What Are Some Non-Physical Differences Between Men and Women?

Gender refers to the gender difference between male and female; Myxomycetes have more than 500 genders, and Tetrahymena also has seven genders. Even some birds such as magpies have three genders ^[1] and can be induced manually ^{[2] ]} , Human mainly refers to the difference between men and women ^[3] . There are many species in living things that can be divided into two or more species, called gender. These different sex individuals will complement each other and combine each other's genes to breed offspring. This process is called reproduction. Typically, a species will have two genders: male and female. However, Eastern European mole rats and Japanese voles have no Y gene, and females are defined as the side that produces larger gametes (ie, germ cells). Therefore, the type of gender is determined according to the reproductive function that an individual can perform during a certain period of its life cycle.

[xìng bié]

Word : Gender

Pinyin : xìng bíe

Basic explanation

[sexual differentiation; sex; sexual distinction] The difference between male and female, generally refers to the difference between male and female. ^[4]

difference

Sex (plant) (sexuality in plants) Like animals, plants also have sexual differences, that is, there are specialized female and male organs, and even strict female and male individuals.

Understanding of plant sex In ancient China, there was knowledge of the sex of higher plants. For example, "Eriya" (approximately 2200 years ago) written from the Spring and Autumn Period to the early Western Han Dynasty recorded "Mulberry petals have crickets, crickets", which means that half of the mulberry trees can bear mulberry crickets and are named crickets. More than 1400 years ago, in the Northern Wei Dynasty's "Qi Min Yao Shu" and "Horse Seeds", the relationship between male pollen and female hemp seedlings was correctly recognized. A person who is detoxified will not be fruitful. " China's understanding of plant sex was more than 1,000 years earlier than that of Europeans. In Europe, the concept of sexual differences in plants was developed by J. G. Kerreuth and C. von Linnaeus laid.

The female and male organs of most angiosperms, namely estrogen and stamens, are born in the same flower. This type of plant is called a hermaphrodite plant and is represented by a symbol. In some plants, the female and male cores are born in different flowers and become unisexual female and male flowers, but the female and male flowers are the same at the same time. On the plant. This type of plant is a hermaphrodite plant, which is indicated by the symbol of tadpoles, such as corn and melons. In other plants, male and female flowers are grown on different plants, and are dioecious. They are represented by the symbol / , such as millennium tong, hemp, ginkgo. In addition, there are many intermediate types, some on the same plant are both bisexual flowers with pistil and stamens in the same flower, and parthenomorphic flowers with only pistils or stamens, which are indicated by the symbol .

Sex chromosome

Sex chromosomes Many dioecious plants have sex chromosomes. For example, the male model of sorrel contains 12 autosomes and XY chromosomes (2n = 14), while the male and female plants have 12 autosomes and XXX chromosomes (2n = 15). Ginkgo males have 22 + XY chromosomes, while females have 22 + XX chromosomes. However, some strictly dioecious plants have difficulty in distinguishing sex chromosomes because of the smaller and larger number of chromosomes in the somatic cells.

Plant character

Gender control Compared to animals, the sex of plants is relatively unstable. Although it is determined by genetic factors, it is relatively easy to change under the influence of external environmental conditions and pharmaceutical treatment.

It is of great significance to control the sex differentiation of plants. In dioecious and dioecious plants, organs and plants of different sexes have different economic values. If seeds and fruits are to be harvested, a large number of female flowers or plants are required, and sometimes male plants are more welcome for other purposes, such as hemp with fiber as the harvest, and male plants are preferred because of its strong fiber pull In order to obtain ginkgo seeds, a variety of female plants should be used, and if ginkgo trees are used as street trees, male plants are preferred. In hermaphroditic plants, chemical detasseling is sometimes required for the convenience of breeding.

The regularity of sex in nature appears in hermaphrodite plants. Generally, male flowers always bloom first, then bisexual and male flowers are mixed, and only pure female flowers are the last. This situation is obvious in castor. In cucumber, the lateral branches form more female flowers than the main stem. As the number of branches increases, the ratio of male flowers to female flowers decreases. This phenomenon indicates that the female flowers only appeared when the plants were in the late stage of flowering.

Environmental conditions affect nutrition, temperature, sunlight length, light quality, light intensity, water supply, air composition, etc. all have a certain effect on plant sex differentiation. Generally speaking, sufficient nitrogen nutrition, higher air and soil temperature, lower air temperature (especially low temperature at night), blue light, cold treatment before seeding, etc., are conducive to female differentiation; factors such as high temperature and red light promote Male differentiation. The effect of sunlight length varies depending on the type of plant photoperiod; generally, short-day sunlight promotes short-day plants (SDP) to have more female flowers and long-day plants (LDP) to have more male flowers; long-day sunlight has the opposite effect.

Chemical control of sex In greenhouse cultivation, there has been a long history of using fumigation to improve cucumber seed setting rate. Later, it was found that the active ingredient in "smoke" was carbon monoxide. Treating cucumber seedlings with 0.3% carbon monoxide can greatly reduce the number of male flowers and significantly increase the number of female flowers. Carbon monoxide treatment can not only change the proportion of male and female flowers, but also change the order of male and female flowers, reduce the node position of female flowers, and make cucumber grow to market in advance.

Plant hormones, such as auxin (IAA), gibberellin (GA), cytokinin (CTK), and ethylene (Eth) all have significant regulatory effects on plant sex differentiation. In general, GA promotes male differentiation, while IAA, Eth, and CTK promote female differentiation. The role of ABA lacks regularity. Eth can make cucurbits, including cucumbers and gourds, open female flowers earlier, increase the number of female flowers, increase yield, and has been applied in production.

Some growth regulators, including auxin, anti-auxin, and hormone synthesis inhibitors, have significant effects on plant sex differentiation.

Chitosan (CCC) is an inhibitor of GA synthesis. Spraying or watering cucumber seedlings with 10-1MCCC solution can make the plants completely feminine.

Some inorganic ions, such as Ag + (commonly used as AgNO3) and Co2 + (commonly used as CoCl2) can induce male flowers in female plants of some plants. AgNO3 and CoCl2 both strongly inhibit the biosynthesis of ethylene in plants. Their effects on sex may be Through the regulation of endogenous ethylene. Other ethylene synthesis inhibitors, such as aminoethoxyethylene glycine (AVG), can also induce male flowers in plants such as pistil and stamens. Application of ethylene, a liquid compound that releases ethylene, has induced male sterile wheat and rice.

Gender differentiation of plants is a special problem in the physiology of flower formation in plants, and it is also a problem in broader differentiation physiology. It is generally believed that the genes that form female and male organs in female and male plants have been pre-encoded in totipotent differentiated cells, and environmental factors or chemical agents only play a suppressive or de-suppressive role. For female and male plants, the relationship between sex reversal and sex chromosomes remains to be studied.