What is optical spectroscopy?
Optical spectroscopy is a means of studying the properties of physical objects based on measurement of the object emitting and interacting with light. It can be used to measure attributes such as the chemical composition of the object, temperature and speed. It includes visible, ultraviolet or infrared light, itself or in combination and is part of a larger group of spectroscopic techniques called electromagnetic spectroscopy. Optical spectroscopy is an important technique in modern scientific fields such as chemistry and astronomy. The human eye perceives the presence and absence of different wavelengths as different colors. For example, photons with a wavelength of 620 to 750 nanometers are perceived as red, and therefore an object that primarily emits or reflects photons in this range looks red. The devices called the spectrometer can be analyzed with much greater accuracy. This accurate measurement - combined with understanding of different light properties that produce, reflect or absorb different substancesIt under different conditions - is the basis of optical spectroscopy.
various chemical elements and compounds differ in how they emit or interact with photons due to quantum mechanical difference in atoms and molecules that form them. The light measured by the spectrometer after reflection of light, passing or emitted by the studied object, what is called the spectral line. These lines are sharp discontinuities of light or darkness in the spectrum that indicate an unusually high or unusually low number of photons of specific wavelengths. Different substances create distinctive spectral lines that can be used to identify them. These spectral lines are also affected by factors such as the temperature and speed of the object, so spectroscopy can also be used to measure them. In addition to the wavelength, other light properties such as its intensity can also provide useful information.
optical spectroscopy can be doneENA in several different ways, depending on what is being studied. Individual spectrometers are specialized devices that focus on accurate analysis of specific narrow parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Therefore, there are a wide range of types for different applications.
One main type of optical spectroscopy, called absorption spectroscopy, is based on the identification that the substance absorbs the substance by measuring the photons to pass. Light can be made specifically for this purpose by equipment such as lamps or lasers, or may come from a natural source such as star light. It is most commonly used with gases that are diffuse dueng to interact with light while allowing it to pass. Absorption spectroscopy is useful for identifying chemicals and can be used to distinguish elements or compounds in the mixture.
This method is also extremely important in modern astronomy and is often used to study the temperature and chemical composition of heavenly objects. AsTronomic spectroscopy also measures the speed of distant objects using the Doppler effect. It seems that the bright waves from the object moving towards the observer have higher frequencies, and thus a lower wave length than the light waves from the object at rest due to the observer, while the waves from the object moving away seem to be lower frequency. These phenomena are called blueshift and redshift, as the frequency of the wool of visible light moves it towards the blue/purple end of the spectrum, reducing the frequency towards the red.
Another important formaoptic spectroscopy is called emission spectroscopy. If atoms or molecules are excited by an external energy source such as light or heat, the energy levels will be temporarily increased before they fall back to their ground. When excited particles return to their ground, they release excess energy in the form of photons. As in the case of absorption, different substances emit photons of different wavelengths that PAK can be measured and analyzed. In one common form of this technique, called fluorescence spectroscopy, the analyzed subject is under voltage of light, usually ultraviolet light. Atomic emission spectroscopy is used fire, electricity or plasma.
Fluorescent spectroscopy is commonly used in biology and medicine because it is less harmful to biological materials than other methods and because some organic molecules are naturally fluorescent. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is used in chemical analysis and is particularly effective for detection. Different types of atomic absorption spectroscopy are used for purposes such as identifying valuable ores, analysis of evidence of crime scenes and maintaining quality control in metallurgy and industry.