broadcasting. When a broadcast sound is heard, a human figure appears in front of it. Autoscopy, also known as mirror phantom. Refers to the illusion that the patient sees his image. For example, a female patient with schizophrenia said that she saw her naked figure and felt cold. Another female patient claimed that she saw her brain with many small holes in it. Delusional zoopathy is rare. The patient feels that an animal is crawling or parasitizing in the body. These hallucinations can be seen in schizophrenia and some organic encephalopathy.

A sensory organ produced by hallucinations.

(1) Audit hallucination: The most common. Patients hear various sounds, often speech. Its source, clarity, and content vary. The patient has a corresponding emotional and behavioral response, such as scolding with auditory hallucinations, listening to the ear, or stuffing the ear with cotton (Figure 106-1). Hearing can be the content of a comment, argument, or order. For imperative hearing, it can directly control the patient's actions.

(2) Visual hallucination: more vivid and vivid images can also be fragmented human figures or scary monsters and beasts. More common in mental disorders caused by infection and poisoning. Eating poisonous mushrooms can produce rich hallucinations. When residents of Yunnan Province eat a small American boletus, a "little man-like phantom" often appears smaller than the real thing.

(3) Olfactory hallucination: Rarely, patients can smell a variety of special odors, such as strange smell, strange smell, bloody, burnt smell and so on. Found in temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia (Figure 23-1).

(4) Gustatory hallucination: Rarely, often accompanied by hallucinations or other hallucinations. Patients feel special tastes when eating or drinking, often causing food refusal. Found in temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia.

(5) Tactile hallucination: The patient feels abnormal sensations such as insect crawling, electrification, burning, and grasping of his skin and mucous membrane, which can be seen in toxic psychosis and schizophrenia. People with sexual organ contact are called sexual hallucinations, and schizophrenia is more common.

(6) Body-sensory hallucination: Rarely, including visceral hallucinations, motor hallucinations, and vestibular hallucinations. Menopause depression often has visceral hallucinations. Motor hallucinations refer to the consciousness that a certain part of the body has motion when the patient is at a standstill, which is more common in schizophrenia. Vestibular hallucinations refer to patients who lose their sense of balance, causing strange postures and behaviors, which can be seen in schizophrenia and organic lesions of the brain stem.

The special conditions produced by hallucinations:

Functional hallucinations: hallucinations that occur while a sensory organ is functionally active. Functional auditory hallucinations and normal consciousness appear, exist, and disappear at the same time, and the two do not merge with each other. For example, when the patient listens to the radio, he hears a curse at him: when he turns off the radio, he cannot hear him. More common in schizophrenia, and sometimes in mental disorders caused by qigong or other mental disorders.

Thought ringing or thinking echo: It is a special form of illusion. This means that the patient can hear what he is thinking. Thinking sounds are more common in schizophrenia.

Psychogenic hallucinations: hallucinations caused by strong mental stimulation. The content of hallucinations is closely related to mental stimuli. Only found in stress-related mental disorders, hysteria, etc.

The cause and nature of hallucinations

There are many reasons for hallucinations, including central neuropathy, emotional effects, cues, amblyopia and hard of hearing, sensory deprivation, etc. Anything that increases the burden on the sensory analyzer or enhances the activity of the sensory analyzer can cause hallucinations. After a few kilometres of climbing, a mountaineer can hallucinate due to lack of sensory stimulation. After cataract extraction in the elderly, hallucinations often occur, which may be caused by sensory deprivation and mild senile brain changes. Amblyopia and hard of hearing people may have illusions and hallucinations due to the difficulty of the sensory analyzer to distinguish. Therefore, the hard of hearing is often accompanied by paranoid psychosis. The hallucinations caused by cerebral organic lesions are more clinically and experimentally confirmed.

Hallucinations can occur under conditions such as high fever and epilepsy. It can also appear in some abnormal psychological states. In this psychological state, patients give up based on objective and truthful ideas, and respond to the psychological state of the self as the object of reaction, and regard them as the characteristics of external stimulation. Some experts believe that the brain needs some minimum level of environmental stimulus. If this minimum condition is not reached, or if this condition is destroyed by some psychological obstacles, it may cause the brain to use the past experience and personality Factors, etc., to reconstruct the meaning of reality and environment. This leads to the illusion. This theory believes that everyone has the ability to produce hallucinations, but under normal circumstances, it often interacts with some real stimuli through the senses to be constantly tested by the brain, which inhibits this ability. There are other drugs that can cause hallucinations, but this is not a true hallucination. It is different from self-generated hallucinations, but it is just the result of the effects of these drugs on the brain.

