What Is a Brace and Bit?

Parentheses generally refer to symbols used in the comment section of an article. This type of note is a note in the middle of the text. Write an article somewhere. In order for readers to understand more thoroughly, sometimes you need to add a comment.

[kuò hào]

English: [parenthese, curve; bracket (square bracket, angle bracket); brace]

Parentheses are divided into four categories, including

Parentheses parentheses

1. Explain the words before

There are many ways to explain, and you can analyze any aspect of the problem. E.g:

(1) Fish can only swim in the sea (ie water), birds can only fly in the sky (ie the atmosphere). (Zhang Bingyuan's "Association of Birds and Fishes")

(2) Sister Jiang is called Jiang Zhuyu (yún). (Sister Jiang in the primary language)

(3) The opera indicates the number of folds and the name of the (sentence), and Zhang Hui's novel indicates the number of replies. (Chinese Dictionary, Fanli)

(4) Wang Zhenggui, the village chief of Xinzhai Village, said that since the completion of the Nankun Railway, the annual per capita income of the village has increased by 50 to 1,200 yuan. ("Reference Information" 1998.7.25)

(5) He (General Lin) chewed his hoe, leaned on the beach, and looked at the dam. (Ye Shengtao's "The Ordinary Laborer" Is a Good Novel ")

(6) Compilation of the Siku Quanshu began in Qianlong 37 (1772), and ten years later, it was completed in Qianlong 47 (1782). (Collected Papers of Ancient Books by Chinese Historical Document Research Association)

(7) According to "Historical Records of the Xiongnu", the Great Wall of Zhao Kingdom started from the east (now in Xuanhua, Hebei), passes through the northwest part of the mountain, folds into Yinshan in the northwest, and reaches Gaoyu (now between Wula Mountain and Langshan Gap). (Yi Bozan's Visit to Inner Mongolia)

(8) On the basis of investigation and research, we drafted "Thinking and Assumption on the Compilation of Chinese Textbooks for Vocational Colleges" (hereinafter referred to as "Thinking and Assumption"). (Publishing Notes of Vocational College Chinese Language)

(9) The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is one of the most important forums for regional economic cooperation in which China actively participates. ("Guangming Daily" 1999.1.20)

Example (1) Use "that is water" and "that is the atmosphere" to explain the meaning of "sea" and "sky" in the sentence. Example (2) Annotate the pronunciation of the word "" with pinyin "yún". Example (3) uses the word "out" to indicate the traditional Chinese word "tooth sentence". Example (4) "tone" means that the name of the village and the head of the village are transliterated. Example (5) "General Lin" notes who he is. Example (6) Annotates the emperor's time with the AD's time. Example (7) uses the current place name to explain the location of ancient place names. Example (8) Give the title abbreviation in parentheses. Example (9) Write the English abbreviation of "APEC" in parentheses.

Second, supplementary explanation of relevant content

(1) The Wuhan-Hanzhou-Guangzhou (Guangzhou) section of the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway under intense construction has also made new progress. ("Guangming Daily" 1999.1.5)

(2) Yi Qiu is also a good player in the country. [Translation] Yi Qiu was (at that time) the best Go game in the country. (Primary School Chinese "Learning Game")

(3) The brain weight of the southern ancient apes ... (450-650 ml) is higher than that of the ordinary fossil apes and modern apes. (Li Siguang, The Emergence of Humanity)

(4) In the ancient times, this area was a place with "less grass and more sand" ("Hanxun"). (Yi Bozan's Visit to Inner Mongolia)

(5) Lamented Mayton (Book) Ultimatum (Chinese Dictionary of Loanwords edited by Liu Zhengyi and others)

(6) Qi Yangzhi (look at the watch) is two and a half minutes away.

(Qi Yangzhi asked Chen Yi to sit down.)

(Sha Yexin's "Mayor Chen Yi")

(7) We have the power to break this darkness and fight for light! Our light is the end of the reaction! (Warm applause)

(Wen Yiduo's "Last Lecture")

(8) ... (Continued on page 23)

(Continued from page 30) ...

