What Are the Different Uses of Selenium?
Selenium is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Se. It is located in Group VI A of the fourth cycle in the periodic table of chemical elements and is a non-metal. It can be used as photosensitive material, catalyst for electrolytic manganese industry, essential nutrients for animals and beneficial nutrients for plants. There are two types of selenium in nature: inorganic selenium and plant active selenium. Inorganic selenium generally refers to sodium selenite and sodium selenium, which are obtained from the by-products of metal minerals; the latter is formed by combining selenium with amino acids through biological transformation, and generally exists in the form of selenomethionine.
- Chinese name
- selenium
- English name
- selenium
- Chemical formula
- Se
- Molecular weight
- 78.96
- CAS Registry Number
- 7782-49-2
- Melting point
- 221
- Boiling point
- 684.9
- Water soluble
- Insoluble in water and alcohol, soluble in sulfuric acid, nitric acid and alkali
- Density
- 4.81g / cm³
- Exterior
- Gray metallic shiny solid
- Normal human urine selenium
- 0.01 ~ 0.15mg / L
- Serum normal selenium
- 15 ~ 25 (micrograms) / dl
- Selenium is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Se. It is located in Group VI A of the fourth cycle in the periodic table of chemical elements and is a non-metal. It can be used as photosensitive material, catalyst for electrolytic manganese industry, essential nutrients for animals and beneficial nutrients for plants. There are two types of selenium in nature: inorganic selenium and plant active selenium. Inorganic selenium generally refers to sodium selenite and sodium selenium, which are obtained from the by-products of metal minerals; the latter is formed by combining selenium with amino acids through biological transformation, and generally exists in the form of selenomethionine.
Historical Development of Selenium
- Jons Jacob Becelius
- Year of Discovery: 1817
- Discovery process: In 1817, Betselius, Sweden, made selenium from the red powder at the bottom of the lead chamber of the sulfuric acid plant. He also found allomorphs of selenium. He reduced the oxide of selenium to obtain orange amorphous selenium; slowly cooled the molten selenium to obtain gray crystal selenium; allowed the selenide to decompose naturally in the air to obtain black crystal selenium. Selenium is a multifunctional life nutrient. It is often used in more than 40 diseases including tumors, Keshan disease, Kashin-Beck disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, liver disease, prostate disease , heart disease, and cancer. It is widely used in cancer, surgery, Chemotherapy and so on .
- Selenium is divided into plant active selenium and inorganic selenium. Inorganic selenium generally refers to sodium selenite and sodium selenium, including yeast selenium and malt selenium, which have a large amount of inorganic selenium residues. They are obtained from by-products of metal minerals. Inorganic selenium has It is relatively toxic and not easily absorbed. It is not suitable for human and animal use. Plant active selenium is formed by combining biotransformation with amino acids and generally exists in the form of selenomethionine. Plant active selenium is a source of selenium that humans and animals are allowed to use.
- The scientific and technological level of plant active selenium mainly depends on the absorption and utilization of the human body. From this point of view: China's independently developed selenium is more suitable for human body absorption than foreign selenium.
Selenium industry
Selenium trends
- Selenium is one of the scattered non-metals. Crude selenium is a by-product of the copper smelting process. The selenium output has been growing slowly and the annual supply is limited. The use of selenium is very wide, it can be used in many fields such as metallurgy, glass, ceramics, electronics, solar energy, feed, etc., and with the development of the world economy and the emergence of new application fields, the downstream demand for selenium has continued to increase, to a certain extent As a result, the price of selenium has been rising. However, as the price of selenium continues to rise, its downstream consumption structure will continue to adjust to changes in prices. It is expected that the profit margin of traditional selenium products will remain at a medium level, while the profit margin of high-end selenium products with higher technological thresholds is expected. Will remain at a high level.
Selenium industry
- In Enshi, the world's selenium capital, this selenium resource is relatively abundant and concentrated and belongs to the high selenium area. Geologically proven selenium deposits are located in the middle of the northwest wing of Shuanghe syncline in Xintang Township, Enshi City. The main deposits are plate-like structures. The core mining area has a length of 6 kilometers, a width of 1.5 kilometers, an area of 0.88 square kilometers, an average selenium content of 3637.5mg / kg, a selenium content of 230-6300mg / kg, and a selenium ore reserve of more than 5 billion tons. Mining value of selenium metal (industrial pure selenium) is 45.699 tons. The content of selenium in Yutangba rock is up to 6300mg / kg, which is 11 times of the highest selenium-containing rock found in foreign countries. According to the conclusion, the selenium deposit in Yutangba, Shuanghe, Xintang Township, Enshi City has become the place where the "single and unique industrial selenium deposit in the world is independent" so far, filling the gap in the world without independent selenium deposit
Selenium research
- (1) To further improve the purity of selenium and reduce the content of impurities therein;
- (2) To further reduce the production cost of high-purity selenium;
- (3) Increase the comprehensive recovery rate and the utilization rate of raw materials.
Basic information on selenium
- Chinese name: [[x]
- selenium
- Greek name: Selene
- Molecular formula: Se
- Relative atomic mass: 78.96
- Atomic number: 34
- Proton number: 34
- Neutrons: 45
- Nuclear charge number: 34
- Period: 4
- Electronic layer arrangement: 2-8-18-6
- Atomic radius: 1.22
- Isotope: Se-74, Se-76, Se-77, Se-78, Se-80, Se-82
- Element type: Non-metallic element; Group VIA element.
