What Is an Areaway?

Roads are literally infrastructure for various trolleyless vehicles and pedestrians; according to their use characteristics, they are divided into highways, urban roads, rural roads, factory roads, forestry roads, test roads, competition roads, automobile test roads, and workshop passages And school roads, there are post roads in ancient China. It also refers to the way to achieve a certain goal, the way that things develop and change. [1]

Roads are literally infrastructure for various trolleyless vehicles and pedestrians; according to their characteristics, they are divided into highways, urban roads, rural roads, factory and mine roads, forestry roads, test roads, competition roads, automobile test roads, and workshop passages. And school roads, there are post roads in ancient China. It also refers to the way to achieve a certain goal, the way that things develop and change. [1]
Chinese name
the way
Foreign name
road, way, path, roadway
Pinyin
dào lù
Definition
Ground paving structures that overcome terrain changes

Road words concept

Basic explanation of road

1. The roads for people and horses, the passage between the two places.
3. It is also used as a metaphor for the development of things or the way people live. This is an abstract meaning, such as the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics; the road of life; the road to the east of Zhangcai Village has never been tried by officials. "Zi Zhi Tong Jian · Tang Ji"; the awarder is not disappointed in wearing a road badge. -"Mencius King Liang Hui"

Road Citation Explanation

1. The part of the ground for people or vehicles.
"Zhou Li · Xia Guan · Si Xia": "Si Xia holds the map of Kyushu and reaches the road by the obstacles known by his mountains and rivers and rivers and rivers." Tang Liu Zongyuan "Episode of Madam Zhao Jun of Li County": "Wang Family Supported by the province of Dingding, from Yangzhou to Jingshi, the road is in trouble, and the museum is in Chen's. "Volume 13 of the Second Moment": "Zhengsheng said: 'Xiaosheng has an old friend Liu Nianyu, and his family is also full of food and clothing. When his death was short, his wife, Fang, swept through the family, remarried to her husband, and became a nine-year-old son, leaving the road. "Lao She's" Zhong Hong's "11:" Unfortunately, the road of that era was bad: Kushiro was very bad Tall, some places are three or four feet higher than the access road. " [2]
2. Refers to the way to achieve a certain goal.
Mao Zedong's "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions among the People" V: "The establishment of a socialist system has opened a way for us to reach the ideal state, and the realization of the ideal state depends on our hard work." "Exploration": "I picked up a pen to write a novel, just to explore, I was just looking for a way to save people, save the world, and save myself."
3. The journey; the journey.
"Mandarin · Wu Yu": "The road is far away today, and I will return without a meeting. I will advance to the meeting if I want to make a profit?" The third round of "The Records of the Kingdoms of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty": "However, it is said that Inu Rong has been disturbed by Hao Jing since he became familiar with China's road. Although he was expelled from the city by his princes, his front has never setbacks, and he claims to be ineffective and inactive. Resentment. Then he rises up, invades Zhou Jiang, Qi and Fengdi, and is half of Rongyou. "" Flora Mirror "Fifty-three times:" The road is still far, how can we catch up. "
4. People on the road. Refers to everyone.
