What is the process of protein synthesis?
The process of protein synthesis occurs in two main steps of driven enzymes inside the cell. First, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is transcribed to ribonucleic acid (RNA) enzyme with RNA polymerase. Second, RNA is then translated into the protein molecule of ribosomes in the cell. DNA and RNA translation are key steps in the central process of protein biosynthesis.
Transcription is the first step in the process of protein synthesis and is usually initiated by various signaling molecules in the core of the cells. First, the enzymatic DNA of the helicasis expands two DNA chains and reveals the source of the template that will encode the RNA that will be rewritten. Furthermore, the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the template chain, moves along it and synthesizes the Messenger RNA (MRNA) spring, which is complementary to the Spring DNA spring. Each individual DNA nucleotide will encode for one RNA nucleotide that will be added to the MRNA chain.
In eukaryotic cells, mRNA will usually be modified after its pRededed. This step in the protein synthesis process involves adding a cap to the front, which is usually a methylated guanine nucleotide and a polyadenine tail (poly-a tail) backwards. MRNA will also be cut because the enzymes in the cell remove all MRNA segments that are not directly connected to the target protein coding. These segments are known as introns, while segments that participate in protein coding are known as exons.
The next step in the process of protein synthesis is a translation in which RNA codes for specific amino acids. This process is catalyzed outside the core of ribosomes, small organelles that are made of ribosomal RNA (RRNA) and protein. Ribosomes bind both for the MRNA chain and the amino acids that form the final protein. Each set of three MRNA nucleotide will be code for one particular amino acid. Ribosomes travel to the MRNA spring and add one amino acid at the same time until they reach the poly-tail and complete the protein translation.
Sometimes the process of protein synthesis involves further steps after creating a polypeptide. Proteins may start to fold into their native structure or the most stable three -dimensional conformations with hydrophobic interactions. Since the cell is an environment of water or water, it is relatively polar and hydrophobic amino acids will be collected to avoid exposure to this environment. This internal grouping of hydrophobic residues gives the protein more energetic and helps to fold it.
proteins often cannot fold into their native structure of their own will. In this case, they need the help of chaperonin, a protein enzyme that binds to a newly synthesized polypeptide and folds it into the right shape. Chaperonins and other enzymen also correct denatured, erroneous or other damaged proteins.