What Are the Functions of the Hindbrain?

The hindbrain is a part of the brain. It is located in the back of the skull and surrounds the fourth ventricle. It consists of pons, medulla and cerebellum. The cerebellum has two hemispheres, like a miniature brain, whose surface is covered by the cerebellar cortex, and contains some deep cerebellar nuclei. The pontine is a large protruding part of the brain stem, located between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata, and the ventral side of the cerebellum.

The hindbrain is a part of the brain. It is located in the back of the skull and surrounds the fourth ventricle. It consists of pons, medulla and cerebellum. The cerebellum has two hemispheres, like a miniature brain, whose surface is covered by the cerebellar cortex, and contains some deep cerebellar nuclei. The pontine is a large protruding part of the brain stem, located between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata, and the ventral side of the cerebellum.

Chinese name

Hindbrain

Foreign name

hindbrain

Back brain anatomy:

1. Back brain:

The main structures of the hindbrain are pontine and cerebellum. The pontine contains part of the reticular structure and the nucleus involved in sleep and wakefulness, transmitting information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum. The dorsal brain mainly refers to the medulla oblongata, which is the tail of the brainstem, including part of the reticular structure, and the nucleus that controls the regulation of the cardiovascular system, breathing, and myocardial stiffness.

Brain:

The main part of the ventricle of the ventricle and the central nervous system of the human is the organ and material basis of psychological activity, located in the cranial cavity. Can be divided into the brain, cerebellum and brain stem (including the mesencephalon, midbrain, pontine and medulla) and other parts. The brain is mainly composed of nerve cells, namely neurons and glial cells. Neurons are the functional centers of the brain. The average brain of modern adults is about 1200-1500 grams. There is no corresponding quantitative relationship between brain development and brain weight. As far as the physiological structure of the brain is concerned, the development of the brain is related to an increase in the area of the cerebral cortex, a high degree of differentiation of the cortical cells and a tight structure. The higher the animal, the more developed the brain. The human brain is gradually evolved from the ape brain, driven by labor and language. The relationship between brain and psychology, which involves the physiological basis of psychological activity, is a complex and very important issue that has been discussed for a long time in psychology. Psychology is the function of the brain. Human psychology is generated by the brain. Scientific evidence proves that if human brain is damaged, psychological activities will be severely damaged. However, the brain alone cannot carry out normal psychological activities. The human brain can develop psychological activities only under the effect of objective reality. Human practical activities are not only an important condition for the development and development of psychology, but also have a huge impact on changes in the physical substance of the mind, the brain itself.

The composition of the hindbrain:

1, pontine:

The pontine is only found in mammals, and the human pontine is the most developed. It is located between the midbrain and the medulla. The ventral side swells and is composed of a large number of transverse fibers and some longitudinal fibers. The pontine gradually narrows to the sides and migrates to the midfoot of the cerebellum. It is composed of fibers that migrate to the cerebellum. In the cerebellum, thick trigeminal nerve roots penetrate the pontine. At the transverse sulcus where the lower edge of the pontine and the medullary boundary delimit, there are abductor nerves, facial nerves, and auditory nerve roots from the pontine. The back of the pontine constitutes the upper part of the diamond-shaped fossa, with the upper and lower feet of the cerebellum on both sides, which are the fiber bundles connecting the cerebellum and the midbrain.

The inside of the pontine is divided into two parts of the dorsal and ventral parts by the cuboid fibers. The dorsal part is called the cover and the ventral part is called the base. The longitudinal fibers of the basal part are mainly composed of two parts, one is the cortical spinal cord bundle (ie, the pyramidal bundle), and the other is the cortical pontine bundle. In addition, there are transverse fibers, which are the fiber bundles that the pontine bridges toward the cerebellum. There are many medium-sized nerve cells scattered in the longitudinal and transverse fibers, called the pontine nuclei. The nucleus related to the brain nerves in the pontine are: the trigeminal nucleus, the abductor nucleus, the facial nucleus and the auditory nucleus. In the auditory nucleus of the bit, it is the snail nucleus that manages hearing and the vestibular nucleus that manages balance. The cochlear nucleus is composed of anterior (ventral) nucleus and posterior (dorsal) nucleus. They are located at the junction of the medulla oblongata and pons, and they are auditory secondary neuronal cell bodies. The secondary auditory-conducting secondary fibers emitted by these two nuclei form a band-shaped fiber bundle between the base and the covered part, that is, a cuboid, which folds upwards across the midline to the opposite side to form the lateral mound system, which terminates On the medial geniculate body of the thalamus.

