What Is the Connection Between Pheromones and Attraction?

Pheromones, also known as pheromones, are secreted by an individual to the outside, and are detected by other individuals of the same species through the olfactory organs (such as para-olfactory bulbs, vomeronasal organs), causing the latter to exhibit certain behaviors and emotions Substances that alter psychological or physiological mechanisms. It has communication functions. Almost all animals have proven the presence of pheromones. Published in 1959, female silkworm moths secrete sex pheromones, which is the first time in the scientific community to prove that sex pheromones exist. The term pheromone comes from the Greek "" (meaning "I carry") and "" (meaning "stimulus"), which collectively means "I carry a stimulus".

The existence of human pheromones has always been controversial. According to Mikelin Tucker's research, it has the properties of both madulate pheromone and social pheromone . Human pheromones are gender-specific, of which male pheromones are androstenedione and female pheromones are estrone. Human pheromones have not yet reached a final consensus in the scientific community, and rigorous research data is relatively not abundant, but androstadienone and estritol are the most abundant research data and the most likely human sex pheromone.

Insect pheromones are compounds used by insects to represent various information such as aggregation, foraging, mating, and alerting. They are the chemical molecular language of insect communication. among them

Pheromone is a collective name for compounds that play a role in chemical communication between organisms, and is the chemical molecular language of insect communication. Including: altruins, altruins, synergins, collection pheromones, tracking pheromones, warning pheromones, evacuation pheromones, and sex pheromones. In nature, adult female pests release a compound called sex pheromone after sexual maturity, which is released into the air and diffuses with the airflow, stimulating chemosensory organs in male antennae, causing male individual sexual impulses and temptations The males orientate towards the release source and mate with female adult pheromone-releasing progeny. Therefore, insect sex attractant products are bionic high-tech products that release artificial sex pheromone through the attractant core.

Pheromone can be divided into alarm, tracking, sex and other types (usually used to describe insect pheromone) according to its purpose, or according to the mechanism of action is divided into release pheromones and primer pheromones Species. ^[3]

Pheromone sex pheromone

After sexual maturity of the same sex, a small amount of substances are released to attract pheromones of the same sex to find out to mate. From invertebrates to higher vertebrates, many animals have chemical communication skills in sex pheromones. Silkworm alcohol is better

Pheromones

example of.

Soon after the female moth emerged, two golden-yellow hemispherical protrusions protruded from the end of the abdomen, called the attracting glands (fragrant glands). The pair of glands bulge like semicircular bubbles. Under a high-power electron microscope, you can see that there are many tiny hairy protrusions on the glands. The epidermis is a channel in the protrusions. Histologically, the glands are composed of secretory cells. The sex pheromone of the silkworm is silkworm alcohol, which is soluble in lipids, passes through the plasma membrane on the microvilli, is transmitted to the pores on the outer epidermis, and is dispersed in the air.

The chemoreceptors that male silkworm moths receive from female pheromones are antennae. The male moth's antennae have a feathery structure, with 36 feather branches on each side of the antennae's trunk, and many feathers (olfactory hairs) on both sides of each branch. Under high-power electron microscope, the olfactory hairs have some small holes. The olfactory hair is filled with liquid, enclosing the dendrites of two nerve cells, and there are two neuroreceptor cells under the olfactory hair. When the female moth's scent gland emits a lot of sex pheromone, silkworm alcohol, the male moth keeps waving its antennae. , Try to flap wings, fly to the female moth, and perform mating activities.

If the female moth's scent glands are removed or otherwise disabled, the male moth will not look for female moths after such surgery.

A microelectrode was inserted near the feeler cells of the male moth's tentacles and olfactory broad hairs. When there was a silkworm alcohol molecule in the air, the potential activity of the male silkworm moth was recorded. One or two nerve pulses are issued. When the concentration of silkworm alcohol reaches 1 microgram, the number of male moth antennae potential pulses is more frequent. About 200 silkworm alcohol molecules in the air are enough to make the male silkworm moth react.

Female silkworm moths not only have estrogen, which can lure male moths to mate, but female silkworm moths can also secrete silkworm aldehyde, which can stabilize the behavior of mating male moths.

Pheromone

Also called collection pheromone. Animals rely on secretions to attract other individuals of the same species to come together to inhabit and eat together.