- Atomic volume (cm3 / mole): 16.45 cm3 / mole
Physical properties of selenium
- Selenium (2 photos)
- Selenium element is a red or gray powder with a metallic luster of gray metal. Of the six solid allotropes known, three crystals ( mono italic, mono italic, and gray triangular) are the most important. Among the crystals, the gray hexagonal system is the most stable, with a density of 4.81 g / cm 3 . It also exists in three amorphous solid forms: red and black two amorphous glassy selenium. The former is brittle with a density of 4.26 g / cm 3 ; the latter has a density of 4.28 g / cm 3; the other is colloidal selenium.
- Brittle and toxic. Soluble in carbon disulfide, benzene and quinoline.
- It can conduct electricity, and its conductivity changes dramatically with the intensity of light. Can make semiconductors and photosensitive materials.
- Melting point: 217 ° C.
- Boiling point: 684.9 ° C.
Chemical properties of selenium
- The first ionization energy is 9.752 electron volts. Selenium burns in the air and emits a blue flame, producing selenium dioxide (SeO 2 ). It directly interacts with hydrogen and halogen and can directly combine with metal to form selenide. It cannot interact with non-oxidizing acids, but it is soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid and strong alkali. Selenium is obtained by oxidation of selenium. Hydrogen selenide dissolved in water can precipitate many heavy metal ions into selenide particles. Selenium and metals with an oxidation state of +1 can generate two kinds of selenides, namely orthoselenide (M 2 Se) and acid selenide (MHSe). Positive aqueous solutions of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal selenides will dissolve elemental selenium to form polyselenium compounds (M 2 Sen), similar to the sulfur that can form polysulfides. [1]
Selenium source
Overview of Selenium Resources
- The content of selenium in the earth's crust is 0.05 X 10 -6 , and it is usually extremely difficult to form industrial enrichment. The occurrence state of selenium can be roughly divided into three categories: one exists in the form of independent minerals, the other exists in the same-phase form, and the third exists in the form of clay mineral adsorption. Among them, the production of independent selenium minerals is much less, because the selenium in the earth's crust is thousands of times lower than sulfur, and selenium and sulfur belong to the oxygen group element. Certain geochemical properties of the two, such as ionic radius (S-0.184 nm, Se-0.191 nm), ion potential (S-1.09 eV, Se-1.05 eV), lattice energy (S-1.15, Se. 1.0), etc. are very similar Selenium easily replaces sulfur in sulfides and does not easily form selenides. The natural reserves of selenium in copper mines are 170,000 tons, and the recoverable reserves are about 82,000 tons. In 2004, the world's selenium extraction volume was 1,330 tons. Japan, Canada, Belgium and Germany are big producers of selenium. So far, more than one hundred species of selenium minerals have been discovered, of which only two were found in China for the first time: selenium antimonite (Sb 2 Se 3 ) and monoclinic selenium copper ore (CuSeO 3 · 2H 2 0). Since the conditions for selenium to form independent minerals are very limited, it was thought that a large amount of selenium independent minerals could be formed only under the conditions of hydrothermal activity after the magmatic stage and low sulfur fugacity. It has been found for some years that selenium is enriched in the construction of some black rock series. For example, in the Xingshan Baiguoyuan silver-vanadium deposit (produced in the Sinian Doushantuo Formation), selenium-silver, seleno-silver, and selenium-rich selenium-germanium silver deposits were found; Laerma-Momo gold in the Western Qinling Mountains Selenium sulfur antimony ore, selenium sulfur antimony copper ore, ash selenium antimony copper ore, selenium selenium lead ore, and selenium nickel ore were found in a selenium deposit, and selenium copper selenium copper selenium copper blue, blue selenium copper ore, and copper selenium were found in Yutangba selenium deposit in Enshi, Hubei. Selenium copper ore and so on.
- Selenium deposits can be divided into the following types:
- The magmatic rock type (copper-nickel sulfide) deposit is the most important type of associated selenium deposit, and its reserves account for about 1/2 of the country, and selenium minerals mainly exist in sulfides;
- Porphyry-type (copper) deposits, Pb-zn deposits and cassiterite-sulfide deposits. These are selenium-containing hydrothermal deposits. In addition, there are gold and silver deposits containing se and Te and selenide-containing deposits. Pitch uranium deposit
- Volcanic and volcanic genesis deposits. Many volcanic genesis sulfur deposits often contain Se, sometimes up to a few percent, and pyrite-type deposits are also one of the sources for selenium extraction. Sedimentary independent selenium deposits such as vanadium, Potassium and uranium deposits, black shale, carbonaceous siliceous, coal, and phosphorite deposits.
- Selenium is a highly volatile trace element in coal other than S, N, F, CI, Br, and Hg. It is one of the potentially toxic trace elements in coal and one of the elements that burn coal. Most of the selenium in coal is distributed In pyrite. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spectrum analysis found that selenium in pyrite in British coal was 0-1250 ppm, with an average of 97 ppm, pyrite was 2-452 ppm, with an average of 108 ppm, and selenium was found in pyrite The distribution is random. After analyzing the minerals in some coals in Europe and the United States, it was found that the selenium content in pyrite is significantly higher than that of kaolinite, illite and quartz. The reason is that organic rocks can easily precipitate Se from circulating water as a reducing agent. Se has similar Ge and As content in many known coals. Estimated selenium emissions from coal combustion, thermal power industry is 108 × 10 775 × 10 kg / a, and other industrial and civilian coal combustion emissions are 792 × 10 1980 × 10 kg / a, accounting for more than 50% of global anthropogenic selenium emissions. US coal Combustion-induced atmospheric selenium emissions accounted for 62% of the total, while Canada accounted for only 25%. [2]
Selenium Industry Production
- The main raw material (90%) for industrial extraction of selenium is anode sludge produced by copper electrolytic refining, and the rest comes from roasted sand produced by lead, cobalt, nickel refining, and residual sludge produced by sulfuric acid. As the selenium in copper electrolytic anode slime coexists with precious metals in the form of selenium compounds, and the selenium content is about 5% to 25% (mass fraction), the process is generally to recover the precious metals gold and silver first, and then recover selenium. Method for recovering selenium in anode slime and then producing gold-silver alloy.
