What Is the Most Common Waste in Water?

The specific activity of alpha emitter nuclides with a half-life greater than 30a in radioactive solid waste is greater than 4 × 10 ^ 6Bq / kg in a single package (for near-surface disposal facilities, the average alpha specific activity of multiple packages is greater than 4 × 10 ^ 5Bq / kg) is alpha waste.

Alpha waste has a long half-life, high toxicity, and high processing and disposal costs. In radioactive waste management, strict management and control must be carried out. Alpha waste requires geological disposal to achieve long-term and safe isolation from the biosphere, with an isolation period of not less than 10,000 years. ^[2]

High-level radioactive waste: The radionuclide contained in the waste has a high activity concentration, which causes a large amount of heat during the decay process, or contains a large number of long-lived radionuclides, which requires a higher degree of containment and isolation, and requires heat dissipation measures. Take deep geological disposal. The lower limit of the activity concentration of high-level radioactive waste is 4E + 11Bq / kg, or the heat release rate is greater than 2kW / m ^ 3. ^[2]

Alpha waste research and outlook

Final disposal of alpha waste is the focus of scientific research on radioactive waste management. From the 1950s to the 1980s, many schemes were proposed internationally: such as deep stratum disposal for the construction of a final repository in a stratum hundreds of meters underground or deeper; deep seabed disposal that was dropped to the depth of several thousand meters; and Antarctic ice disposal; Rockets are used to dispose of wastes in space other than the Earth s gravity; nuclear reactions are used to transform long-lived nuclides into short-lived or stable nuclides by transmutation and disposal. Among them, research on deep-layer disposal schemes has been carried out the most.