What Is the Role of Physics in Nuclear Medicine?
Nuclear medicine is an emerging discipline that uses nuclear technology to diagnose, treat, and study diseases. It is the combination of modern science and technology and medicine, such as nuclear technology, electronic technology, computer technology, chemistry, physics and biology. Nuclear medicine can be divided into two categories, namely clinical nuclear medicine and basic nuclear medicine or experimental nuclear medicine.
- Chinese name
- Nuclear medicine
- Foreign name
- Nuclear Medicine
- Aka
- Atomic medicine
- Time of origin
- 1896
- Place of origin
- France
- Application area
- Diagnosis, treatment and medicine
- discoverer
- Becquerel
- Nuclear medicine is an emerging discipline that uses nuclear technology to diagnose, treat, and study diseases. It is the combination of modern science and technology and medicine, such as nuclear technology, electronic technology, computer technology, chemistry, physics, and biology. Nuclear medicine can be divided into two categories, namely clinical nuclear medicine and basic nuclear medicine or experimental nuclear medicine.
Introduction to Nuclear Medicine
- Nuclear medicine
Origins of Nuclear Medicine
- In 1896, French physicist Becquerel discovered the radioactivity of uranium and first recognized the phenomenon of radioactivity (when studying uranium salts, it was found that uranium can sensitize nearby photosensitive films wrapped in paper bags, and thus concluded that uranium can continuously emit spontaneously Some kind of invisible, penetrating rays).
Nuclear medicine content
- Nuclear medicine
- Experimental nuclear medicine and clinical nuclear medicine are two parts.
- Experimental nuclear medicine uses nuclear technology to explore the nature of life phenomena and the laws of material change. It has been widely used in basic medical theoretical research. Its contents mainly include nuclear decay measurement, labeling, tracing, in vitro radiation analysis, activation analysis, and autoradiography. Clinical nuclear medicine is a clinical medical discipline that uses open radionuclides to diagnose and treat diseases. It consists of two parts: diagnosis and treatment. Diagnostic nuclear medicine includes in vivo diagnostic methods with organ imaging and functional measurement as the main content and in vitro diagnostic methods with in vitro radiation analysis as the main content; therapeutic nuclear medicine uses radionuclide emission Nuclear radiation is used to treat the lesions with high concentration.
Nuclear medicine research
- Related books
Nuclear medicine definition
- Nuclear medicine: he yixue; Nuclear Medicine; plutonium (nuclear medicine) is a discipline that studies the application of nuclide and nuclear radiation in medicine and biomedical theory.
Nuclear medicine applications
- This diagnostic method generally has the advantages of sensitivity, simplicity, safety, and no damage. It has a wide range of uses and can be used for almost all functional tests of tissues and organs or systems. The most commonly used isotope diagnoses fall into three categories.
- Certificate of authenticity
- Isotope organ imaging not only reflects organ morphology, but also shows the biochemical or physiological functions of the organ. For example, hepatic scintigraphy reflects hepatocyte phagocytosis, brain scintigraphy reflects blood-brain barrier function, and lung scans reflect lung perfusion or ventilation function. Scintillation photography can also continuously photograph an organ, enabling doctors to dynamically observe organ function and pathological changes.
- Nuclear medicine
- Measurement of organ function. Isotope method for measuring organ function. For example, measure the number and speed of thyroid I ions to check the status of thyroid function. After the injection of (iodine-131) -o-iodine uric acid, use a detection instrument to simultaneously record the radioactive rise and fall curves of the kidney areas on both sides to check the sides. Renal blood flow, renal tubular secretion function, and ureter patency; after Cr-labeled red blood cells were injected, the rate of radioactive disappearance in the blood was measured to detect the life span of red blood cells.