Example (1) The words in parentheses complete the abbreviation of the previous place name. Example (2) Use brackets to indicate that the word "at that time" was added to the translation, and the original text is not literally. Example (3) The parentheses in the southern ape are supplemented by parentheses. Example (4) Indicate the source of the citation in parentheses. Example (5) indicates that the word "book" in parentheses can be added to the previous heading. Example (6) The script dialogue prompts the character's action modality in parentheses. Example (7) "A warm applause" as a parenthesis indicates the audience's response to the speech. Example (8) In the parentheses, the page number of the article transfer, as well as the article with "(to be continued)" at the end of the article are additional explanations outside the main text.

Third, enclose the preface

There are many forms of parenthesis in parentheses (1) (2) (3), (A) (B) (C), (1) (2) (3), 1) 2) 3), etc. They are usually used in pairs, sometimes with back brackets only. E.g:

(1) Thought has three conditions: (1) affair, (2) psychology, (3) ethics; speech also has three conditions: (1) sound, (2) the sign of sound-text, (3) sound and sound Connectivity-grammar. (Chen Wangdao's Collection of Chinese Prose)

(2) Answer the following questions:

(1) Which of the following elements does beryllium belong to?

1) halogen element, 2) alkali metal element, 3) inert element, 4) alkaline earth metal element, 5) rare earth element.

(2) Which of the following elements is gaseous hydride soluble in water to be acidic?

1) S, 2) C, 3) Si, 4) N, 5) P. ("Chemistry Review and Problem Solving")

Fourth, mathematical usage

Brackets are symbols used to specify the order of operations.

The earliest brackets appeared were parentheses "()", which appeared in 1544. It was not until the 17th century that the brackets "[]" appeared in the works of the British Wallis (1616-1703), and the brackets were first adopted by Weida (1540-1603) in 1591, while the braces "{}" were It was first introduced by Veda in about 1593, mainly used to represent a set of numbers; to 1629, Kirad in the Netherlands adopted all brackets, and began to be used worldwide after the 18th century.

With the deepening of mathematics study, all parentheses can be replaced with "()", which looks convenient and can avoid the situation of too few parentheses.

In elementary number theory, it is used to represent the greatest common divisor, such as (111,148) = 37

Brackets brackets

Square brackets "[]" can also be called square brackets. Used to indicate vacancies or corrections in the text, IPA, references, etc.

First, for filling vacancies or errors

(1) Stubble, spicy and non-toxic. (Traditional Tang Dynasty Transcript of Herbal Medicine)

(2) The examples cited are Sima Qian's "Historical Records" of one hundred and thirty, and two copies of the original and deputy, one Tibetan master and one Tibetan mountain, to be spread to the world. Not just writing "(Research on Publishing and Distribution, 1995, Issue 3, 45 pages). (Editorial Journal 1995/6)

(3) Examples of missing words and incomplete meanings:

"The standard of 249 athletes reaching the national level 2 or above athletes" "the construction projects in charge of Lianran Construction Company have all reached the standards of excellent [standard]".

"So the letter [issues reflected] at the beginning of this article happened." (Analysis of Errors in Books and Newspapers Edited by China Institute of Publishing Science)

* (4) In addition, the book "Simplified Brief Introduction to Jian'an" also made the following calculations for the Jian and Han dynasties: "If Ku Zong worshiped, at that time, it was up to three hundred dollars a month, and only three thousand six hundred Hundred dollars, it takes (needed) eight years, and there is only 29,000 dollars. This is the price of a single salary. This is how the martial arts officer () who is a doctor with Zhao Qin (Hun) is so huge. Capital? ... "

Example (1) The organizer of the transcript uses square brackets to fill in the missing word "poison" in the original. Example (2) The quoter indicates in square brackets that the word "though" is suspected to be "significant". Example (3) The words in square brackets are missing words that the reviewer considers to be incomplete. Example (4) The words in parentheses appear to be added by the quoter to correct typos in the previous quotation. Changing to square brackets is more in line with common usage. The original works of modern works may also have the author's comments in parentheses, and the quotes or editors' notes in the text should try to distinguish from the original authors. "Chinese Dictionary" in "Fanli" said that the book's approach is: "Revise the errors of the original citations, use square brackets."