- There are three main types of domestic and foreign processes for anode sludge treatment: one is the all-wet process. The main process is: copper anode slime-pressure leaching of copper, tellurium-chloride leaching of selenium, gold-alkali leaching of lead-ammonia leaching of silver-gold and silver electrolysis; the second is mainly wet method, fire method, wet method phase The combined semi-wet process is adopted by most domestic manufacturers. The main process is: copper anode slime-sulfurization roasting and steaming selenium-dilute acid copper-chlorine gold-sodium sulfite silver-gold-silver electrolysis; the third is the fire method with fire method as the main method and the combination of wet method and fire method. The main process is: copper anode slime, pressure leaching of copper, tellurium, fire smelting, blowing, silver electrolysis, and silver anode slime to process gold.
- There are two main methods for industrial production of selenium: one is the oxidative roasting of anode slime and the distillation of SeO2. The process is to capture the gaseous SeO2 roasting gas in a scrubbing tower solution, and then precipitate it in an acidic medium or with an alkaline solution under the action of SO2. Selenium; the other is to add soda sintered anode slime in an oxidizing atmosphere to convert selenium into a water-soluble solution of sodium selenide or sodium selenium. The process is to oxidize selenium and selenide to subsoluble water in the sintering condition. Sodium selenium or sodium selenium is separated from the solution by purging.
Nutritional significance of selenium
Selenium effect
- . Selenium has anti-cancer effect. Human selenium deficiency is susceptible to liver cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, cervical cancer, leukemia and the like.
- . Selenium has antioxidant effect. Selenium is the best anti-aging substance. If the human body lacks selenium, it will no longer be young and will cause aging before it ages;
- . Selenium can enhance human immunity. Lack of selenium reduces the body's immunity.
- . Selenium has the effect of antagonizing harmful heavy metals. Selenium deficiency can easily cause symptoms of lead, arsenic, and cadmium poisoning.
- . Selenium can regulate the absorption and utilization of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E and Vitamin K. Selenium deficiency can cause diseases such as myopia, cataract, retinopathy, fundus disease, age-related macular degeneration.
- . Selenium has the function of regulating protein synthesis. Deficiency of selenium can cause malnutrition of protein energy and chromosome damage.
- . Selenium can enhance reproductive function. Selenium deficiency can cause sperm emission to be blocked, sperm motility is low, malformation occurs, the conception rate is reduced, and the incidence of metritis is increased
- And so on.
- Selenium is an essential component of peroxidase in seminal plasma. When the selenium content in semen decreases, the activity of this enzyme decreases, which cannot inhibit the peroxidation of sperm cell membranes, causing sperm damage, increased sperm death, and decreased vitality.
- . Selenium is an important component of muscle function. Deficiency of selenium can cause skeletal muscle atrophy and gray-white streaks, damage to the myocardium, changes in the density of myocardial cells, increased lipids, and calcium deposits, leading to disease.
- Therefore, men need selenium supplements, because most of the selenium supplied to the body is concentrated in the reproductive organs and can be excreted with semen. In particular, residents living in high-pollution areas and residents living in selenium-depleted areas need supplemental selenium.
- Because there is no organ that stores selenium in the body for a long time, the selenium needed by the body should continuously get a sufficient amount of selenium from the diet. The balance of selenium concentration has important protective and promoting effects on the physiological functions of many organs and tissues.
- When selenium is deficient, it can easily lead to a decline in the human immune system. More than forty diseases that threaten human health and life are related to selenium deficiency, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, cataract, pancreatic disease, diabetes, Reproductive system diseases and other symptoms.
- Normally, the total daily requirement per person, Chinese adults supplemented with more than 25 micrograms of selenium daily food has a health effect; adults with selenium deficiency supplemented with 50 micrograms or 75 micrograms of selenium daily. Due to the lack of selenium in 72% of the soil in China, the selenium content of cereals such as wheat, rice, corn and other major food crops in natural foods is less than 40 g / kg, and the daily selenium intake of Chinese people is lower than the World Health Organization. The recommended minimum intake of 50 g, the daily selenium intake is only 30 ~ 45 g, which is lower than Japan, Canada, the United States and other countries. Selenium-rich rice, 100 micrograms (selenium-enriched corn flour), animal offal, fish, seafood, mushrooms, eggs, garlic, ginkgo and other selenium-containing elements are relatively high. People who lack selenium can appropriately increase food in this area.
Selenium deficiency and excess
- Selenium deficiency is an important cause of Keshan disease, and selenium deficiency is also considered to be an important cause of Kashin-Beck disease. Kashin-Beck disease is an endemic, multiple, deformable osteoarthritis. It mainly occurs in adolescents and severely affects bone development and future labor and living ability. [3]
- Excess selenium can cause poisoning. It is characterized by dry and brittle hair, easy to fall off, brittle nails, white spots and longitudinal lines, easy to fall off, skin damage and nervous system abnormalities, and death in severe cases. [3]
- Foods with more selenium and their selenium content are as follows (g / 100g)
- Beans
- Fried white pumpkin seeds (27.03), saffron beans (19.05), tiger skin kidney beans (9.75), flower peas (9.72), soy beans (6.16), red kidney beans (4.61), broad beans (4.29), mung beans (4.28), peanuts Ren (3.94), North tofu (2.62), South tofu (1.55).