But some people think that hallucinations are abnormal extensions of dreams, dreams that occur in non-sleep states. In some states, including dreaming, fantasy is separated from self, and people do not realize that they are fantasy. "Fantasy" is a hallucination after taking out pieces of data from sensory memories and putting them back to the sensory area. The purpose of fantasy is to replace real signals with simulated sensory signals, and to drive the autonomic nerve to perform psychosomatic action (the "psychosomatic action theory" of dreams).

There has been much discussion about the nature of hallucinations. Since blindness and deafness can still have hallucinations, hallucinations are not a barrier to peripheral receptors. BX () (1885) believes that "illusion is the excitement of a sensory center that is not directly related to external impressions." Popov believes that hallucinations are caused by the suppression process. He pointed out that hallucinations are enhanced when falling asleep or at first waking, caffeine is weakened, and bromine is enhanced. In fact, hallucinations are easily seen in the middle of sleep and awakening. These two opinions should be seen as complementary, because modern studies on central inhibition have proven that not all central neurons are in a state of inhibition during sleep, and some neurons are still in a certain state of excitement. Therefore, hallucinations may be caused by a certain degree and range of excitement in the cerebral cortex under conditions that inhibit the central process. Because hallucinations are a response of the brain as a whole, it is incorrect to attempt to locate the hallucinations neuroanatomically.

Optical illusion

There are currently many illusion pictures that dazzle the eyes.These pictures are visual afterimages made using the illusion of the human eye:

Stare at the light bulb for more than 30 seconds, and try not to move your eyes. Then look away at any white areas. Do you see the light bulb glow? This is the classic " visual afterimage ".

Hallucinations The visual system is more sensitive to changing stimuli. When the stimulus turned white, cells that had noticed black had a stronger response than other cells, producing a brighter afterimage, like a lit lamp.

This is a negative afterimage, of course, a positive afterimage also exists.

When light stimulation acts on the visual organs, the cell excitement does not disappear with the termination of the stimulation, but can be retained for a short time. This sensory impression retained after the cessation of stimulation is called an afterimage.

There are two types of visual afterimage: positive afterimage and negative afterimage. The positive image is a sensory impression that is the same as the original stimulus. Negative afterimage is a sensory impression that is opposite to the original stimulus. If the light part becomes the dark part, the dark part becomes the light part. The appearance of positive and negative afterimages is due to the effect of traces left by nerve excitement. The TV and movies we watch are the applications of front and rear images. The film is projected at a rate of 24 frames per second. The residual vision makes us have the illusion that the picture is continuous. If you see a colored light stimulus, the negative afterimage is the complement of the original gaze color. The duration of the afterimage is affected by factors such as the intensity of the stimulus, the duration of the action, the location of the retina receiving the stimulus, and fatigue.

Illusion depth illusion

Hallucinations Looking at the graphic on the left, is the black surface facing up or down?

If you look at this figure a little, you will feel the depth reversed. This figure is perhaps the most representative of all shapes with ambiguous depths. There are many more such shapes with ambiguous depths. This is the illusion of depth. Why is this happening? Realistic three-dimensional objects are reflected on the retina in the form of planes. The visual system forcibly perceives a flat figure as a three-dimensional figure. However, on the retina, different stereoscopic objects may have the same planar image. At this time, the visual system perceives the flat graphics as one of the three-dimensional graphics, but may also perceive it as the other. At the same time, your brain can only sense one image at a time, and it is impossible to feel both images at the same time. This is similar to "perception blur".

Illusion black forest graphics

Does the black line look outwardly curved?

The analytical black line is completely straight and parallel. This classic hallucination was first discovered by 19th-century German psychologist Ewald Hehring.

Hallucinations

Hallucinatory illusion

Which line looks longer, red or blue?

The parsing red lines appear a little longer than the blue lines, although they are exactly the same length. Angles smaller than 90 ° make the edges containing it shorter, while angles larger than 90 ° make the edges containing it longer. This is the trapezoidal illusion.