"Historical Records of Lu Sheng Lu Jia Lie": "The road is full of words, you want to kill." "North History · Yuan Tan Biography": "Pride and fierceness, because of drinking, I humiliated pedestrians around Luoqiao. It s troubled by the road. Song Wang Shipeng's" On behalf of the son-in-law "," The one who is crying and mourning, is the second orphan girl and my lover. The spirit is moving forward, and the road is sentimental. " "Fifth round:" Zhuang Gong said again and again: 'There is a change of infidelity in the state of the country, and his absence from work has been prolonged for a long time. Today's state affairs are rough, the stars and nights are turning toward each other, and the road is heard, saying that my king has the intention to bluff the government. The court officials are extremely inferior to the grandfather, and dare to sacrifice the corpse to be convicted of the king? 'Qing Gu Yanwu's "Ten Temples" poem: "Or hear the words of the road and want to worship the Three Emperors." : "The Prime Minister said: 'The road is all about Yunwen Sun, you are unknown?'"
5, run; trek.
Song Liu Yi's "Song Han Fan Er Zhao Shu": "The thief of the thief has the labor of the road, but it is not as easy as the yong and the yong." Qing Shao's "Chengdu" poem: "Thousands of fish and fish country, youth Do nt hate forever. Walking through the bird road, breaking the ape's intestine. People are low in the wind and dust, and poetry and fading. The way to make a living is to ask the wild.
6. Industry; Occupation.
The twenty-ninth round of "Water Margin": "The God of Jiangmen came here to take the path of the younger brother. The younger brother refused to let him, and beat him with a punch." "Thinking about it, only the oil company's trading is familiar. Most of these oil shops have known him well, and they have to pick a heavy oil seller, which is a stable road." Ming Feng Menglong "Yu Shimingyan" Volume 1: "This Jiang Shize couldn't let go, and he couldn't afford the way of food and clothing in Guangdong. He tried everything and could not help but have to take the nine-year-old child as a companion and teach him to be smart. "Fifteenth time in" The History of Rulin ":" Long Dude, you are hundreds of miles away from home to save this path. You can't find a lot of money. "
7, whereabouts; clues.
"The Dream of Red Mansions" 33rd and 3rd rounds: "There is a Qidan who is a little Dan in our house and has always been in the house. Now, I have nt seen him for three or five days. I can find it everywhere, but I can't touch his path. Visits. "
8. Method; method.
Volume 15 of "A Case of Surprises at Two Moments": "Prosecution:" Jiang Laoer is an honest man. If I don't allow my daughter, he will be stabbed with flesh and ulcers. Don't look for a way to thank me. It's not beautiful. " "He Dian" the sixth time: "At that time, the living dead couldn't get enough, so I couldn't worry. After thinking about it, there was no way."
9. Look.
Song Wuming's "Zhang Xie No. 1" drama has a seventh appearance: "[Ugly] May I catch a piece of cowhide. Half of the drums and half of the shoes. [End] is the bottom of the shoes? Alas. [Last] only one article road. "Qian Nanyang school note:" The road is like a cloud. Today's Zhejiang language is called "the road". Words are only worth one article. "
10, still goods; oil and water.
The 93rd episode of "Awakening Marriage": "I saw that there are many pilgrims on the boat, and I expect that there will be silver money to steal ... I can find a surname of money, the incense head of the famous friend Xing, and there are some roads in the waist. He took out a weapon from his sleeve and used a method that the man didn't know, a jacket, a cloth shirt, a double-clamped waistband, and a cloth-cuffed belly.
11. Legal implications
"Roads" refer to roads, urban roads, and places within the jurisdiction of the unit that allow social vehicles to pass, including places such as squares and public parking lots for public passage.