- meat
- Pig kidney (waist) (111.77), beef kidney (waist) (70.25), duck liver (52.27), chicken liver (38.55), turkey liver (36.00), beef (lean) (10.55), chicken breast (10.50) , Pork (lean) (9.50), mutton (lean) (7.18).
- Eggs
- Quail eggs (25.48), white skin eggs (16.55), red skin eggs (14.98).
- Aquatic products
- Chinese Sturgeon (113.50), Shrimp Skin (74.43), Red Ladyfish (59.75), Sturgeon (Bass Turtle) (57.98), Sturgeon (Fish) (51.81), Sea Shrimp (56.41), Sturgeon (48.10), Large Yellow croaker (42.57), herring (37.69), band fish (36.57), sea bass (33.06), river prawn (29.65), moray eel (25.85), etc.
- Fruits and Vegetables
- Konjac refined powder (350.15), alfalfa (8.53), red cabbage moss (8.43), cabbage moss (cabbage, cabbage heart) (6.68), fresh dragon beans (yudou) (5.60), garlic (purple skin) ( 5.54), fresh dragon beans (4.06), scoop white (dish) (3.40), carrots (yellow) (2.80), agaric (yellow sunflower) (2.60), edamame (green beans) (2.48), mulberry, pear, Mango etc. are relatively rich in selenium compared to fruits and vegetables.
- Staple food
- Staples with high selenium are a very good way to supplement selenium. For example, rice, millet, pasta, and intake from staple foods are easier to promote the absorption and conversion of the human body. Because staple foods must be ingested every day, long-term eating is good for human health. The pattern has greatly improved.
- These foods introduced above are all good foods for selenium supplementation. People who need selenium supplements can take more to ensure adequate supply of selenium and maintain physical health. It should be pointed out that the high selenium content in foods does not equal People absorb it more.
Selenium intake
- More than forty countries and regions in the world are selenium-deficient regions. China is a large country with selenium deficiency. According to the "Atlas of Local Diseases and Environmental Factors of the People's Republic of China", it is revealed that from the three northeastern provinces to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, a low-selenium zone exists in 72% of China's land area, of which 30% is In areas with severe selenium deficiency, grains and other natural foods have low selenium content. Large and medium cities such as North China, Northeast China, and Northwest China all belong to selenium-deficient areas.
- In some parts of China's 22 provinces and cities, about 700 million people live in low-selenium areas. The selenium content of food in most areas is below 0.02mg / kg. The southeast coast is China's selenium-rich area, which is only 0.10mg / kg, which is the minimum limit prescribed by the United Nations Health Organization. The Chinese population does not reach the standard selenium supplement level of more than 40 micrograms per person per day, especially for people in selenium-deficient areas, it is more difficult to achieve the purpose of selenium supplementation from food.
- Chinese scientists successively measured the selenium content in soil samples from 1094 counties and cities in China (about half of the country), and the results showed that China is a selenium-deficient country. Only 1/3 of the counties reached the internationally announced normal threshold of 0.1 mg / kg, that is, 2/3 of China is a selenium-deficient region. Among them, 29% is 0.02 mg / kg, which is a severe selenium deficiency area.
- After repeated experiments, nutrition experts have concluded that the standard value of blood selenium in humans is 0.10 mg / kg. Below this value, selenium deficiency will occur. In China, 29% of the regions have a per capita selenium content below 0.02 mg / kg, which is considered to be an extremely selenium-deficient region, and 43% of the regions have a selenium value between 0.03-0.04 mg / kg, which is a selenium-deficient region. In other words, a total of 15 provinces and regions in 72% of China are threatened by selenium deficiency. The United Nations Organization (FAO / WHO / IEA) has stipulated that the daily dietary supply of human body should have 400 micrograms of selenium, while the average daily selenium intake of Beijing residents is only 60 micrograms. The per capita daily selenium intake in most parts of Northeast China is only 10 micrograms, which is a high incidence area of heart disease, Keshan disease and Kashin-Beck disease.
- Per capita daily selenium intake in most regions of China is only between 50-250 micrograms. Two-thirds of China's population is severely deficient in selenium, which is manifested in a serious lack of selenium intake.
- Chinese residents are generally used to eating plant foods. The Northeast Plain, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta, China's main grain growing areas, are low-selenium regions, and their grain output accounts for 70% of the country's total, resulting in a national selenium deficiency.
Selenium intake standard
- Some foreign selenium intake scales
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Selenium supplement
- The "Daily Dietary Nutrient Supply" revised by the Chinese Nutrition Society in October 1998 has listed selenium as one of the 15 daily dietary nutrients, and proposes that an appropriate daily intake of selenium by an adult is 50-250 micrograms. "Medicine is not as good as food" is the traditional understanding of Chinese people. Ordinary flour, barley, fish, shrimp, seaweed, animal liver, animal kidney, garlic, shallot, asparagus, carrot, etc. all contain selenium. It should be pointed out that the high selenium content in food does not mean that humans have high absorption of it. Generally speaking, humans have a higher utilization rate of organic selenium, which can reach more than 70%. Therefore, the correct selenium supplement method is Eat more organic selenium supplement foods, eat more fruits and vegetables rich in vitamins A, C, E foods to promote the absorption of selenium.
- Selenium cannot be synthesized in the human body, so to meet the human body's demand for selenium, it needs to be supplemented daily. According to the requirements of the World Health Organization: the minimum daily requirement of human diet is 40 micrograms of selenium, and the nutritional supplement is preferably 50--250 micrograms of selenium.
- On June 12, 2014, the Chinese Nutrition Society officially released the 2013 version of the "References of Dietary Nutrients for Chinese Residents (DRIs)" in Shanghai. After a lapse of 10 years, according to changes in the dietary structure of Chinese residents and the latest updates in the nutrition community at home and abroad Scientific research results have adjusted the dietary nutrition structure; among them, the minimum daily nutritional intake of selenium was increased from 50 micrograms to 60 micrograms.