- In vitro radiation analysis. With competitive radiometric analysis, this ultra-micro analysis technology can accurately measure less than 10-10 grams of hormones, drugs, poisons and other components in samples such as bleeding and urine. Hundreds of biologically active substances have been determined by this method. China has used this technology in early pregnancy tests, blood donor hepatitis virus tests, and liver cancer screenings. In addition, various trace elements in hair, nails, blood, urine and other samples can be detected by neutron activation analysis to diagnose some diseases caused by abnormal trace elements.
- Nuclear rays have the ability to kill cells. The treatment of hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine is the most successful example of internal isotope therapy. The -rays of I can effectively destroy the thyroid tissue, which is equivalent to a "knife-free operation". P is often used to treat polycythemia vera. Radioactive phosphorus and strontium isotope application therapy can also be used to treat skin diseases and ophthalmic diseases in superficial parts such as hemangiomas, eczema, and corneal inflammation. In addition, external irradiation treatments such as cobalt therapeutic machines, electronic induction accelerators, and linear accelerators have become important methods for the treatment of malignant tumors, accounting for up to 70% of cancer treatments, and covering most diseases of cancer.
Principles of Nuclear Medicine
- Nuclear medicine
- Drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract or injection site;
- the route and speed of drug discharge;
- the transformation of drugs in the body, including the number, nature and excretion rate of metabolites;
- the concentration and penetration of drugs and their metabolites in organs or subcellular structures;
- Determine the "active" metabolites of the drug and evaluate its pharmacological effects. For example, you can use the autoradiography technique of whole sections of small animals to observe the localization and phase changes of labeled drugs in various tissues and organs of the entire animal.
Nuclear medicine drug activity
- The transfer of radioactive agents in the body is commonly used as an indicator of some physiological and biochemical functions, and the effect of the drug on this indicator is observed to evaluate the pharmacological activity of the drug. For example, the amount of radioactive phosphorus deposited in the bones of rats with rickets can be used to determine the strength of vitamin D; the degree of Rb taken up by the myocardium reflects coronary blood flow, and preliminary screening of drugs that may be used to treat coronary heart disease.
- Drug analysis Competitive radiation analysis is a reliable method for quantitatively monitoring the concentration of drugs in the blood. It can find out whether patients are taking toxic drugs or not, and can ensure effective and safe use of drugs in metallurgy. Isotope dilution method can also be used to determine the exact content of pesticides, antibiotics or other drugs in a batch of products.
Nuclear medicine radiation disinfection
- Gamma rays from large Co sources, or high-energy electron beams from electron linear accelerators, both have the effect of killing microorganisms and can be used for radiation disinfection. Radiation disinfection does not require heating, so it is also called "cold disinfection". Many heat-resistant drugs, such as antibiotics, hormones, enzymes, anticoagulants, plasma, vitamins, sterols, caffeine, morphine, and some ointments, are best disinfected with radiation. Another method is to add short-lived radioactive isotopes to the injections and irradiate them internally to achieve the purpose of disinfection.
Health protection of nuclear medicine
- 1. Workers should understand the basic knowledge and clinical knowledge of radionuclides, and be familiar with various working practices. They must pass the examination and pass the relevant regulations in accordance with relevant regulations and hold a radioactive work permit in accordance with national regulations before they can officially participate in operations.
- 2. The architecture of the medical nuclide room is roughly divided into: clean area (office, conference room); work area (measurement room, scanning room, tracer room, etc.); active area (injection room, storage room, packaging room, washing room) , Ward, etc.). The working area and active area should be further divided into high, medium and low active areas according to different radioactive intensities. There should be hygienic passages and cleaning and decontamination facilities between the cleaning area, the active area and the work area; each of the cleaning area and the active area should have independent access to the outside, and there should be separate toilets for staff and patients to enter and use.
- 3 Workers should wear protective equipment when entering the active area, and should be cleaned in a hygienic passage before leaving the highly active operating area.
- 4 Camp equipment, equipment, cleaning tools, etc. must be used in a fixed area and must not be confused; all cleaning methods in the nuclear medicine department are all wet and dust-free.