Basic meaning of road

The difference between road and road

The road also states that the basic meaning of the two words is the path from one place to another. In use, except for a few cases, two words are not
Interchangeable. For example, Lao Tzu said, "Dao can be said, very Tao", but not "Lu Kedao, is very road"; Lu Xun said, "there is no way in the world, and there will be a way if more people walk," instead of "the original Without Tao, there are many people who walk. "Li Bai lamented that" the avenue is as blue as the sky, I ca nt see it alone ", not saying" the road is like the sky, I ca nt be alone "; saying" all roads lead to Rome ", Without saying "all roads lead to Rome".
Judging from the glyphs, the word "road" can be understood as "the feet of each step," meaning the path to the destination as long as you follow the steps; the word "dao" should be understood as "walking under the guidance of your head" "Means a path that must be thought through, explored, and explored. Further, the "road" is the path connecting people to their destinations often, just follow it; the "path" is the path to the desired destination of the individual and few people walk or even leave no trace, and must be analyzed with his head at any time , Thinking, and exploring.
The word "dao" is only found in inscriptions, with the head (head) held in the middle or the head directly hidden in clothes, which means to cover your head with clothes. It is used to indicate a path that people must take to reach their destination. , But walking up is like covering your head with clothes, you have to fumble forward. If it weren't for the destination you desperately wanted to go, no one would head to an unfamiliar path as if blindfolded. Masking is indeed closely related to walking. If we are suddenly covered, our first feeling is that we can't do anything. Modern psychological research proves that people's eyes have an important role in maintaining body balance, and it is generally difficult to maintain body balance when walking. Therefore, the word "Dao" in the inscriptions refers to the path that is unfamiliar and must go through to reach the destination. This may be why the ancients used the word "Tao" to express abstract concepts such as doctrine, rules, and laws, such as the way of governing the country, the way of being a human, and the way of keeping healthy.
The word "" in inscriptions is similar to the "Road" in regular script. According to the "Chinese Dictionary", the ancients often used the word "Lu" as the exposed word "Lu", and the word "Lu" was pronounced the same as "Lu" in Pinglu. The ancients have explained that the path on the flat land is called "the road", which means that the "road" is clearly visible and the path that people can recognize at a glance.
To sum up, the difference between the word "dao" and "road" is that the road is a path that is clearly visible to the eyes; the Tao is the path that is invisible or invisible to the eyes. It must be analyzed, thought, and explored by the mind to move forward path of.

Overview of Road History

Humans have been building roads for at least thousands of years, and they can be traced back to primitive society. No one can really say when or where the first road in the world was built. In ancient times, people often walked along the footprints of animals or the most labor-saving path, that is, the path that others have walked through. As a result, the places that were often trampled became trails. Day by day, year by year, the trails gradually developed and became General road.

Road ancient china road construction

In the late Neolithic period of the 20th century BC, China had recorded the gangway formed by cattle and horses for human transportation. According to legend, the Chinese
The first ancestor Huangdi invented the wheel, and built the vehicle with "Hengmu as Xuan and Naoki as ". Therefore, the monarch called Huangdi "Xuanyuanshi", and then came into being.
From the 16th century BC to the 11th century BC, the Chinese knew how to build roads and stabilize the soil with lime. Excavated from the ruins of Yin Shang, it was found that there are also pavement tiles and gravel.
From the 11th century to the 5th century BC, the scale and level of roads have developed considerably, and more systematic road management has emerged. People have divided roads into urban areas and suburbs: urban roads are divided into "longitude, latitude, ring, There are four types of "wildness", the north-south road is longitude, and the east-west road is weft; there are nine warp and nine-weft in the city that are in a checkerboard shape, the siege is a ring, and the city is wild. grade. It can be seen that the roads of the Zhou Dynasty at that time were relatively complete.
From 475 BC to 221 BC, people were able to cut stones into holes, insert wood as beams, lay wooden boards, place railings, and switch to plank roads. This is a major feature of road construction in the Warring States Period.
From 221 BC to 206 BC, immediately after Qin Shihuang unified China, he built a network of roads around the capital, Xianyang, which is comparable to the road network of ancient Rome.
From 206 BC to 220 AD, the Western Han Dynasty sent Zhang Ye to the Western Regions twice, reaching the Daxia Kingdom (now northern Afghanistan). In order to communicate the economy and culture of China with the Middle East and European countries, he created a world-renowned silk. the road. From 581 to 681 AD, huge (thousands of miles) road works were built.
From 618 to 907 AD, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty wrote down the book throughout the country, keeping the roads nationwide clear and implementing road maintenance. The roads at that time were well-organized and magnificent, affecting far as far as Japan. From 960 to 1911 AD, in the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, road engineering had different improvements and contributions. From the end of the Qing Dynasty, the focus of modern road development turned to the West.

