What Are Possible Side Effects of Cardiovascular Drugs?

Cardiovascular drugs are drugs that act on the cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the two most common serious diseases at home and abroad. They are causal, closely related, and cover or depend on each other.

Cardiovascular drugs

Chinese name: Cardiovascular drugs
Classification: Nitrate

Function: Vascular system drugs
Dosage: 2-3 times a day

Cardiovascular system drugs first-line antihypertensive drugs

Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor

Angiotensin I converting enzyme arrives in pharmaceuticals (ACEI)

Captopri (Capote, Lopirin, Tensiomin)

This product is a synthetic non-peptide angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, which mainly acts on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAA system). Inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) of the RAA system, prevents angiotensin conversion or angiotensin , and can inhibit aldosterone secretion and reduce water and sodium retention. It is used for hypertension, but also for patients with heart failure who are ineffective for diuretics and digitalis.

[Features]:

Reduces Ang production in the blood and increases bradykinin levels, thereby dilating blood vessels and reducing sodium and water retention, leading to decreased blood pressure; reduces Ang production in tissues, prevents and reverses cardiovascular remodeling, thereby protecting target organs; No adverse effects; does not increase heart rate.

Clinical application:

For various types of hypertension, it is the first choice for treating hypertension associated with heart failure or diabetes and kidney disease; combined with diuretics and digoxin (digitalis drugs) to treat heart failure

Dosage:

2-3 times a day, if you still cannot control your blood pressure satisfactorily, you can take thiazide diuretics such as HCT25mg once a day. In the future, the dose of diuretics can be gradually increased every 1-2 weeks to achieve a satisfactory antihypertensive effect.

Heart failure: the initial dose of 25mg, 3 times a day, the dose increased to 50mg, after 3 times a day, should be taken for 2 weeks to observe the effect. Usually 50-100mg, 3 times a day. Symptoms have been improved satisfactorily and can also be used in combination with diuretics and digitalis.

For patients who have recently taken a large number of diuretics, who are in low sodium / hypovolemia, and whose blood pressure is normal or low, the initial dose should be 6.25mg-12.5mg, 3 times a day. It will be gradually increased to the usual amount after testing.

[Notice of adverse reactions and medication]:

Hypotension: start from a small amount, take 1 hour before meals; irritant dry cough: sometimes need to stop medication; use with caution in patients with renal insufficiency, disable renal artery stenosis or single kidney; angioedema are rare and dangerous; can enhance diuresis The effects of medicine and digoxin can be seen in rash, itching, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, severe cough, and abnormal taste. Individuals with proteinuria, granulocytes, neutropenia, and elevated SGPT and SGOT can recover after discontinuation. Renal impairment may lead to increased serum creatinine, and oliguria may cause hyperkalemia. Occasionally, angioedema and arrhythmia occur.

[Taboo]:

Those who are allergic to this product are forbidden. Use with caution in pregnant women and breastfeeding women. Use with caution in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and their own immune collagen diseases.

Angiotensin II receptor antagonists: Angiotensin II receptor antagonists; Losartan Losartan; Valsartan

[Antihypertensive characteristics]: Selective block of angiotensin receptor, so the effect is more selective; does not affect the degradation of ACE-mediated kinin, so dry cough does not occur; it is used to take ACEI, and dry cough cannot be tolerated Of hypertensive patients.

Cardiovascular system drugsDiuretics

Hydrochlorothiazide

[Characteristics of antihypertensive]: It exerts a mild and long-lasting antihypertensive effect through sodium diuresis; it can be used to treat mild hypertension alone or in combination with other antihypertensive drugs to treat moderate and severe hypertension.

Cardiovascular system drugs beta blockers

1 receptor blocker: Prazosin's antihypertensive properties: lowering blood pressure without increasing heart rate and not affecting renal blood flow; it has a good effect on blood lipid metabolism, so it has a good effect on hypertension with dyslipidemia; Prone to the phenomenon of the first dose, if you use a small dose for the first time, you can avoid it.

Beta receptor blockers: propranolol (propranolol), Propranolol (Inderal)

[Function and use]

This product is a -receptor blocker, which can reduce myocardial contractility, autonomy, conductivity and excitability, slow heart rate, reduce cardiac output and myocardial oxygen consumption. For atrial and ventricular premature beats, sinus and supraventricular tachycardia, angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, hypertension, etc. For chronic atrial fibrillation and flutter, if digitalis is not effective, adding this product is often It can slow the ventricular rate, and it can be used as the first-line drug for atrial or ventricular arrhythmias related to mitral prolapse syndrome. For patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, it can reduce the incidence of supraventricular arrhythmias. rate.