- Scientific investigations have shown that selenium can also antagonize some other heavy metal elements, so eating selenium-rich foods can not only enhance physical fitness, achieve the purpose of preventing diseases, but also prevent human body metal poisoning.
- Selenium has the same duality as other mineral elements, that is, a moderate amount is beneficial, and an excessive amount is harmful. Although selenium supplementation is necessary, it cannot be supplemented blindly. If you supplement selenium blindly, it may cause side effects.
- Serving size reference
- The consumption of people who need to supplement selenium
- People who need to supplement selenium
- Consumption (g / day)
- effect
- cancer patient
- 200-400
- Inhibit the growth of cancer cells, cut off the energy supply of cancer cells, and reduce the toxic and side effects of anti-cancer.
- Diabetics
- 300-400
- Selenium protects and improves pancreatic function and prevents islet cells from being destroyed. In particular, it has a good effect on the complications of diabetes (cataract, lower limb edema, cardiovascular disease, renal impairment, etc.).
- Patients with liver and kidney disease
- 250-350
- It can help the liver to break down and eliminate toxins, remove harmful metabolites in the liver in time, protect liver cells, and supplement selenium at the same time protect and repair the renal tubules and glomeruli.
- Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease
- 300-250
- Protects hypoxic heart and brain cells, protects myocardium and vascular inner wall cells, reduces peripheral blood vessel resistance, prevents myocardial fibrosis, and reduces the area of myocardial infarction; improves ventricular contraction and diastolic function, adjusts heart rhythm, and prevents myocardial ischemia and hypoxia damage.
- Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy
- 400
- Reduce the toxic and side effects of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and anticancer drugs, increase appetite and protect white blood cells.
- Chronic illness
- 100-200
- Improve immunity, repair damaged cells, restore their normal functions, and enhance self-healing power.
- Pregnant woman, nursing mother
- 50-100
- Improve immunity, prevent infections, and ensure the selenium intake of the main fetus and baby (the selenium content of milk is only half that of breast milk).
- child
- 25-50
- Promote children's growth, intellectual development, improve malnutrition, protect eyesight, and improve disease resistance.
- Engage in toxic and harmful workers
- 100-200
- Eliminate toxic and harmful substances in the body and repair damage.
- People using mobile phones and computers
- 50-150
- Reduce radiation damage and protect the spleen and liver
- Traffic police, driver
- 100-200
- Eliminate the pollution of exhaust dust to the human body, reduce the toxicity of lead accumulation, repair damage, and form cell antioxidant protection
- Long-term smoker
- 100
- Clear toxins, repair damage, protect the respiratory system, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, and enhance immune function
- Passive smoker
- 50-100
- Clear toxins, repair damage, protect the respiratory system, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, and enhance immune function
- Drink often
- 100
- Anti-alcohol, relieves drunken discomfort and protects the liver
- Athletes
- 250
- Enhance the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen, eliminate high stress capacity as soon as possible, and enhance physical fitness
Selenium Food Addition
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- Note: Selenium standard: 1. Fortified by elemental selenium: 140 ~ 280g / kg for dairy products, cereals and their products, 50 ~ 200g / kg for liquid drinks and milk beverages, 3 ~ 5mg / kg for salt, 2. Source of selenium As a nutrition fortifier, it must be used under the guidance of provincial departments 3. The selenium content in sodium selenite is 45.7%, and the sodium selenium is 41.8%
Selenium health
- Selenium is an essential trace element for the human body. The Chinese Nutrition Society has also listed selenium as one of the 15 essential nutrients for the human body. A large number of clinical experiments at home and abroad have shown that the lack of selenium in the human body can cause dysfunction of some important organs, leading to many serious diseases. More than 40 countries around the world Hundreds of millions of people in 22 provinces in China are in selenium-deficient or low-selenium zones. The incidence of tumors, liver diseases, and cardiovascular diseases in these areas is high.
- Studies have shown that people with low selenium or selenium can prevent tumors and liver diseases through appropriate selenium supplementation, and can improve the body's immune system, maintain normal functions of important organs such as the heart, liver, lungs, and stomach, and prevent senile heart and brain The occurrence of vascular disease.
Selenium and Heart Disease
- Research on Keshan disease has opened the curtain of people's in-depth exploration of selenium. In the following years, researchers found that the incidence of coronary heart disease and hypertension was higher in areas with high selenium than in areas with low selenium. Low, the mortality of cerebral thrombosis, rheumatic heart disease, and systemic arteriosclerosis is significantly lower in areas with high selenium than in areas with low selenium. These results indicate that selenium plays an important role in maintaining the normal structure and function of the cardiovascular system. It is an important factor leading to the high incidence of cardiomyopathy, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes. Selenium supplementation is beneficial to reduce the occurrence of various cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, improve the symptoms of patients, and improve the ability of patients to fight the disease.
- Medical effects of selenium on heart diseases
- Anti-oxidation, trash removal
- Cardio-cerebral vascular disease is associated with lipid peroxidation in the body. Increasing the concentration of harmful lipid peroxides in patients' plasma will cause some tangible substances in the blood to deposit on the walls of the blood vessels, forming coronary atheromatous plaques, thereby causing coronary heart disease and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. This is just like the fact that rusty pipes are easy to accumulate dirt and affect the unblocking of the pipes. Selenium can remove this kind of lipid peroxide, protect the integrity of the cell membrane on the arterial vessel wall, prevent atherosclerosis, reduce the formation of thrombus, and prevent myocardial infarction.
