What is the Trachea?

Trachea: a part of the respiratory system, tubular, with the upper part connected to the throat, and the lower part left and right through the lungs.

Trachea: a part of the respiratory system, tubular, with the upper part connected to the throat, and the lower part left and right through the lungs.

Chinese name

trachea

Foreign name

trachea

Make up

Cartilage, muscle, connective tissue and mucosa

Tube wall

Mucosa, submucosa and adventitia

Constituent cells

Ciliated cells, goblet cells, basal cells

Ciliated cells

Purified inhaled air

Peptides

5-hydroxytryptamine, bombesin, calcitonin, etc.

Pinyin

Qi Guan

Trachea I. Overview

The pipe connecting the throat and the bronchus is not only a channel for air, but also has the functions of defense, removal of foreign objects, and adjustment of air temperature and humidity. The trachea is a circular pipe with a slightly flat rear wall. Adults are 11 to 13 cm long. The upper end is flat and the upper edge of the seventh cervical vertebra is connected to the larynx. It is equivalent to the junction of the fourth to fifth thoracic vertebra and is divided into left and right bronchus. The bifurcation is called trachea fork. The trachea can be divided into two parts according to the location of the neck and chest. The neck is short and descends along the midline of the anterior cervical region. It is covered by the sternohyoid muscle and sternum thyroid muscles in front, which is equivalent to the 2nd to 4th tracheal cartilage. The thyroid isthmus is also crossed by the front; There are ascending inferior laryngeal nerves in the sulcus on both sides; there are left and right thyroid lobes and large vessels in the neck on both sides of the trachea. The thoracic segment is long. In the posterior mediastinum, there are innominate arteries and left common carotid arteries to the arterial arch and from the arch. There are left and right innominate veins and thymus (pediatric) in front, and the esophagus is still behind. The trachea is made up of cartilage, smooth muscle, and connective tissue. Most of the tracheal cartilage are 14-16, which are connected by ligaments. The tracheal cartilage is in a "C" shape, with the gap facing the back, and the membrane wall composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue is closed. The tracheotomy is usually performed at the 3rd, 4th or 4th, 5th tracheal cartilage annulus along the midline.

A section of breathing tube between the larynx and the bronchus is located in front of the esophagus and has a slightly flat cylindrical shape at the back. The upper part meets the larynx, and the lower part enters the thorax into left and right bronchial tubes, about 9-13 cm long and 15-20 mm in diameter. The tracheal wall is composed of a mucosal layer, a submucosal layer and an outer membrane from the inside to the outside. The mucosal layer has ciliated epithelium, which is a pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells sandwiched. The epithelial basement membrane is obvious. There are abundant elastic fibers, lymphoid tissues, and plasma cells in the intrinsic membrane. The cilia can swing toward the throat. The dust particles and bacteria are transported to the pharynx along with mucus, and discharged through the cough reflex. The submucosa is loose connective tissue with tracheal glands inside, which is open on the mucosal surface. The secretions of epithelium and glands are protective devices to prevent dust from entering the lungs. The secretions contain various immunoglobulins, which have antibacterial and antiviral properties Role is an integral part of the body's defense system. The adventitia is composed of 14 to 16 "C" -shaped transparent cartilage rings and connective tissue between the rings. The gap of the cartilage ring faces the back, and smooth muscle bundles and elastic fibers form the membranous wall between the gaps. Cartilage functions as a stent and is elastic, which can keep the lumen open to maintain the normal function of breathing. Smooth muscle and elastic fibers can make the wall of the tube have a certain degree of relaxation and contraction, suitable for the smooth movement of the esophagus in the esophageal cavity behind it and the neck's pitching action.

Tracheal muscle: refers to the smooth muscles in the back wall (membrane wall) of the trachea.

Trachea 2. Anatomy:

The trachea is a cylindrical tube with a slightly flat posterior wall. The upper end of the trachea is connected to the larynx at the upper edge of the flat seventh cervical vertebra. The trachea branch is called trachea branch.

The trachea consists of cartilage, smooth muscle fibers, and connective tissue. The tracheal cartilage is "C" -shaped, accounting for about two-thirds of the tracheal circumference, and the notch faces rearward. The number of tracheal cartilage is generally 14-16, and each cartilage is connected by a circular ligament. The membrane wall formed by smooth muscle fibers and connective tissue closes the posterior notch of the tracheal cartilage. The inner surface of the trachea is covered with mucous membranes. Because the trachea is made of cartilage as a stent, the lumen is kept open to ensure the normal function of breathing.

The lower edge of the upper 6th cervical vertebra is connected to the throat; the left to the sternum angle plane is divided into left and right bronchus, the bifurcation is called trachea right, and there is a semilunar ridge protruding upward in the fork called tracheal bulge. Adult tracheal average length: 10.6 cm for males and 9.8 cm for females. Pediatric trachea is small, deep, and active.

Trachea 3. Diseases related to trachea:

Acute tracheobronchitis:

concept

1. Trachea 1. Understanding of Modern Medicine

Acute tracheobronchitis is an acute inflammation of the tracheobronchial mucosa caused by infection and physical, chemical irritation, or allergies. It can also be extended from acute upper respiratory infections. The main clinical symptoms are cough and sputum, which are common in cold seasons or climatic periods.

The disease causes congestion of tracheobronchial mucosa, edema, ciliary cell damage and shedding, hypertrophy of mucous glands, increased secretions, and infiltration of lymphocytes and neutrophils. If the bacteria are infected, the secretions can present Mucopurulent. The structure and function of the mucosa may return to normal after the inflammation subsides.

Modern medicine treats this disease mainly with antibacterial treatment and symptomatic treatment. Specific medications such as penicillin, sulfa preparations, spiramycin, quinolones (ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, etc.), cephalosporin antibiotics, etc. Ning cough. When thick phlegm is difficult to cough, you can use compound ammonium chloride mixture, bromhexine, or aerosol therapy to help expectorant.

2. Trachea 2. Knowledge of Motherland Medicine

Acute tracheobronchitis belongs to the category of "exogenous cough" in Chinese medicine. "Hejian Liushu · Cough Theory" refers to "cold, summer, dry, wet, wind, and fire six qi, all coughing." This disease is mostly caused by the decline or imbalance of the external health function of the lungs, resulting in abnormal weather, climate In the case of a mutation, the six prostitutes may enter from the nose or nose, or suffer from the fur, causing the lungs to suffer evil, the lungs to lose vitality, the lungs to lose their vitality, and the lungs to cough. The disease location is in the lung system, which is empirical. If the disease is delayed, the evil will hurt the lung, and it will be easier to repeatedly feel the evil, and the cough will occur frequently. The treatment of this disease is based on evacuation of external evils, Xuanfei cough.