Road foreign road construction

In the 20th century BC, the Egyptians built a large number of megaliths from the quarry for the construction of pyramids and human lions.
Made the road. In addition, in some major towns, markets and roads are made of flat slate, and some of the roads are paved with bricks, plastered, and paved with stone.
In the 12th century BC, Asgar King Tigra Paratha I ordered the construction of long-distance roads to facilitate chariots. In the 6th century BC, Hilatatas recorded that he had travelled through the Royal Boulevard, which connected the ancient capitals of the Persian nations, Susa and Anatolia, with a total length of 1,600 kilometers. Without this route, tourists would need to spend 3 months. At that time, the royal messengers traveled between the two places in only nine days. It was just that the purpose of building this road was not for transportation, but for the connection of the national communication system.
In the ancient Roman era, the roads have developed amazingly, realizing a road network centered on Rome and extending in all directions. This is the origin of the saying "All roads lead to Rome". In order to minimize the distance between villages and towns, roads pass through hills or forests to form a road linking the capital's Roman road with Italy, Britain, France, Spain, Germany, parts of Asia Minor, Arabia, and northern Africa. These areas are divided into 13 provinces and 322 trunk roads, with a total length of 78,000 kilometers. It can be said that the engineering structure of road construction at that time was quite high. Today, in many aspects of highway construction, the engineering technology developed by the Romans is still used. With the decline of the Roman Empire, the development of Western roads has stalled.
In the 18th century, the French engineer Theresague of the Napoleonic era invented the method of paving the gravel and advocated the establishment of a road maintenance system. Under his influence, during Napoleon's administration, the famous French road network was built. For this reason, Trey was known as "the father of modern road construction in France".
From the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, experts such as Telford and Macadan who were enthusiastic about the road appeared in Britain. Telford believes that fish-ridged roads should not be too high and try to avoid the construction of Tupo roads. Pavement
The structure is paved with large stones in the middle and smaller stones on both sides to form road arches. Macadan believes that without the lowest layer of stones, laying a layer of gravel on the road surface can be flat and strong. Practice has proved that the Macadan-type highway is very suitable for the carriage driving at that time. Since then, European countries have successively built such roads.
At the beginning of the 20th century, automobiles have achieved rapid development. The roadbed of Macadam-style highways does not meet the requirements of automobile driving, and people began to build a large number of asphalt and concrete paved roads. Before the Second World War, Germany had established expressways, and since then all countries have developed accordingly. Expressways have become a symbol of modern highways.
With the development of modern cities, the population density is directly proportional to the volume of traffic. The emergence of highways has provided people with conditions for long-distance, large-scale, rapid transportation and avoidance of traffic accidents, adding even more charm to urban road planning.

Road classification

Roads are classified according to road administrative hierarchy

1. National Highway, National Highway (G)
National highway refers to the main national highways in the national trunk network that have national political, economic, and national defense significance, including important international highways, national defense highways, highways connecting the capital with provinces, autonomous regions, and capitals of municipalities, and connecting major economic centers, Port hubs, commodity production bases, and strategically located highways. Highways in the mid-provincial highways are constructed, maintained and managed by specialized agencies approved by the Ministry of Transport.
2. Provincial Highway, referred to as Provincial Highway (S)
Provincial highways refer to the main highways that have the political and economic significance of the whole province (autonomous region, municipality) and are constructed, maintained, and managed by the provincial (autonomous region, municipality) highway department.
3. County Highway, referred to as County Road (X)
County roads refer to the roads that have the political and economic significance of the whole county and connect the county towns with the main townships (towns) in the county, the main commodity production and distribution centers, and the inter-county roads that are not national or provincial roads. County roads are responsible for the construction, maintenance and management of county and city highway departments.
4. Rural roads, referred to as rural roads (Y)
Country road
Rural roads refer to highways mainly serving the economic, cultural, and administrative services of townships (towns) and villages, as well as highways between townships and between townships and external communication that are not highways above county roads. The rural roads are constructed, maintained and managed by the people's government.
5.Special highway (Z)
Dedicated roads refer to roads that are exclusively or mainly used for factories, mines, forest areas, farms, oil fields, tourist areas, military sites and other external links. Dedicated roads are constructed, maintained and managed by dedicated units. Local road departments can also be commissioned to build, maintain and manage.
National and provincial roads are generally called trunk roads, and county and rural roads are called branch roads.