- Blood lipid, antithrombotic
- Cholesterol is the enemy of health. When cholesterol in the blood increases, arteriosclerotic plaques are easy to form. These plaques accumulate in the arterial wall, narrowing the arterial lumen, blocking the flow of blood into the corresponding site, causing kinetic energy defects, and triggering multiple hearts. Cerebrovascular disease. And selenium relies on its powerful antioxidant function, which can regulate cholesterol and triglycerides in the body, reduce blood viscosity, and prevent cardiovascular disease.
- Protecting and repairing blood vessels, anti-aging The aging of the blood vessel wall is an important factor in the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. The most common cause of stroke and sudden death is middle-aged and elderly people. The most important reason is that after people reach middle-aged and elderly people, because the vascular wall gradually ages, the elasticity decreases, and the vascular wall becomes very fragile. It is particularly prone to collapse and bleeding, causing thrombosis and cerebral hemorrhage. The aging of blood vessels is not inevitable, because the substances that promote the accelerated aging of blood vessels are harmful free radicals. By eliminating free radicals, the aging of the blood vessel walls can be delayed. Selenium is a strong antioxidant, which can timely remove harmful free radicals in the body, prevent the aging of human blood vessels, and prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases such as stroke.
- Regulate immunity and increase resistance
- Selenium supplementation in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases can effectively regulate the body's immune function, improve patients' resistance to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and prevent complications.
Selenium and liver disease
- Selenium is an essential trace element in the human body. In the human body, the liver is one of the organs containing the most selenium. Most patients with liver disease have selenium deficiency in the body, and the more severe the disease, the more severe the selenium deficiency. Selenium is considered to be a natural enemy of liver disease and a protective factor against liver necrosis. Many studies at home and abroad have shown that the persistence of hepatitis B is closely related to selenium deficiency, and selenium supplementation in patients with liver disease has a good effect.
- Selenium and the medical effect of liver disease
- Enhance immune function and prevent liver disease from repeating
- Patients with liver disease generally have a low immune function, which directly causes the body to recognize and reduce the ability to suppress the virus. The most obvious manifestation is that the virus in the body is difficult to completely remove, and the disease is easy to recur. Selenium is a powerful immunomodulator and can be used as The non-specific stimulating factors of the immune system stimulate the humoral immunity and the cellular immune system, enhance the body's immune function, improve the liver's own disease resistance, and thus help prevent the recurrence of liver disease. In addition, selenium can improve various body surface symptoms of patients with liver disease by improving immune function. For example, selenium supplementation in patients with hepatitis A and B can greatly improve loss of appetite, marked fatigue, and dark face in a relatively short period of time. symptom.
- Improve antioxidant capacity and prevent liver fibrosis
- Patients with liver disease are generally deficient in selenium. On the one hand, the lack of selenium will cause a decrease in immune function, on the other hand, it will also cause the body's antioxidant system to be destroyed, and the removal of harmful substances "free radicals" will be hindered. Base can cause liver damage, which can lead to worsening liver disease, and selenium is a strong antioxidant, which can complete the antioxidant effect through glutathione peroxidase, protect the structural integrity of liver cells, remove free radicals, and accelerate The breakdown of lipid peroxides protects the liver, promotes liver function recovery, and prevents the appearance of liver fibrosis.
- Special reminder: Liver fibrosis is almost the only way for liver disease to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Inhibiting the occurrence of liver fibrosis is of great significance in preventing liver cirrhosis.
- Block virus mutations and accelerate recovery
- Liver disease is mostly caused by a virus, and the virus is susceptible to mutation when the body is deficient in selenium, which in turn causes damage to the human body. Research conducted by U.S. and European scientists shows that human influenza viruses can become fiercer and more dangerous in animals lacking selenium. This is because the mutated virus not only evades the body's immune surveillance, but also reduces the effectiveness of therapeutic drugs. Effect, affect the treatment effect, research found that selenium is the only nutrient that has a certain direct relationship with the virus infection, selenium supplementation is beneficial to block the mutation of the virus and accelerate the recovery of the disease.
- Detoxification and protection of the liver
- Selenium has a good detoxification function, can antagonize a variety of toxic heavy metal substances (such as: mercury, lead, benzene, arsenic, etc.) and some harmful compounds, thereby reducing the harm of toxic substances in the environment to the liver.
- Synergistic with drugs, more effective
- Some drugs are used in the treatment of liver disease, but they have to be used when they are aware of their toxic side effects. How to enhance the drug effect and shorten the course of the disease? Studies have found that when selenium is used in combination with drugs, a good synergistic or additive effect may occur, which is conducive to improving the toxic and side effects of drugs and improving the efficacy of drugs.
Selenium and stomach problems
- The lower the selenium content in the human body, the greater the possibility of stomach disease. Patients with superficial gastritis tend to have lower selenium content than healthy people. Patients with atrophic gastritis with low selenium content in the blood are more likely to "cancerize". Increasing the majority of patients with gastric cancer are in a state of selenium deficiency.
- Selenium and the Medical Effect of Gastric Diseases
- Decreasing selenium levels in the human body will cause a loss of immune function and a decrease in antioxidant capacity, causing instability of the gastric mucosal barrier. Xanthine oxidase will continue to rise in emergency situations, causing ischemic damage to the gastric mucosa and oxygen free radicals. Increased, leading to gastroenteritis, gastric ulcers and other digestive system diseases. Selenium is a natural antioxidant that can effectively inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen species, remove garbage-free radicals generated during human metabolism, prevent gastric mucosal necrosis, and promote mucosal repair and repair. The healing of ulcers prevents canceration, so taking a certain amount of selenium every day will help patients with chronic gastric disease to control their condition and relieve the symptoms of gastric disease.