[Usage]: Oral: to treat various arrhythmias, 10mg / times, 3 times a day. Treatment of angina pectoris: 40 80mg / d, divided into 3-4 times. Treatment of hypertension: 5mg / time, 4 times a day, increase by 1/4 after 1-2 weeks, and under close observation, the daily amount can gradually increase to 100mg.

[Characteristics and application of antihypertensive]: antihypertensive effect, slow and long-lasting; does not cause orthostatic hypotension and water and sodium retention; long-term application is not easy to produce tolerance, but will cause triglyceride to rise; used only for mild high blood pressure. Combined with diuretics and vasodilation for moderate to severe hypertension, those with angina pectoris, arrhythmia, and high renin activity also have good results.

[Side effects]: fatigue, lethargy, dizziness, insomnia, worsening, abdominal distension, rash, syncope, hypotension, bradycardia and other reactions. Asthma, allergic rhinitis, sinus bradycardia, severe atrioventricular block, cardiogenic shock, hypotension patients are contraindicated.

[Notice of adverse reactions and medication]: bradycardia, bronchospasm, poor peripheral circulation, nausea and fatigue, etc .; mental aspects: dreaming, hallucinations, insomnia, and depression; do not stop for a long time. Drug to avoid the occurrence of withdrawal syndrome; conduction block, bradycardia and history of asthma are forbidden. Use with caution in patients with heart failure, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.

Cardiovascular System Calcium Antagonists

Selective calcium channel antagonists are divided into three categories: dihydropyridines: such as nifedipine, nirendipine, amlodipine, etc .; aniline amines: such as verapamil, gallopamil, etc .; diltiazem Class: such as diltiazem, gramme sulfur, etc.

Nifedipine Nifedipine:

[Function and use] This product is a calcium antagonist, which can inhibit the influx of Ca2 + in myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells, relax vascular smooth muscle, reduce peripheral vascular resistance, reduce blood pressure, reduce myocardial oxygen consumption, and simultaneously expand coronary arteries and relieve them. Coronary spasm can increase coronary flow and increase myocardial oxygen supply. The heart can weaken the contractility of the heart and reduce the oxygen consumption.

It is suitable for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris, especially for angina pectoris caused by variant angina pectoris and coronary artery spasm. It has a small impact on the respiratory tract, so it is suitable for patients with angina pectoris suffering from respiratory obstructive disease, and its efficacy is better than -blockers. In addition, this product is also suitable for various types of hypertension, and has good curative effect on patients with refractory, severe hypertension and hypertension with heart failure.

[Characteristics of antihypertensive effect] It has a strong calcium antagonistic effect on vascular smooth muscle cells and is likely to cause a rapid heart rate; the effect is precise and rapid, suitable for various stages of hypertension; it has no adverse effects on blood lipids and blood glucose.

[Usage] Oral or sublingual: 10-20mg / time for adults, 3 times a day.

[Side effects] Adverse reactions include transient headaches, facial flushing, and lethargy. Others include dizziness, allergic reactions, hypotension, palpitations and sometimes angina. Excessive doses can cause bradycardia and hypotension.

Sympathetic inhibitor

Characteristics of central antihypertensive drugs:

Clonidine: Moderate antihypertensive effect, suitable for hypertension with peptic ulcer, but can cause a rebound phenomenon when the drug is suddenly stopped for a long time.

Moxonidine: long-lasting antihypertensive effect, rare adverse reactions, and no rebound phenomenon.

Ganglia blocking drugs:

The antihypertensive effect is strong and rapid, but the adverse reactions are common and serious. It is only used for hypertension crisis and controlled antihypertensive peripheral blocker during surgery.

Norepinephrine magic drug: slow, mild and long-lasting antihypertensive effect; adverse reactions are common and rarely used alone; its compound preparations are used to treat mild and moderate hypertension

Cardiovascular system drugs

Characteristics of direct vasodilator sodium nitroprusside: strong antihypertensive effect, fast and transient, and used for hypertension crisis, hypertensive encephalopathy and acute left heart failure; drip rate should be controlled and monitored closely Changes in blood pressure, pulse, breathing, and urine output. 5. Cerebrovascular and peripheral vasodilators

Nimodipine

[Function and use] This product is a calcium ion antagonist with anti-ischemic and anti-vasoconstrictive effects; it can selectively expand cerebral blood vessels, fight cerebral vasospasm, enhance cerebral blood flow, and protect against ischemia. It is clinically used to prevent and treat ischemic neurological hypertension, migraine, etc. caused by cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. It also has a certain effect on sudden deafness.