Roads are divided by usage tasks, functions and adapted traffic

1.Highway
The expressway is a multi-lane highway that is designed for vehicles traveling in separate directions and lanes, and all access should be controlled.
highway
2. First-class highway
The first-level highway is a multi-lane highway that can be used to drive vehicles to separate lanes and can be controlled in and out as needed. Highways that connect highways or urban-rural junctions in some large cities, economic zones in development zones, and sparsely populated areas.
3.Secondary highway
The secondary road is a two-lane road for cars. There are two-lane roads for cars on the main highways or highways leading to large industrial and mining areas and ports.
4. Tertiary highway
The third-level highway is a two-lane highway mainly used for cars, and it is a distribution highway between counties and towns.
5.Class 4 highway
Level 4 highways are two-lane or single-lane highways mainly used for cars. Local roads connecting townships, villages and other places have dual or single lanes mainly for cars.
Divided by building materials
1. Paved roads (concrete roads and asphalt roads);
2. Non-paved road (sand road, gravel road, gravel road, etc.).

Road road parameters

Longitudinal slope of road

In order to adapt to large undulations on the ground or road interchanges, roads often have vertical slopes up and down, and at the same time the length of the slope must be limited.

Clear height of road lane

In order to ensure the operation of the vehicle, no obstacles are allowed within a certain height range on the highway. This height is called the clear height. Expressways and Grade I and Grade II highways are 5.0 meters and Grade III and Grade IV highways are 4.50 meters.

Road divider

Divided into the middle zone, fast and slow car separation zone, people and vehicle separation zone. The middle zone is a transportation facility separating the up and down vehicles set in the middle of expressways, first-grade highways, and multiple urban roads. It consists of two left curb zones and a central separation zone. The fast and slow car separation zone is a transportation facility that separates motor vehicles from non-motor vehicles. It also consists of curbs and separation zones on both sides.

Road plane alignment

Road alignment is a three-dimensional shape of the centerline of the road. The projection of the centerline of a road on a horizontal plane is called a planar alignment. Generally composed of straight lines, circular curves and transition curves. A straight line is a common line shape on the road. It has a good line of sight and smooth traffic, but too long straight lines can easily cause driver fatigue. When the direction of the road changes, circular curves are generally used to connect two straight lines. In order to reduce the impact of sudden changes in centrifugal force, a mild curve is often added between the straight line and the circular curve to gradually increase the centrifugal force and make the car run smoothly and comfortable. Urban roads generally use straight lines, while suburban highways should avoid long straight lines.

Road lane width

Car lane width is based on design speed

Impact of roads on traffic problems

The impact of roads on vehicle safety is reflected in the development of roads and whether the construction of road networks is compatible with people's living standards, living habits, and social economic development. If there are more cars and less roads, the service life of the road will be reduced, and problems will easily occur, so the traffic safety problems will become prominent. The second is whether the road management facilities and traffic control facilities are scientific and reasonable. If it is scientific and reasonable, it can also guide vehicles in an orderly manner during traffic congestion, solve the problem of traffic congestion, and reduce the occurrence of traffic safety accidents. Thirdly, the impact of road design on traffic safety. There are often some roads. Because of their irrational design, drivers are prone to make wrong judgments and cause traffic accidents. This should attract the attention of road designers and managers. For example, excessively long straight lines on highways are likely to fatigue drivers, and unreasonable combinations of curves and slopes may cause traffic accidents.

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