Selenium and Chemotherapy
- The decline of immune function in patients with radiotherapy and chemotherapy may further promote the loss of tumor immune surveillance and accelerate proliferation. This is why many patients with cancer have improved their condition after radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but quickly deteriorated, leading to treatment, spread, and metastasis. At the same time, patients' anti-infective ability will be greatly weakened after radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This has increased the occurrence of many life-threatening complications. Selenium is an excellent adjuvant for chemoradiotherapy. Cancer patients taking selenium during radiochemotherapy can play many roles.
- The selenium element and the medical effect of chemoradiotherapy
- Selenium supplementation can improve the immunity of patients with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, so that the patient's body has sufficient ability to successfully complete chemoradiotherapy. The improvement of immunity also helps to help cancer patients recover as soon as possible, while preventing tumor metastasis and recurrence. In addition, long-term appropriate taking Selenium does not cause any side effects on the human body and can be used continuously.
- Selenium supplementation can not only reduce nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal dysfunction, appetite loss, severe hair loss and other toxic side effects during chemotherapy, but also reduce the degree of white blood cell decline caused by chemotherapy.
- Bone marrow toxicity caused by chemotherapeutic drugs is mainly to oxidize cell lipids and accumulate excessive peroxide, causing damage to stromal cells, thereby affecting the blood storage and hematopoietic functions of the bone marrow. Selenium is an effective antioxidant. Taking selenium can enhance the body's antioxidant function, inhibit peroxidation, break down peroxides, remove free radicals and repair cell damage, regulate body metabolism and enhance immune function. Clinical studies have confirmed that taking larger doses of selenium preparations before and after chemotherapy significantly increases the total number of white blood cells and neutrophils compared to those without selenium preparations, which is much more economical than using expensive drugs such as granulocyte stimulating factor.
- Selenium supplementation can prevent drug resistance during radiotherapy and chemotherapy: long-term radiotherapy and chemotherapy, tumor cells are prone to drug resistance. When tumor cells were attacked by chemoradiotherapy, some tumor cells died and some escaped death. A strong fortification against radiochemotherapy was established in the cells, which significantly reduced the effect of re-radiotherapy. And selenium supplementation while chemotherapy can significantly reduce the resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapy, making tumor cells always sensitive to chemotherapy and easy to treat.
- Selenium can relieve the toxic effects of chemotherapy drugs in cancer patients. Phosphamide, cisplatin, methotrexate, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone are commonly used in chemotherapy drugs. While killing cancer cells, Can cause many side effects. It further reduces the body's immune function and greatly limits the application of chemotherapeutic drugs. Can you find a chemotherapeutic partner that can maintain the efficacy of the chemotherapeutic drugs and limit the toxic and side effects? Scientists at home and abroad have been searching hard, and finally found that the most ideal companion is selenium. Using selenium as an antidote can increase the dose of chemotherapeutic drugs and greatly increase the potency.
Selenium and diabetes
- Diabetes is no stranger to many people, especially middle-aged and elderly friends. It is known as "rich disease", and it is listed as the three major chronic diseases that are most harmful to modern people together with tumors and cardiovascular diseases. Recent medical studies have shown that selenium is generally deficient in diabetic patients, and the selenium content in their blood is significantly lower than that of healthy people. Supplementation of trace element selenium can improve various symptoms of diabetic patients, and can reduce the incidence of various symptoms of diabetic patients. Supplementing selenium for diabetics helps to control the condition and prevent the condition from deepening and worsening.
- The role of selenium in diabetes.
- Supplementing selenium for diabetics is beneficial for nutrition, repairing islet cells, and restoring normal secretion of islets.
- The human body must have the participation of insulin in order for glucose to be fully and effectively absorbed and utilized. When insufficient insulin secretion or the body's increased demand for insulin results in a relative lack of insulin, it can trigger diabetes. The most direct cause of insufficient insulin secretion is that the islet cells that produce insulin are damaged or their functions are not functioning. Selenium supplementation can protect and repair islet cells from damage and maintain normal insulin secretion. Medical experts remind: nutrition, repairing islet cells, restoring islet function, and letting them regulate blood sugar by themselves is the fundamental treatment of diabetes. Eliminating free radicals is the main way to prevent and treat diabetes and its complications.
- During the metabolism of the body, many harmful substance free radicals are generated. The strong initiation of lipid peroxidation is one of the important reasons for the development of diabetes. In addition, the high blood sugar of diabetic patients will also cause a large number of free radicals in the body. As a result, damage to various biofilms in the human body results in multiple system damage and multiple complications. The consequences are extremely serious. How to effectively prevent and reduce complications, selenium has great potential, because a large number of medical studies have found that selenium supplementation in patients with diabetes can improve The body's antioxidant capacity prevents this attack damage, protects the membrane structure of the cells, restores the islet endocrine cells, maintains the normal secretion and release of insulin.
- Strengthening the self-resistance of patients with diabetes is an important means to prevent complications
- Selenium is a strong immune modulator. Almost every immune cell in the human body contains selenium. Selenium supplementation can enhance the body's humoral immune function, cellular immune function, and non-specific immune function, thereby enhancing the body's disease resistance as a whole. Diabetic patients in a state of low immune function will undoubtedly add a solid line of defense against infection and prevention of other diseases. [4]
Selenium and other diseases
- Selenium and vision
- Vision is the main function of humans to observe things, engage in work, study, life, entertainment and emotional communication. Good or bad eyesight has become a basic condition for many important professions. Selenium catalyzes and eliminates free radicals that are harmful to the eyes, thereby protecting the cell membranes of the eyes. If the human eye is in a state of selenium deficiency for a long time, it will affect the integrity of the cell membrane, which will lead to vision loss and many eye diseases such as cataract, retinopathy, night blindness and so on.
