What Are the Stages of Prenatal Development?

This book systematically explains the development of children. From the prenatal development at the beginning of life, all the way to the child's physical development, perceptual development, cognitive development, language development, social development, self-cognition, gender roles, social relationships, children and family systems, and cultural relationships outside the family The impact of child development, etc. gives readers the most detailed and authoritative information

Child Development Psychology (13th Edition)

This book systematically explains the development of children. From the prenatal development at the beginning of life, all the way to the child's physical development, perceptual development, cognitive development, language development, social development, self-cognition, gender roles, social relationships, children and family systems, and cultural relationships outside the family The impact of child development, etc. gives readers the most detailed and authoritative information. ^[1]

Part one description

Chapter 1 Basic Issues in Development Studies / 1

The beginning of the second part of life

Chapter 2 Fetal Development / 29

Chapter 3 Birth and Early Infancy / 54

Part III Physical Development of Children

Chapter 4 Physical Development / 78

Chapter 5 Perceptual Development / 109

Part 4. Children's Thinking Development

Chapter 6 Cognitive Development 1: Structure and Process / 127

Chapter 7 Cognitive Development 2: Individual Differences in Cognitive Ability / 158

Chapter 8 Language Development / 181

Part V Social Development of Children

Chapter 9 Personality Development: Different Perspectives / 205

Chapter 10 Self, Gender, and Roles

Chapter 11 Social Relationship Development / 255

Chapter 12 Thinking About Relationships: Social Cognition and Moral Development / 283