Hallucination board

Analysis: The chessboard is completely flat. This chessboard is based on a design by Swedish artist Oscar Reuters Ward and was created by Bruno Hurst.

Hallucinations

Our ancients believed that there must be a reason for dreaming.

Wang Fu once said, "Fantastic dreams of husbands are more rewarding but less helpless" [21], thinking that there are always reasons to dream. There are three main reasons for dreaming: namely physical factors, physiological factors and psychological factors.

Hallucinogenic physical factors

Ancient Chinese thinkers realized that part of human dreams were created by physical stimuli from inside and outside. Physical stimuli from the body, such as dreams caused by an over- or under-stimulation of food in the abdomen of a person. The so-called "very full is dreaming, and even hungry is dreaming," or "very full is dreaming, and even hungry is dreaming." There are physical stimuli from outside the body. For example, in sleep, "the person sleeps by sleeping and dreams, the bird is flying by dream" [22], "the body is cold and dreamy, the body is hot and dreamy" [23], "will be overcast "Mengshui, will make the dream dream fire" [24], "I disturbed by snakes, and Lei Zhizhen also seemed to be intrusive." In the category of dreams, "sense of dreams" (by feeling the wind and rain and cold Dreams) and "time dreams" (dreams caused by seasonal changes) are both dreams caused by external physical stimuli. Professor Zhang Yaoxiang, a well-known modern psychologist in China, once commented on this: "Recognizing the stimulus of physics as the cause of dreams, it has broken countless superstitions about dreams." [25]

Hallucinogenic factors

Ancient Chinese thinkers realized that dreaming can also be caused by physiological factors. There are four physiological factors involved in ancient Chinese scholars: (1) the lack or excess of yin and yang gas in the body. As mentioned earlier, dreams are a state of restlessness during sleep. Unsettled sleep is often caused by a lack or excess of yin and yang in the body. Ancient Chinese thinkers and medical scientists believed that sleep was in a state of restlessness due to the lack of a certain "qi" in sleep, which led to a dream. "The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classics" considers "the death of a qi is a dream ...". In ancient China, thinkers and medical scientists also believed that some or all of the excess of yin and yang in sleep would cause people to have dreams. The "Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic" also holds: "Yin Sheng dreams of fear of floods, Yang Sheng dreams of fire burning, Yin and Yang Sheng Sheng kills and destroys each other; Shang Sheng dreams of flying, and those who fail to dream dream fall." [26] " This view of the Yellow Emperor's Canon is widely inherited by later thinkers. For example, "Liezi" has something similar: "Therefore, if the yin and qi are strong, then the dream is related to the flood and fear; if the yang is the strong, then the dream is related to the fire and @ : If the yin and yang are strong, then the dream is born and killed." [27] The scholar of the Qing Dynasty Xiong Bolong believed that women's dreams during pregnancy were related to having boys or girls: "Giving birth to a man is full of yang, while Yang Sheng is intestinal hot, so dreams are rigid; giving birth to a woman is full of qi, but Yin Sheng is cold, so Mengrou [28] (2) The vital energy of the five internal organs is too strong. In ancient China, thinkers and medical scientists believed that excessive vitality of the internal organs was also a physiological factor in dreaming. The so-called "Long Qi is full of dreams, and Long Qi is full of dreams, fear, crying, and flying. The dream song and music, the weight is not lifted, and the kidney is full of energy, the dream is not a solution to the lumbar spine "[29]. The above two factors were quite significant in ancient times and had considerable authority. We believe that if these two factors contribute to the exploration or analysis of the causes of dreams, this contribution is that they have made a tentative discussion on the physiological mechanism of dreaming, and give some inspiration to future generations. However, this kind of discussion only stays at the stage of subjective guessing and lacks scientific basis. Therefore, these theories that have had a great impact in history lose their meaning with the development of modern science. (3) Visceral sensation leads to dreams. For example, Ercheng thinks: "Into a dream, you not only hear the thoughts, but also those who have internal organs." [30] They believe that dreams are caused by "internal organs" or "hearts". The thirsty person dreams of water and the hungry person dreams of food, which proves that internal feelings can cause dreams. (4) Qi and blood have more than dreams. Closely related to the above viewpoints, there is another viewpoint in ancient China that dreams were generated due to excess blood in the body. For example, Wang Fuzhi thinks: "Dream is flourishing, but dreams are dying but not dreaming; or dreaming or not dreaming, but not moving; blood qi declines with it, and the area is not rich. However, the dreamer is born of blood qi. There is more than that of the big-footed person who has a temperament. "He also said:" The person who has the shape, the feeling of the flesh also. The dreamer, the spirit of the flesh. "[31] I think that this view is compared with the above three views. Subjective speculation has a larger component and is less scientifically based. If it is to be affirmed, it can only be said that it has contributed to the adherence to the materialistic monistic metaphysical outlook and regards the mental activity of dreams as the product of physiological activities. . (5) Dreaming of diseases. Ancient Chinese thinkers and medical scientists generally believe that physical illness is one of the reasons for people to dream. The aforementioned Wang Fu's "Yin disease dream cold, Yang disease dream fever, internal disease dream disorder, external disease dream dream" is just that. The most typical and detailed description of disease dreaming is the Sui Chaoyuan Fang's "Essays on the Sources of Diseases". He said: "A man who works in vain has blood loss, and his viscera is weak, which easily hurts evil. In the outer episode, there is no fixed house, anti-prostitution in the dirty, indeterminate places, and walking with Rong Wei, but flying with the soul, making people restless, dreaming. "[32] The dream of disease in modern science is Well-founded. From the above, it can be seen that disease dreaming is the easiest to "test" among the above several physiological factors, so its reliability is also the greatest.