[Usage] Oral for adults: 40 ~ 60mg a day, divided into 2 times.

Treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease: 80 ~ 120mg a day, orally in 3 times.

Treatment of migraine: 40mg once, 3 times a day.

Treatment of sudden deafness: 40 ~ 60mg a day, orally in 3 times.

Treatment of mild to moderate hypertension: 40 mg once a day, orally 3 times a day.

[Side effects] Headache, flushing of the face, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, decreased heat and blood pressure may occur.

[Contraindications] Use with caution in patients with hydrocephalus and elevated brain pressure; use with caution in pregnant and lactating women.

Nitrendipine

[Function and use] This product is a calcium ion antagonist that selectively acts on vascular smooth muscle. It has a greater affinity for blood vessels than for myocardium and a stronger selection effect on coronary arteries. Can reduce myocardial oxygen consumption and protect the ischemic myocardium. Can reduce total peripheral resistance and lower blood pressure. It is clinically applicable to coronary heart disease and hypertension, and can also be used for congestive heart failure.

[Usage] Adult oral: 20mg once a day, a small dose of 10mg daily, can be taken for 2 months.

[Side effects] There are adverse reactions such as headache, dizziness and palpitations. It can disappear by itself after stopping the medicine.

Vitraruton, Venoruton

[Function and use] This product has a significant protective effect on the model of acute ischemic brain injury. Can prevent thrombosis. It is clinically applicable to hemiplegia and aphasia caused by occlusive cerebrovascular disease, and can also be used for coronary heart disease pre-infarction syndrome, central retinitis, and thrombophlebitis.

[Usage] Oral for adults: 200mg once, 3 times a day.

Fenofibrate

[Function and use] This product is rapidly metabolized into fenofibrate by the action of esterase in the body and plays a role in lowering blood lipids. It has a significant effect on lowering serum cholesterol, triglycerides and increasing high density lipoprotein.

[Usage] Adult oral: 100mg once, 3 times a day. Maintenance amount: change to 100mg once when blood lipids have dropped significantly.

[Side effects] This product has low toxic punishment, and a few patients can see that SGPT increases. It can return to normal after a few weeks of drug withdrawal; blood urea nitrogen has been increased; occasionally dry mouth, decreased appetite, increased stool frequency, rash, abdominal distension, and decreased white blood cells.

[Contraindications] Pregnant women are not allowed to take it, and those with liver and kidney dysfunction should be used with caution.

Simvastatin

[Function and use] This product can inhibit the synthesis of endogenous cholesterol and is a blood ester regulator. Clinically used to treat hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart disease.

[Usage] Hypercholesterolemia: The initial dose is 10mg per day, and it is taken at night. For mild to moderately elevated cholesterol levels, the starting dose is 5 mg per day. Coronary heart disease: The initial dose is 20mg every night.

[Side Effects] The side effects of this product are mild and temporary. Visible abdominal pain, constipation, flatulence, fatigue and headache are rare. Rare allergic reaction syndrome: such as angioedema, lupus-like syndrome, rheumatic polymyalgia, vasculitis, thrombocytopenia, joint pain, measles seeking, fever, dyspnea and other symptoms.

[Contraindications] Those who are allergic to any component of this product; those who have active hepatitis or persistent unexplained elevated serum transaminase; pregnant and lactating women.

Lovastatin

[Function and use] This product is a cholesterol-lowering drug, which can reduce the amount of cholesterol produced by the liver. Clinically used to lower serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein and triglycerides. And can increase high density lipoprotein.

[Usage] The initial dose is 20mg daily, and it is taken at dinner. If the dose needs to be adjusted, the interval should be 4 weeks. The maximum dose can be up to 80mg per day. It can be taken once or divided into breakfast and dinner. The starting dose for patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia is 10 mg.

[Side effects] The side effects of this product are mild and transient. Common indigestion, myalgia, rash, fatigue and dry mouth are common.

[Contraindications] Those who are allergic to any tissue of this product; those with active liver disease or serum transaminase that cannot be explained continuously; pregnant and lactating women are prohibited.

[Note] Use with caution in patients with a history of liver disease; use this product with erythromycin in combination; discontinue use of this product if serum transaminase gradually increases.