Chemical Study of Mouse Pheromone

Attack heterogeneous objects to form population clusters. This secretion is called aggregate pheromone. There are many kinds of lower animals that often gather and live together. It is still being explored whether there is aggregate pheromone in higher animals. However, it has been found in insects that some of the same kind of insects can secrete a type of aggregate pheromone. To summon similar.

Aggregate pheromone activity is higher, for example, adults of the fold pupa respond to 0.2 ng of aggregate pheromone, and first-instar larvae respond to 0.4 ng. The effective distance is about 40 mm for mature larvae to adults and 10 mm for first-instar larvae to adults. Aggregate pheromones are like sex pheromones. Those who release aggregate pheromones are called releasers, and those who receive pheromones are called receivers or triggers. Aggregate pheromones can transmit information between the same sex or opposite sex, same age or different age, The developmental behavior of individuals within the species has a significant impact, and the behavior and habits of swarming insects are special. Termites, bees, ants and other insects make up a group of hundreds of thousands of individuals living together, and gathering pheromones plays a major role in group life.

Pheromone pheromone

The action of herding insects is often the action of swarms. In particular, those wing-less gregarious insects or larval actions often leave pheromones on the roads they have crawled to show the traces of their actions, so that their companions can trace their trails to inform their companions, "When they found a new source of food or a new nest, their companions followed. When a fire ant is searching for a road, the puncture needle at the end of its tail often runs along the ground, which is how to release the tracer pheromone. The organs from which the ant tracers originate are mainly the hindgut, venomous glands, and Duff's glands. The source of the termite's tracer substance is the abdominal gland between the 4th and 5th abdominal segments below the abdomen. When termites walk on the ground, it is estimated that a 1 mm long road releases 0.01 micrograms of tracer pheromone. The tracer pheromone stays on the road for about 100 seconds and then gradually disappears.

Pheromone alert pheromone

Alarm pheromone is also called alarm pheromone. When an individual of this kind is attacked by enemy attack, it can send out a special chemical signal substance, which will cause the companion to get alert or escape after receiving the signal. When aphids are attacked by enemies, they release trace chemicals from the abdominal tube and warn their companions to leave. Insects living in groups such as bees and ants have more warning pheromones. The bee's warning pheromone consists of a mixture of 2-heptanone produced by the great jaw gland and isoamyl acetate produced by the glandular gland. When foreign enemies invaded the hive, the duty worker bees attacked the enemy at one time, and they did not calm down until the external enemies eliminated.

The reaction range of the alarm pheromone is roughly 10 ⁷ to 10 ¹² molecules of alarm substance in 1 cubic millimeter, which will cause the same kind of alert. Even as few as 100 molecules can respond accordingly. One ant contains 100 to 700. Warning substance in micrograms. The effective transmission radius of alarm information is 1 to 10 mm. It spreads from the alarm issuer to the alarmed person within 2 seconds, and the pheromone odor will disappear within 8 to 50 seconds. Some alarm pheromones not only serve as alarms, but also have poisonous and paralytic effects. For example, when ants attack the enemy, the secreted formic acid has a paralytic effect.

Pheromone

Some animals live in a certain field, or they often leave a special mark substance after contacting some substances, so that they can inform other homosexual individuals of the same kind, exclude them from entering the area and keep their fields from being homosexual in the same class. Encroachment by individuals keeps them from perching there, not mating, not spawning, etc.

After the female apple fruit fly and cherry fruit fly lay their eggs on the fruit, a highly stable, polar, water-soluble substance is left on the fruit. Although the compound does not repel other male and female flies, it inhibits other female flies from laying eggs on this fruit.

Pure butterfly, the male butterfly produces a marker pheromone that can be transmitted to the female genitalia during mating. This pheromone is very durable. Its scent can "drive out" other male butterflies to mate again.

In short, animal pheromones are an effective chemical communication substance for animal survival and life, and can cause changes in animal development and behaviors, such as swarming, eviction, avoidance, recruitment, and mating. The development of divergent pheromone glands in animals, the development of tiny pheromones and the development of chemoreceptors (including olfactory organs), as well as behavioral coordination and adaptation, have played a significant role in adapting to complex and changing environments. People can also simulate and synthesize pheromones to control pests.