Children as a whole

Chapter 13 Developing Ecology: Children in Family Systems / 305

Chapter 14 The Impact of a Wider Culture Outside the Home / 327

Chapter 15 Atypical Development / 359

Conclusion: Child Development Summary / 384

table of Contents

Part 1 instructions

1 Basic Issues in Development Studies / 1

Some Issues in Developmental Psychology Research / 2

Two key questions / 2

Impact on development / 4

Ecological Perspective and Cultural Background of Development / 7

Susceptibility and Resilience / 9

3 variations / 10

Development Theory / 11

Technology and Developing Children / 11

Mass Effect of Health Information on the Internet / 11

Psychoanalytic Theory / 12

Cognitive Theory / 13

Study Theory / 15

Developmental Science in the Real World / 17

Helping children who are afraid of going to school / 17

Comparative Theory / 18

Finding Answers: Research Design and Methods / 21

Objectives of Developmental Science / 21

Studying Age Related Changes / 21

Description / 23

Experimental methods / 24

Research and Thinking / 26

Findings for Media Reports / 26

Intercultural Studies / 26

Research Ethics / 28

Part 2 The Beginning of Life

2 Fetal Development / 29

Fertility and Genetics / 30

The process of conception / 30

Research and Thinking / 31

Assisted Reproductive Technology / 31

Genotypes, Phenotypes and Genetic Patterns / 32

Development from conception to birth / 35

Stages of Fetal Development / 35

Gender differences in pregnancy development / 40

Fetal Behavior / 41

Problems during Fetal Development / 42

Genetic disorder / 42

Developmental Science in the Real World / 44

Chromosomal abnormalities / 44

Teratogenic factors: maternal illness / 45

Technology and Developing Children / 48

High-tech monitoring of high-risk pregnancy / 48

Teratogenic factors: drugs / 48

Other teratogenic factors and influencing factors from mothers / 50

3 Early Birth and Early Infant / 54

Born / 55

Production process / 56

Low birth weight / 60

Early Infant Behavior / 61

Reflection and Behavior Status / 62

Research and Thinking / 66

Various babies crying / 66

Movement, feeling and perception / 66

Study / 67

Technology and Developing Children / 68

Helps Premature Babies Sucking / 68

Temperament and Social Skills / 69

Early Infant Physical and Mental Health / 71

Artificial feeding or breastfeeding? / 72

Nutrition, Health and Immunity / 72

Illness / 73

Infant mortality rate / 74

Part 3 Physical Development of Children

4 Physical development / 78

Brain and Nervous System / 79

Burst Growth / 79

Synapse formation / 80

Myelin formation / 81

Side advantage / 82

Size, Shape and Tips / 84

Growth / 84

Bone, Muscle and Fat / 86

Use of Stamina / 87

Endocrine and Reproductive System / 88

Hormones / 89

Changing order of boys and girls / 90

Time of Adolescence / 92

Sex in adolescents / 93

Incidence and predictors of sexual behavior / 93

Sexually Transmitted Diseases / 95

Teenage pregnancy / 96

Non-mainstream sex in young people / 97

Good sleep for children and parents / 99

Physical and Mental Health / 99

Developmental Science in the Real World / 99

Good sleep for children and parents / 99

Research and Thinking / 101

Overweight / 101

Technology and Developing Children / 103

Chronic wrist strain in children and adolescents / 103

Poverty and child health / 104

Dangerous behavior of adolescents / 105

Mortality / 108

5 Perceptual Development / 109

Thinking Perceptual Development / 110

Methods for Studying Early Cognitive Skills / 110

Interpretation of Perceptual Development / 111

Sensory Skills / 112

Vision / 113

Hearing and other feelings / 114

Perception Skills / 115

Watch / 115

Hearing / 118

Research and Thinking / 108

Technology and Developing Children / 119

Cochlear Implant and Speech Development / 119

Integration of several sensations / 120

Ignore Perceptual Information / 121

Object Concept / 122

Object Perception / 122

Object Perpetual / 123

Cognitive Social Signals / 124

Early differentiation of emotional expression / 125

Developmental Science in the Real World / 125

Infant's response to mother's depression / 125

Similarities and Differences across Cultures / 126

Part 4 Children's Thinking Development

6 Cognitive Development 1: Structure and Process / 127

Piaget's Basic Concepts / 128

Schematic / 129

Adaptation / 129

Motives for cognitive development / 131

Babies / 132

Stages of sensorimotor in Piaget's perspective / 132

Challenges to Piaget's baby perspective / 134

Technology and Developing Children / 134

What Babies Learned from TV / 134

Preschool Stage / 135

Piaget's perspective on the pre-operational stage / 136

Challenges to Piaget's Early Childhood Perspectives / 137

Theory of Mind / 138

Cross-cultural comparison of false beliefs and theory of mind / 140

Different Theories of Early Childhood Thinking Development / 140

School-age children / 142

Piaget's View on Specific Operational Stages / 143

Different Ways of Thinking in Specific Operations / 145

Youth / 146

Piaget's View on the Phase of Formal Operations / 146

Post-Piaget Work on Adolescent Thinking / 149

Research and Thinking / 150

Elkind's Teen Egoism / 150

Research and Thinking / 151

Dominant Issues and Children's Memory / 151

Development of Information Processing Techniques / 151

Change in processing capacity and efficiency / 152

Memory Strategy / 153

Metamemory and Metacognition / 155

Expertise / 157

7 Cognitive Development 2: Individual Differences in Cognitive Ability / 158

Measuring Intelligence / 159

Initial IQ Test / 159

Research and Thinking / 160

Flynn effect / 160

Modern IQ Test / 161

Test score stability / 163

What IQ Scores Predict / 164

Explain individual differences in IQ scores / 165

Twins and Fosters Study / 165

Family characteristics and IQ scores / 167

Early intervention and IQ score / 169

Genetic and Environmental Interactions / 171

How to explain group differences in IQ or achievement test scores / 171

Racial difference / 171

Technology and Developing Children / 172

Digital divide and cognitive test scores / 172

Developmental Science in the Real World / 172

Prejudice Threat / 172

Cross-cultural differences / 173

Gender differences / 175

Other opinions about Wisdom / 176

Information Processing Theory / 176

Sternberg's Theory of Intelligence / 178

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences / 179

Creativity / 180

8 Language Development / 181

Write at the beginning: Pre-Language Stage / 182

Early Voices and Postures / 182

Receptive language / 183

Learning Words and Semantics / 183

Research & Thinking / 184

Symbols and Posture Language for Deaf Children / 184

Original words / 184

Vocabulary Learning After / 186

Limitations of Language Learning / 187

Learning Rules: Grammar and Pragmatic Development / 188

Word Sentence and First Sentence / 188

Grammar surge / 189

Grammar Learning After / 191

Pragmatics / 191

Interpretation of Language Development / 192

Environmental Theory / 193

Congenital / 194

Structuralism / 195

Individual and ethnic differences in language development / 196

Difference in speed / 196

Cross-cultural similarities and differences in language development / 198