- Selenium and brain function
- Selenium is very important for brain function. The lack of selenium changes the metabolic rate of some "neurotransmitters". At the same time, a large amount of harmful substances in the body can not be removed in time, which affects the brain function of the human body, and increasing selenium not only It can reduce the occurrence of epilepsy that is difficult for children to cure, and can also effectively reduce anxiety, depression and fatigue. This effect is most obvious in people with selenium deficiency.
- Selenium and thyroid disease
- Selenium is closely related to human endocrine hormones. The selenium content of the human thyroid is higher than that of other tissues except liver and kidney. Selenium has very important functions in thyroid tissues and can regulate the metabolic balance of thyroid hormones. Deficiency of selenium will cause the thyroid Dysfunction.
- Selenium and prostate disease
- The incidence of prostate disease in low areas is much higher than that in high selenium areas. Elemental cadmium has played an important role in the evolution of prostate pathology. With the increase of age and environmental influences, low selenium causes endocrine disorders and other disorders, which causes the prostate Accumulate cadmium and cause prostate hyperplasia and even tumors. Selenium can inhibit the growth-promoting effect of cadmium on the human prostate epithelium, thereby reducing the disease.
- Selenium and Men's Health
- The level of selenium in semen of male infertility patients is generally low. Studies have found that the higher the level of selenium in semen, the greater the number of sperm and the stronger the vitality. Human sperm cells contain a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids, which are easily attacked by oxygen free radicals present in the semen, which induces lipid peroxidation, which damages the sperm membrane, reduces sperm vitality, and even loses function, causing infertility. Selenium has a powerful antioxidant effect, which can remove excess free radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation. The low level of selenium in semen of male infertility patients will naturally weaken the body's own suppression of oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation in the semen, resulting in low sperm motility, high mortality, and infertility.
- Selenium and liver disease
- IgMIgG [5]
- 400800/
- 23
- 24003000
- 1817selenium
- (Selenium)
- (Sodium Selenite)
- E
- -1993
- 50500 mg
- 1050 mg
- 1 mg(457 g)112
- 2-4400 g
- -P
- Clark131213200 g50%37%46%58%63%
- 2003FDA""""
- 96262"DNA RNA"
- GSH-PxGSH-Px4GSHE50--500GSH-PxE
- ""
(thunnus tonggol)1970 [6]
- 161335%50%
- ""200 g""
- 20001850/100/400/ [7]
- 0.4-1.5mg/kg0.1-0.4mg/kg0.01-0.04mg/kg0.1-0.3mg/kg0.1mg/kg
- 2000+40%-60%
- 10099% [8-9]
- 70%10000 ppm
- 11991
- 2.
- 30.014-0.02 mg/L
- 20032006524.778.746942400.538
- 15.64.520108.7104.2201000
- 200992010AA
- 2006200.25
- 0.44mg/kg0.40mg/kg0.84mg/kg33.46
- 3
- 2011
- 20131.0110500.608.20 [10]
- SELENIUM 200920091018-2120111023-28SELENIUM 2011Gary BanuelosSELENIUM 201320131111-14202080-1002010
- 14th International Meeting on Trace Elements in Man and AnimalsTEMA142011919924 TE [11] MATEMA14·TEMAmary L'abbeTEMAmary L'abbeTEMA14
- -
- 59.9%
- According to Ankang's resource endowment, industrial foundation and development trend, at the Western Conference, Ankang recommended the following ten investment directions to entrepreneurs: First, relying on Ankang provincial high-tech industrial development zone and 10 county-level industrial parks Into the park, invest in new materials, selenium-rich food, biomedicine, equipment manufacturing and environmental protection industries. Secondly, relying on abundant mineral resources, it will focus on the four major industrial clusters of new metal materials, inorganic non-metal materials, silicon materials and new building materials and 55 key projects to extend the industrial chain, highlight deep processing, and invest in new material industries. Third, relying on the advantages of rich selenium-rich resources, Yuehe River channel facility agricultural demonstration belt, and the large water surface formed by the cascade development of the Han River, investment in selenium-rich food, facility agriculture, aquatic animal husbandry, flower and seedlings, special breeding, health drinks, biopharmaceuticals, etc. project. Fourth, make full use of Ankang's good location advantages and traffic conditions, invest in the establishment of large-scale commercial circulation, logistics warehousing, transportation services, and build regional logistics distribution centers. Fifth, relying on important equipment manufacturing bases around Guanzhong, Chengyu, Jianghan and other surroundings, fully utilize the advantages of Ankang with abundant electric power and complementary resources, and invest in the development of equipment manufacturing and energy-carrying industries focusing on automobile assembly and parts. The sixth is to build a first-class eco-tourism destination around Ankang's unique tourism resources, invest in the development of core tourist attractions with Dalai Lake as the focus, and invest in supporting industries such as star hotels, tourism and shopping, culture and leisure, and entertainment. Seventh, relying on the city's annual production capacity of 3,000 tons of high-quality white factory silk, it invested in the establishment and reorganization of silk, printing and dyeing and silk garment processing enterprises. Eighth is to use Ankang's rich Chinese medicinal materials and biological resources to invest in the development of biopharmaceutical and bioenergy industries. Ninth, relying on Guanzhong, Chengyu, Jianghan National Information Industry Manufacturing R & D bases and Ankang's excellent investment environment, sufficient labor resources, investment in electronic components, clock movements and other information industries and high-end industries. The tenth is to focus on the integration of urban and rural areas in Ankang, and invest in urban complexes, municipal construction, old city reconstruction, and public services.