What Is an Injection Site Reaction?

Injection refers to the injection of liquid or gas into the human body with the aid of medical devices such as syringes, in order to achieve the purpose of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases. It is not the same as taking medicine. After injection, the medicine can reach the blood quickly and produce effects.

[zhù shè]

Injection

1. [inject]: inject the medicine into the body with a syringe

2. [injection]: A general term for a method of injecting a medicinal solution into a human body with a syringe. Intradermal,

Pouring out

Don

Intradermal injection

Intradermal injections are small, mostly 0.1ml. They are commonly used in various allergy tests (including tetanus toxoids, antibiotics and other drugs, serum and other allergy tests), vaccination (such as BCG, etc.) and local anesthesia. Dense, more nerve endings, slow absorption of anesthetics, so the local anesthesia was first injected intradermally to show orange peel-like hemorrhage, and then subcutaneously to reduce pain. Generally, the palmar side of the forearm is selected for intradermal tests, but the BCG is inoculated intradermally in the middle of the left upper arm deltoid muscle.

injection

Subcutaneous injection

Subcutaneous injection is to inject the drug solution into the subcutaneous tissue. Because the subcutaneous tissue is loose, nerves, blood vessels, and lymph fluid are abundant, the drug is easily absorbed, but there is pain during injection. It is often used for vaccines and vaccination, local anesthesia, and certain drugs (such as epinephrine). Usually choose the lower edge of the lateral deltoid muscle of the upper arm, the lower edge of the scapula or the abdomen (rabies vaccine), the lateral thigh and so on. Generally, the needle is inserted into 1.5 2cm, and the liquid can be pushed in without drawing back blood. Irritating drugs such as noradrenaline are not suitable for subcutaneous injection. For a small number of patients with cardiac insufficiency or severe dehydration, a subcutaneous infusion can be used. A long needle is used to penetrate the subcutaneous skin of the thigh. The infusion is connected to drip the liquid slowly, and the absorption is satisfactory.

Injection

Intramuscular injection is also called intramuscular injection. It is widely used and can be used to push various irritating drugs (such as penicillin, sulfa, vitamins, enzymes, alkaloids, blood, tetanus antitoxin, etc.). The muscle blood vessels are particularly rich, and the drug injection can be quickly absorbed, and the general dosage is 5-10ml. The injection site is often used for deltoid muscle, gluteus maximus, gluteal muscle, gluteus minor, lateral femoral muscle and so on. Generally, the needle is 2.5 ~ 3cm. The gluteus maximus is most commonly used. The cross method draws a horizontal line from the apex of the gluteus to the left or right, and then draws a vertical bisector from the highest point of the condyle, avoiding the inner corner in the outer upper quadrant as the injection site. In the method of infusion, the upper 1/3 of the line between the anterior superior iliac spine and the coccyx was taken as the injection site. If the muscles relax, the needle is inserted and removed quickly, and the drug is pushed slowly, the general drug intramuscular injection is painless. If the injection site is away from the nerves and blood vessels, and no blood is drawn back before the drug is pushed, the intramuscular injection is safer. Or intravenous drip, when subcutaneous can not be used, occasionally intramuscular drip can be used, but the muscle tissue is tight, the liquid can not be injected quickly and there are many muscle blood vessels, unsafe.

Intravenous injection

Intravenous injection is to slowly inject a medicinal solution into a vein within 20 to 30 minutes with a syringe. It is often used in critically ill patients in order to achieve rapid results. The general dosage is more than 10ml, which is irritating and requires rapid action. Animal serum products (such as tetanus antitoxin) can be injected intravenously. The injection sites are mostly the middle vein (elbow), saphenous vein (inner thigh), neck Veins and scalp veins (mostly used in children), etc. (Figure 2). Should be relatively straight and thick, non-sliding, easy to fix the vein, long-term intravenous injection should use small blood vessels (dorsal hands, dorsal feet, superficial veins). Contrast agents can also be injected into the veins, such as dimeglumine glucosamine, uramine, etc. to perform cholecystography, pyelography, spinal vein angiography, digital brain imaging and so on. In echocardiography, an acoustic contrast agent (such as hydrogen peroxide-sodium bicarbonate-acetic acid mixed solution) can be injected through a vein to make the blood bubbles contain tiny bubbles to produce a contrast effect. Intravenous injection has strict requirements on aseptic technique. The solution for injection must be a transparent aqueous solution that does not cause pyrogens and cannot be lower than blood after penetration. Common accidents in intravenous injection are needle penetration angle too straight, or force too much to pierce the blood vessel; or the needle tip penetrates the blood vessel too little, when the tourniquet is loosened, the needle tip comes out and the liquid is injected into the skin; local pain and swelling Up. ^[1]

Intravenous infusion

Intravenous drip

A large amount of fluid is dripped directly into a vein. That is, after puncturing the vein, the medicinal solution is continuously dripped into the vein from a hanging bottle through a Murphy dropper and a rubber tube. It can be used to import drugs (such as antibiotics, sulfa, anticancer drugs), nutrient solutions, blood and its preparations, supplement blood volume, maintain acid-base and water-electrolyte balance, supply nutrients and drugs, dilute toxins, and reduce intracranial pressure. Generally, the needle should be pulled out 12 to 16 hours after instillation every day, and then infused the next day. Prolonged infusion can cause superficial vein embolism. If long-term infusion is needed, the distal vein of the limb should be used first, and then the proximal vein should be used. To avoid obstruction of the superficial vein, the deep vein can be cut or punctured for intravenous drip. Commonly used methods include incision of the great saphenous vein or puncture of the femoral vein, subclavian vein, and placement of a soft catheter so that the infusion can last for a long time and avoid daily puncture. However, the catheter head stimulates local blood vessels for a long time, which can also lead to inflammation and occlusion of the blood vessels. Therefore, the catheter should be pulled out 2 to 3 mm every 5 to 7 days. Intravenous blood transfusion is similar to infusion but uses a thicker needle.

Injection

Intra-arterial injection quickly injects a certain kind of thicker medicinal solution and blood into arterial blood vessels, in order to achieve rapid blood volume replenishment, anti-shock, increase coronary perfusion flow, and anti-tumor. Usually the limb arteries, internal carotid arteries, subclavian arteries are punctured. The catheter is placed through the femoral artery, the catheter is introduced into the iliac artery, and arterial perfusion is performed by manual compression or pump pressure. Antitumor drugs can be injected to make the drugs reach the tumor quickly and completely. It can be injected with dialysate and adsorbent to treat renal failure, liver coma, and hyperlipidemia. Contrast agents are also frequently injected into the arteries for cerebral angiography, spinal angiography, renal angiography, left heart or coronary angiography. The advantage is that the drug is directly injected into the arterial blood vessels, quickly reaches the lesion, and avoids the portal system, and the drug is not damaged by the liver. However, arterial injection and arterial injection of contrast agents require certain technical and equipment conditions.

Intracardiac injection

Intracardial injection. Inject the medicine into the ventricular cavity to restore the heartbeat. Often applied at the same time as cardiac massage. There are two kinds of injection methods: external chest and internal chest (applied after opening the chest). Commonly used drugs are epinephrine, procainamide, lidocaine, and atropine.

Intracorporeal injection

Intra-body cavity injection syringes inject drugs into each body cavity for treatment. Commonly used are intraventricular injection, intrathecal injection, intrapleural injection, artificial pneumothorax and pneumoperitoneum for pulmonary tuberculosis, intraperitoneal injection, and intraarticular injection.