Learn to read and write / 199

Early Foundations: Rhyme / 199

Become a knowledgeable person in school / 200

Technology and Developing Children / 202

Writing and Brain Development / 202

Learning a Second Language / 202

Developmental Science in the Real World / 203

One language or two languages? / 203

Part V Social Development of Children

9 Personality Development: Different Perspectives / 205

Defining character / 206

Temperament / 206

Developmental Science in the Real World / 207

Temperament Extraversion in Infant / Toddler Classroom

Big Five Personality Test / 208

Technology and Developing Children / 210

Facebook and Big Five Personality / 210

Genetic and Biological Explanation of Personality / 211

Biology Controversy / 211

Critique of Biological Theory / 214

The Impact of Learning on Personality Formation / 215

Controversy of Learning Theory / 215

Critique of Learning Models / 217

Research and Thinking / 218

Controlling Core and Adolescent Health / 218

Psychoanalytic interpretation of character / 219

Psychoanalytic Arguments / 219

Freud's Sexual Psychological Stages / 221

Erikson's Psychosocial Stage / 222

Evidence and Applications / 224

Criticism of Psychoanalytic Theory / 225

A possible fusion / 226

10 Self, Gender and Sexual Roles / 229

Self Concept / 230

Subjective self / 230

Objective Self / 231

Emotional Self / 233

Self-Concept in School Age / 234

Self Concept and Adolescent Identity / 236

Ericson and Marcia's theoretical evidence / 238

Technology and Developing Children / 238

Identity games in a virtual environment / 238

Adolescent Racial Identity / 239

Developmental Science in the Real World / 241

Ceremony for children and adolescents / 241

Self-esteem / 242

Development of self-esteem / 242

Self-esteem stability over time / 244

Development of Gender and Gender Role Concepts / 244

Development Mode / 245

Research and Thinking / 246

Gender differences in temperament: real or imagined? / 246

Gender Role Concepts and Stereotypes / 247

Interpretation of Gender Role Development / 250

Biological Approach / 253

11 Development of Social Relations / 255

Relationship with parents / 256

Attachment Theory / 256

Parent-child emotional connection / 257

Children's Attachment to Parents / 258

Parent-child Relationship in Adolescence / 262

Differences in Attachment Qualities / 263

Safe and Unsafe Attachment / 263

Temperament and Attachment / 266

Stability and long-term outcome of attachment quality / 266

Relationship with peers / 269

Peer Relationships for Infants and Preschoolers / 269

Peer Relationship in School Age / 269

Social status / worth / 271

Peer Relationship in Adolescence / 272

Sibling Relationship / 277

Research and Thinking / 277

Resource dilution hypothesis / 277

Behavior between peers / 278

Prosocial Behavior / 278

Offensive behavior / 279

Developmental Science in the Real World / 279

Cultivate children who are willing to help and not selfish / 279

Trait Assault / 281

Technology and Developing Children / 282

Internet Evil / 282

12 Thinking About Relationships: Social Cognition and Moral Development / 283

Social Cognitive Development / 284

Several basic principles and issues / 284

Describe others / 285

Developmental Science in the Real World / 286

Acquisition and non-acquisition bias / 286

Understand how others feel / 287

Research and Thinking / 288

Avoiding violence by increasing children's emotional abilities / 288

Technology and Developing Children / 290

Children's Cinema Therapy / 290

Describe friendship / 290

Understanding Rules and Intents / 292

Moral Development / 293

Dimensions of Moral Development / 293

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development Hierarchy / 295

Causes and consequences of moral reasoning / 300

Another view / 302

Part 6 Children as a whole

13 Development Ecology: Children in Family Systems / 305

Understanding Home System / 306

Home System Theory / 306

Bronfenbrunner's Ecological Way / 307

Technology and Developing Children / 308

Extending Microsystems via Digital Communication / 308

Dimensions of Family Interaction / 309

Individuals in the Home System / 309

Warm and Reactive / 311

Model of Control and Communication Methods / 312

Research & Thinking / 313

Corporal punishment or not? / 313

Education / 314

Types of care style / 314

Parenting Styles and Development / 316

Culture, Race, Socioeconomic Status and Parenting / 317

Family structure, divorce and parent's work / 319

Family Structure / 319

Divorce / 323

Parent's Job / 324

Developmental Science in the Real World / 325

When Divorce Is Inevitable / 325

Social Support for Parents / 325

14 Impact from a wider culture outside the home / 327

Non-parental care / 328

Difficulties Caused by Non-parental Care / 328

Impact of Early Childhood Non-parental Care on Development / 329

Developmental Science in the Real World / 331

Choose a Child Care Centre / 331

Care before and after school / 331

Impact of School Life / 332

Early childhood education / 333

Technology and Developing Children / 334

Preschool Computers / 334

Elementary School / 336

Transformation of Secondary Schools / 339

Research & Thinking / 341

The Role of Working as a Youth / 341

Investing or Not Investing in Middle School Life / 341

Home Education / 343

Impact of Entertainment Media / 345

TV & Video Games / 345

Computer and Electronics Multitasking / 347

Macro-System Impact: The Impact of a Greater Culture

Socioeconomic status and development / 348

Race and Population / 352

Overall culture / 357

15 Atypical Development / 359

Understanding Atypical Development / 360

Type of problem / 360

Developmental Science in the Real World / 361

Theoretical Perspective of Atypical Development / 361

Developmental Psychopathology / 362

Attention Issues and Externalization Issues / 363

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder / 363

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) / 367

Disorders of Conduct (CD) / 368

Internalization issues / 370

Eating Disorders / 370

Depression / 372

Research and Thinking / 373

Bipolar Disorder in Children / 373

Teen suicide / 374

Technology and Developing Children / 374

Suicide and Social Networking / 374

Atypical Intelligence and Social Development / 376

Mental retardation / 376

Learning Disability / 377

Gifted Child / 379

Generalized developmental disorder / 379

School attendance of atypical children / 382

Postscript Summary of Child Development / 384

Transformation, Integration and Systems / 384

From birth to 24 months / 385

Core Process / 387

Impact of basic processes / 389

Preschool / 389

Core Process / 391

Impact on basic processes / 392

Elementary school / 392

Transition from 5 to 7 years old / 393

Core Process / 394

Impact on Basic Processes: The Role of Culture / 395

Adolescence / 396

Early adolescence and late adolescence / 396

Core Processes and Their Links / 398

Impact on basic processes / 399

Review of Basic Issues / 399

What are the main effects during development / 400

How big is the impact of time / 402

How important individual differences are / 405

One last point: the pleasure of development / 406 ^[1]