What Factors Affect Synthroid Dosage?

Anabolic steroids are also known as androgenic steroid hormones, anabolic steroids, and anabolic steroids, including fluorenone and its derivatives.

Anabolic steroids, also known as

(l) increase offensive awareness;

(2) promote the generation of cells, improve the oxygen carrying capacity and the maximum aerobic capacity of the body;

(3) increase muscle volume and strength, and increase lean body mass;

(4) increasing muscle glycogen storage;

(5) Improve the body's tolerance and stress ability and maintain a good attitude. ^[1]

Through long-term treatment, it has been found that anabolic steroids have adverse effects on the liver, cardiovascular system, reproductive system and mental state. There are many experiments on the effects of anabolic steroids on body fat metabolism. The reduction of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) in serum is the most obvious toxic effect of anabolic steroids. The decrease of HDLC significantly increased the incidence of coronary heart disease.

The effects of anabolic steroids on male athletes not only decreased HDLC significantly, but also caused testicular atrophy, spermatogenesis and impaired function. Long-term use of anabolic steroids reduces gonadotropins and prostate dysfunction in the body. The effects of anabolic steroids on female athletes are devastating. Its main manifestations are enhanced masculinity, enlarged clitoris, increased body hair, and menstrual disorders. ^[3]

The side effects of anabolic steroids, in addition to endocrine disorders caused by its androgen-like effects, have been found that taking a chronic superphysiological dose of anabolic steroids can reduce learning and memory abilities, can interfere with the clearing of chylomicrons and induce atherosclerosis or even cerebral infarction and brain damage. Causes concentric cardiac hypertrophy and wall thickening, reduces the analgesic effect of morphine, and causes neuropsychiatric disorders such as violent tendencies. Therefore, the use of anabolic steroids for athletes' non-medical purposes, in addition to violating sports morals and the Olympic spirit, can cause multiple damages to the body's physiological functions, which has seriously harmed the athlete's health and has become a concern in the athletic sports industry. Public health issues.

What is more serious is that the anabolic steroid abuse population is expanding, and the motivation for abuse is not limited to the pursuit of its assimilation effect (improving athletic performance or physical plasticity), but also a tendency of mental dependence. Including the pursuit of "reward", this determines that anabolic steroids are a psychoactive substance that can cause dependence. As early as the early 1980s, the abuse of anabolic steroids began to spread from professional athletes to other groups, such as high school students.

Surveys in the United States show that the percentage of high school students using anabolic steroids is comparable to cocaine and heroin. The abuse of anabolic steroids among adolescents not only occurs in the United States, but in survey reports conducted in Canada, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Poland, Brazil, and South Africa, the overall anabolic rate of anabolic steroids among high school age students ranges from 1% to 3%. between. Similar to the United States, there is also anabolic steroid abuse among athletes and adolescents in China, but the lack of exact epidemiological data, the proportion of anabolic steroid abuse may be lower than in the above countries. However, with the vigorous development of China's commercial economy and sports and the increase of people's fitness needs, the risk of anabolic anabolic amplification is not optimistic. ^[3]

The increasing population of anabolic steroids provides clinical research objects for the study of deeper motivation for abuse. It is confirmed in the etiology that anabolic steroid dependence is caused by central nervous system disorders. Anabolic steroids can affect human mood and state, and physiological concentrations of androgens are positively related to feelings of health and happiness, and negatively related to feelings of depression and anxiety. During the heavy use of anabolic steroids, abusers will have euphoria such as "pushed and irresistible", "feeling that I am Superman, I act like Superman", "I can conquer anyone", etc .; long-term and high-dose AAS is prone to irritability, insanity, violent tendencies, and aggressive behaviors; withdrawal symptoms such as compulsive medication, depression, anhedonia, fatigue, decreased concentration, and suicidal ideation may occur.

Studies have shown that 30% of long-term abusers of anabolic steroids meet the diagnostic criteria for psychoactive substance dependence (DMS-III or DMS-IV) and can be diagnosed as anabolic steroid dependence. In fact, anabolic steroids have become a class of psychoactive substances with potential for abuse. In addition, data released by the National Institutes for Drug Abuse (NIDA) of the United States show that anabolic steroid abusers have become a high-risk group for HIV / AIDS and hepatitis infection. Therefore, the abuse of anabolic steroids has also evolved into a public health issue.