Second, used to mark the International Phonetic Alphabet

International phonetic alphabets are usually printed in lower case with Latin letters, and some are slightly modified or with additional symbols on the body. Square brackets are used to indicate that they are phonetic symbols, not letters. E.g:

(1) There are three factors that can be used as mediators in Beijing dialect: [i], [u], [y] ... (Luo Changpei, Wang Jun, "Outline of General Phonetics")

(2) Tongue vowels are widely used in various languages. Eight of them are basic vowels, also known as standard vowels. They are: [i] [e] [] [a] [] [ C] [o] [u] (Modern Chinese by Princess Zhang Zhi)

Third, the phonetic used in the dictionary after the prefix

(1) [pèi] "Guangyun" Pu Weiqie, go to the team, and]

(2) ram [hng] "Word Collection" Hulangche]

The above two examples are taken from the Chinese Dictionary. According to the style of the book, the modern sound and the ancient sound are marked with square brackets after the prefix, and the ancient sound is marked with the tangent.

4. Used in the dictionary to indicate the etymology

(1) [Buddha] Buddhists call Shakyamuni. Referred to as Buddha. [ buddha] (Modern Chinese Dictionary)

(2) tea ... 1. [Plant] tea 2. tea ... [Chin. Minnan Tea] (English-Chinese Dictionary)

Hex brackets

1. Add words in the citation to make the context clear

(1) Another example is "letter". In ancient times, it only refers to the person who sent the letter. In modern times, the letter was called "shu". The distinction between "letter" and "book" is very clear. (Lü Shuxiang's "The Evolution of Language")

(2) "The Analects of Confucius · Gongye Chief": "[Zigong] said:" Give (Zigong) the night, why dare to look back (Yan Hui)? Hui Ye, Wen Yi Yi Shi Shi; Zi Ye, Wen Yi Zhi Zhi Two '. "(Chinese Dictionary, Vol. 1 p. 1)

Example (1) "Xie An" is the name added by the quotation, otherwise the reader does not know who the reading mentioned in the quotation knows. From example (2), it can be seen that the Chinese Dictionary is treated as follows: Hexagonal brackets such as "[]" are used for supplementary words; parentheses are used for explanatory words, such as "()" and "(Yan Hui)".

Second, for public letter

State Council Office Documents

State Council issued [1993] No. 81

Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Promulgating the Measures for the Handling of Official Documents of the State Administration

Before the parentheses, the issuing authority, "1993" in parentheses is the year of publication, and the serial number of the post is followed. In addition to hexagonal brackets, square brackets are sometimes used.

3. Annotated words in footnotes

(1) Xun Xun Xun ancient eight feet for Xun. (Annotation of Wang Anshi's "Ascension to the Peak")

(2) I am not afraid of the clouds to cover my eyes. Since ancient times, the ancients often used the cloud to cover the sun as a metaphor for treacherous evil. This means that I stand tall, look far, and are not afraid of obstruction. (Ibid.)

4. Indicate the author's nationality or dynasty

(1) "Outline of World History" by Ying Yinghe He Joe Wells

Biography of Lincoln by Carl Sandberg

(2) Recalling Qin'e

Tang Li Bai

Fisherman

Fan Zhongyan Fan Zhongyan (junior high school textbook "Chinese")

Example (1) The author's nationality is indicated on the front cover and title page with hexagonal brackets. Example (2) Under the title of the textbook, use the hexagon brackets to indicate the dynasty of the author.

Five, the serial number used for annotation ^[2]

In mass organizations, the organization of army soldiers' associations and the organization of local workers and peasants are ignored.

Notes

[1] See Note 5 of this volume "Struggle in Jinggangshan" (The Selected Works of Mao Zedong, 2nd Edition, Vol. 1, pp. 86, 95)