- 5. The nuclear medicine studio must be equipped with radioactive solid, liquid, and gaseous radioactive waste treatment and / or storage facilities; the articles used by patients should be used in a fixed manner, and excreta and dressings, cotton, and paper that come in contact with excreta should be carried out in accordance with relevant national regulations deal with.
- 6. Radionuclide (radiopharmaceutical) operations, including preparation, packaging, application, storage, etc., should be implemented in a dedicated operation room; among them, open high-activity operations (generator washing, labeling, and packaging) should be dedicated It should be carried out in a fume hood; necessary protective equipment such as decontamination and ventilation should be provided in the high-activity operation room.
- 7. Do not eat, drink, or stay in the active work area (except for patients undergoing special examinations).
- 8. Radionuclide operations shall not be performed in clean areas and other non-active areas, and radioactive materials and appliances shall not be brought in, and patients who have used radioactive drugs may not enter to prevent radioactive contamination.
- 9. All workers should conduct occupational physical examinations regularly and establish health records; they must consciously abide by relevant protective regulations and operating rules, and have the obligation to actively participate in the management and supervision of radioactive workplaces, and to report to higher authorities and relevant departments in a timely manner when there are special circumstances.
- 10 Work in strict accordance with the requirements of operating procedures. Without permission, the tracer dose and examination (imaging) conditions administered to patients must not be changed at will.
Nuclear Medicine Book Information
- Title: Nuclear Medicine
- Author: Ling-Bo
- Publisher: Science Press
- Publication time: June 22, 2010
- ISBN: 9787030196200
- Folio: 16
- Price: 49.80 yuan
Introduction to Nuclear Medicine
- 1. Combined with clinical, medical students must master simple nuclear physics knowledge. 2. Combined with clinical, medical students must master basic knowledge of nuclear medicine. 3. Combined with clinical, medical students must master the basic knowledge and protection knowledge of ionizing radiation 4. Immunity competition analysis technology, including non-radioactive technology. 5. Imaging of the whole system. 6. Positron nuclide imaging. 7. Nuclide therapy, including currently mature methods.
Nuclear Medicine Textbook Information
8th Edition of Nuclear Medicine
- Author: Li Shaolin, Wang Rongfu editor
- Nuclear Medicine Eighth Edition
- Publisher: People's Medical Publishing House
- Publication time: 2013-3-1
- Number of editions: 8 pages: 309 words: 578000
- Printing time: 2013-3-1 Format: Large 16 format Paper: Offset paper
- Imprint: 1 I SBN: 9787117171984 Packaging: Paperback
Nuclear Medicine Seventh Edition Basic Information
- Title: Nuclear Medicine
- Cover
- Author: Li Shaolin, Wang Rongfu editor
- Publisher: People's Medical Publishing House
- ISBN: 7117101981
- Publication time: 2008-6
- Book category: R · 10199
- Folio: 16
Introduction to Nuclear Medicine
- The new 7th edition of the book "Nuclear Medicine" strives to reflect the teaching content of the new century and the results of curriculum reforms, the development and frontiers of nuclear medicine, and to be able to adapt to the challenges of the global economic development and discipline development in the new century to the talent training model of universities and The need for new educational ideas, the compilation of this set of textbooks also pay attention to the cultivation of students 'quality education and innovation and practical ability, pay attention to training the ability of medical students to use nuclear medicine knowledge to solve clinical practical problems, and coordinate the development of students' knowledge, ability, and quality lay the foundation.
- At the same time, the 7th edition of "Nuclear Medicine" still adheres to the excellent tradition and writing style of the Ministry of Health's clinical medical unified textbooks, reflecting the continuity of this set of textbooks.
- In the relevant chapters of this book, comparative imaging studies have been added. Try to use PET / CT, SPECT / CT fusion maps or add CT, MRI, X-rays to nuclear medicine imaging maps. The main features and meanings of CT, MRI, and X-ray films for the diagnosis of system diseases are also added to the text.