The cortical pontine bundles come from the frontal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex and exchange neurons in the pontine nucleus; the fibers emitted by the pontine nucleus cross, most of them cross to the contralateral side, forming the pontine (ie, cerebellar midfoot) into the cerebellum Terminating in the cerebellar cortex, this fiber is called the pontine cerebellar tract.

2, the medulla oblongata:

The medulla oblongata is like an inverted conical shape, and its lower boundary is connected with the spinal cord at the level of the foramen magnum, and the ventral side of the upper boundary is separated from the pontine by a transverse groove. The dorsal side constitutes the lower half of the diamond-shaped fossa. The shape of the medulla oblongata is similar to that of the spinal cord. The sulcus is a continuation of the spinal cord and other sulci. On the ventral side, there is a vertical bulge on each side of the anterior median fissure, called a cone. It is composed of the fibers of the corticospinal tract. . Below the cone, 70 to 90% of the fibers cross left and right, which is called the cone cross. On the outer side of the cone, there is a pair of oval-shaped ridges, called the olive body. The space between the two is anterior lateral groove, and the hypoglossal nerve root comes out of the brain. In the longitudinal groove outside the olive body, the glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, and accessory nerve roots emerge from the brain from top to bottom. On the dorsal side, there are a pair of protrusions on both sides of the posterior median sulcus, called thin bundle nodules (rod-shaped bodies). It is an enlarged part of the thin bundle that extends upwards, and its thin face has a thin bundle nucleus. On the outside of the thin bundle nodule, there is another pair of protrusions, called wedge bundle nodule, which is an enlarged part of the wedge bundle extending upward, and its wedge bundle nucleus is on the deep side. Above the wedge bundle nodules. There are a pair of cerebellar lower legs or rope-like bodies, which are thick fiber bundles composed of fibers that enter the cerebellum.

The inner structure of the medulla oblongata is similar to that of the spinal cord. There are fiber bundles connecting the spinal cord and the brain. There are also four pairs of motor nucleus and terminating nucleus of the brain nerves of the pharyngeal, vagus, para, and sublingual. The relationship between the gray matter and white matter of the bulbus gradually changes from the spinal cord upward. Firstly, the pyramidal intersection appears at the lower end of the medulla, which cuts off the anterior horn of gray matter; secondly, the mastoid intersection appears at the upper part of the medulla oblongata; the third is the opening of the medulla, where the formation of olive bodies and ropes appears; its four central tubes Open, the central gray matter of the spinal cord forms the gray matter at the bottom of the fourth ventricle, which contains the brain nucleus. Finally, the gray matter at the bottom of the fourth ventricle and the lower olive nucleus separate the gray matter due to vertical and horizontal fibers to form a reticular structure.

The main function of the medulla oblongata is to regulate visceral activities. Many basic centers (such as breathing, circulation, digestion, etc.) necessary for maintaining life are concentrated in the medulla oblongata. Once these parts are damaged, they often cause rapid death. Therefore, the medulla oblongata has a "life center". Called. If the medulla oblongata remains intact, even if the upper part is injured, breathing, circulation and other functions can be temporarily maintained without causing immediate death.

3. Cerebellum:

The cerebellum is an unpaired structure. The human cerebellum is the largest part of the hindbrain, located in the posterior cranial fossa, under the occipital lobe of the two hemispheres of the brain, the pons and the dorsal side of the medulla. The upper part of the cerebellum is flat, and the lower part is raised and convex. The narrowed part in the middle is the vermiform part. There are many parallel grooves on the surface of the cerebellum, which divides the cerebellum into several leaves. The surface of the cerebellum is covered with a layer of gray matter called the cerebellar cortex; the inside of the cerebellum is called white matter and the cerebellar medulla. There is a gray matter group in the medulla, called the central cerebellum nucleus. According to function, the cerebellum is divided into anterior lobe, posterior lobe and pompom nodules.

The cerebellum is connected to the brain stem by three pairs of cerebellar feet. The cerebellum's lower foot (rope) is composed of fibers from the spinal cord and medulla that enter the cerebellum. (Combined arm) is mainly composed of telecentric fibers emitted from the central nucleus of the cerebellum, which is mainly finally the red nucleus and the lateral thalamus nucleus.

Cerebellar function is quite complex. The main function is that the organism participates in the mutual action between the prime mover and the antagonist muscle in static or dynamic movement, so as to maintain the balance of the body; regulate the tension of the muscles and coordinate the movement of the muscles, mainly Coordinate the free movement of the body. If the cerebellum is damaged, the patient's balance is imbalanced, his body is unstable when standing, he is staggering on foot, and there is a tendency to fall. In addition, the cerebellum also has a certain effect on the function of the internal organs. If the cerebellum is stimulated, a series of sympathetic nerve excitation phenomena can occur, such as dilated pupils, increased blood pressure, and fatigued muscles' ability to work.