Hallucinogenic factors

Ancient Chinese thinkers and medical scientists not only realized that physical and physiological factors can lead to dreams, but also realized that psychological factors can also lead to dreaming. What psychological factors will cause people to dream? From the remarks of ancient Chinese thinkers and medical scientists, perception, memory, thoughts, emotions, and personality all affect the generation and content of dreams. But the discussion is more about the influence of thoughts, emotions and characters on dreams. (1) Thinking and dreaming. The ancient thinkers in our country almost thought that there was day to day thinking and night to dream. Wang Fu in the Eastern Han Dynasty believed that "when a person thinks, he dreams of it; when he is worried, he dreams of it." [33] He also said, "what he thinks day and night, and night dreams." He also gave an example. : "Confucius was born in troubled times, thinking about the virtues of Zhougong and dreaming at night." [34] Liezi also believed that "day thinking" and "night dream" are closely related. Xiong Bolong of the Ming Dynasty also believed that "as for dreams, it is more of 'caused by thinking and thinking.'" Thinking of the day and dreaming of the night. [35] The same thinker Wang Tingxiang also thought: "Dream, thinking also, fate Also, feelings. [36] That is to say that dreams can be caused by both thought and memory. In other words, Wang Tingxiang believes that the entire cognitive process of a person can cause dreams. As mentioned earlier, he regards night dreams as an extension and continuation of day thinking. The so-called "before thinking, is thinking, and after thinking is dream, dream is thinking and thinking is dreaming." He also said: "Thinking disturbs the day, and dreams disturb the night owl." (2) Emotional dreams. The "temperamental dreams" mentioned by Wang Fu in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the "happy dreams", "fearful dreams", and "nightmares" in "Liezi" all belong to emotionally-induced dreams. Zhang Zhan Yiyun of the Jin Dynasty: "There is no emotion in the day and no nightmare in the night." Xiong Bolong of the Ming Dynasty, while admitting to thinking and dreaming, also had a profound understanding of emotional dreaming. He gave an example: "Tang Xuanzong prayed for the altar and dreamed Xuanyuan emperor; Song Ziye procrastinated the drama, dreaming women scolded each other; Xie Yanjing got a sentence in his dream, Li Baimeng wrote flowers, all of them were happy and happy. (3) Character dreams. Chinese ancient thinkers believe that human character has a great influence on the content of dreams. The so-called "Better benevolent, more dreamy pine, cypress and peach, better righteous, more dreamy swordsman, gold iron, better gifter, more dreams, more baskets and cowpeas, better wise, more dreams, more rivers and lakes, and more good believers, more dreams, mountains and wilderness". In addition to saying that dreams must rely on experience, this passage can also explain the dependence of dreams on human character. Wang Tingxiang believes that people with "arrogant hearts" will struggle for victory in dreams; and those with "desirable hearts" will chase goods for profit in dreams. In short, different personalities have different effects on the content of the dream.