- In some chapters, try to write textbooks suitable for PBL teaching. Taking the problem as the center, disease as the center, PET or SPECT as the center, various forms are incorporated into this book, and the necessity, advantages, principles, methods, and clinical application value evaluation of nuclear medicine examination or treatment are introduced step by step.
Nuclear Medicine Directory
- introduction
- Section I Subject Contents and Features
- Development of Nuclear Medicine
- How to learn nuclear medicine
- Chapter 1 Nuclear Physics
- Section Atom Structure
- I. Isotope, nuclide, isomer
- Second, stability and radionuclides
- Section II Radioactive Decay
- I. Types of nuclear decay
- Second, the law of nuclear decay
- Section III Interaction between Ray and Matter
- I. Interaction between charged particles and matter
- Second, the interaction of photons and matter
- Chapter II Instrument
- Section I Basic Principles of Nuclear Detection Instruments
- First, the basic principles of nuclear detection instruments
- 2.In vitro sample measurement equipment and radiation protection equipment
- Section Y Camera,
- First, the basic structure of the Y camera
- Working principle of Y camera
- Section III SPECT and dual probe coincide detection
- First, the basic structure of SPECT
- Second, the working principle of SPECT
- 3. SPECT imaging characteristics
- Fourth, SPECT data acquisition and tomographic reconstruction
- Five, dual probes meet the detection
- Section 4 PET, PET / CT and Image Fusion Technology
- First, the basic structure and principle of PET
- PET / CT and image fusion technology
- Three, small animal PET
- Section 5 Organ Function Measuring Instrument
- First, thyroid function tester
- Kidney chart instrument
- Three, multifunctional instrument
- Chapter III Radiopharmaceuticals.
- Section I Concept, Classification and Characteristics of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Section 2 Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals
- Section III Radiopharmaceuticals for Treatment
- Section 4 PET Radiopharmaceuticals
- Section 5 Nuclide Sources in Radiopharmaceuticals
- Section 6 Quality Control of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Chapter 4 Radiation Protection.
- Section I Radiation Dose Unit
- I. Exposure
- Second, absorbed dose
- Third, the equivalent dose
- Section II Radioactive Sources Acting on the Human Body
- I. Natural background radiation
- Medical exposure
- Third, other artificial radiation
- Section 3 Effects of Radiation on the Human Body
- I. Deterministic and random effects
- 2. The chemical basis of radiation damage
- Section 4 Principles and Measures of Radiation Protection
- I. Principles of Radiation Protection
- Second, external exposure protection measures
- Third, internal radiation protection
- Section 5 Comparison of Radiation Dose of Nuclear Medicine Staff and Patients
- I. Comparison of the dose of clinical nuclear medicine examination with other clinical examination items
- Second, the comparison of clinical nuclear medicine examination dose and natural background radiation
- Analysis of radiation doses to nuclear medicine staff
- Section 6 Medical Exposure Guidance Levels for Nuclear Medicine Diagnosis
- Chapter 5 Radionuclide Tracing Technology and Imaging.
- Section 1 Principles and Features of Radionuclide Tracing Technology
- First, the principle of tracing
- Methodological characteristics
- Third, the main types and their characteristics
- Section II Radionuclide Imaging
- I. Methodology
- Types and characteristics of imaging
- Three points of image analysis
- Fourth, radionuclide imaging characteristics
- Chapter 6 In Vitro Analysis
- Chapter VII Endocrine System
- Chapter VIII The Nervous System
- Chapter IX Nervous System
- Chapter 10 Respiratory System
- Chapter 11 Skeletal System
- Chapter XII Tumor Imaging
- Chapter 13 Imaging of Inflammation
- Chapter 14 Digestive System
- Chapter XV Urinary System
- Chapter XVI Blood and Lymph Imaging
- Chapter 17 Radionuclide Therapy
- Chinese and English noun comparison