What is an Inverted Microscope?

The inverted microscope has the same composition as an ordinary microscope, except that the objective lens and the illumination system are reversed. The former is below the stage and the latter is above the stage. It is used to observe living cells in culture and has a phase contrast objective lens.

Inverted microscope

The inverted microscope has the same composition as an ordinary microscope, except that the objective lens and the illumination system are reversed. The former is below the stage and the latter is above the stage. It is used to observe living cells in culture and has a phase contrast objective lens.

Chinese name

Inverted microscope

Foreign name

inverted microscope

Function

Make an enlarged image of a small object nearby

Structure

Mechanical part, lighting part and optical part

Since the 1980s, the design and manufacture of optical microscopes have developed a lot, and their development trends are mainly reflected in improvements in practicality and multi-function. The assembly design tends to adopt a combination method, which combines ordinary light mirrors with phase contrast, fluorescence, dark field, DIC, and photographic devices in one, so that the operation is flexible and easy to use. Similarly, the inverted microscope also incorporates other technologies. Here are some brief introductions:

Inverted metallographic microscope is mainly used to identify and analyze the internal structure and organization of metals. It is an important instrument for metallographic research and is a key device for industrial product quality identification. Measure and analyze the map, and edit, output, store, and manage the image.

Computerized Binocular Inverted Metallurgical Microscope is a high-tech product developed and developed by combining sophisticated optical microscope technology, advanced photoelectric conversion technology, and cutting-edge computer image processing technology. The metallographic image can be easily observed on the computer monitor, so that the metallographic atlas can be sub-analyzed, and the pictures can be output and printed. The microscope image is clear, the field of vision is wide, and the overall design conforms to human-machine functions, suitable for long-term operation. It can be widely used in factories or laboratories to identify the quality of castings. Inspection of raw materials or research and analysis of metallographic structure after material processing.

The structure of the inverted microscope is mainly divided into three parts: mechanical part, lighting part and optical part.

Mechanical part

Mirror base: It is the base of the microscope to support the entire mirror body.

Mirror column: It is the upright part of the lens holder, which is used to connect the lens holder and the arm.

(3) Mirror arm: one end is connected to the mirror column and one end is connected to the lens barrel.

Lens tube: It is connected to the front and upper of the lens arm. The upper end of the lens barrel is equipped with eyepieces and the lower end is equipped with objective lens converter.

Object lens converter (rotator): It is connected to the lower part of the prism housing and can be rotated freely. There are 3-4 round holes on the disk. It is the part for installing the objective lens. Turn the converter to change the objective lens with different multiples. Observation can only be performed when there is a snoring sound. At this time, the optical axis of the objective lens is exactly aligned with the center of the through hole, and the optical path is connected.

Mirror stage (stage): under the lens barrel, there are square and round shapes for placing slide specimens, and there is a light hole in the center. The microscope used in our microscope is equipped with a slide specimen pusher (pushing slide) There are spring clamps on the left side of the pusher to hold the slide specimen. There is a pusher adjustment wheel under the stage to allow the slide specimen to move left and right and back and forth.

Adjuster: It is two kinds of screws, which are mounted on the mirror column, and make the mirror table move up and down when adjusting.

Coarse adjuster (coarse spiral): The large helix is called a coarse adjuster, which can make the stage move up and down rapidly when moving, so it can quickly adjust the distance between the objective lens and the specimen so that the object image appears in the field of view, usually in the field of vision. When using a low power lens, first use the coarse adjuster to quickly find the object image.

Fine adjuster (fine helix): The small helix is called a fine adjuster, which can slowly raise and lower the stage when moving. It is mostly used when using a high-power lens to obtain a clearer image and to observe different levels and different depths of the specimen. Structure.

Lighting section

Installed under the stage, including reflectors and collectors.

The most commonly used observation method in inverted microscopes is phase contrast. As this method is not required

All lens surfaces must be kept clean.

Inverted microscopes are used by medical and health units, universities, and research institutes for the observation of microorganisms, cells, bacteria, tissue culture, suspensions, sediments, etc., and can continuously observe the process of cell and bacteria reproduction and division in the culture medium. Take a picture of either form in this process. In cytology,

From use point

Biological inverted microscope, metallographic inverted microscope, polarized inverted microscope, fluorescent inverted microscope, etc.

Eyepiece category

Monocular inverted microscope, binocular inverted microscope, trinocular inverted microscope

Among them, the trinocular inverted microscope, in addition to the binocular for binocular observation, and the other is used to connect a computer or a digital camera, which also constitutes a computer-type inverted xx (biological / metallographic ...) microscope and a digital xx microscope.

Germany's CarlZeiss and Leica, Japan's Nikon and Olympus, their technology is better but the price is correspondingly expensive. Domestic Shanghai Huxing Optical Instrument Co., Ltd. and Nanjing Jiangnan Yongxin Optical Co., Ltd., their technology has caught up with carlzeiss and LEICA

CarlZeiss, Germany

The history of Carl Zeiss lenses dates back to 1890, when the invention of the astigmatic compensation lens called Anastigmat began. After that, Carl Zeiss came to be a 150-year-old traditional lens company and became famous overseas in the field of optical equipment such as medical series, double glasses, camera lenses, magnifying lenses, eyewear, planetarium and so on. Among them, the camera lens has the advantages of sharp resolution, detailed descriptive power, uniform aperture, and hardening of T * multilayer film emission.

Because of his many years of interest in optics and chemistry, after his apprenticeship expired, Carl was long at the local University of Jena. In 1846, 30-year-old Carl founded a studio. Early products were magnifying lenses and simple microscopes. Thanks to the help of two great scientists, Ernst Abbe and Otto Schott (the founder of "Schott" glass in optical glass), the quality of Zeiss optical lenses has always been at the leading position. The production workshop in Dresden before World War II was the largest camera factory in the world.

Regarding the wealth of this optical giant, the Russians will certainly not let "American imperialism" get involved. As a war compensation, the Soviets demolished the remaining 94% of the factory equipment. Kiev (Kiev) camera factory was established in Kiev (with this bloodline, Russian lenses still have a place in the optical field).

But the Germans seemed unable to steal the technology, and the "Carl ZeissJena" logo quickly appeared again with the support of the University of Jena. The 126 Zeiss key management personnel and technicians who had been robbed by Button at the time were rebuilt in Oberkochen, Germany (West Germany) with the support of the United States. Carl Zeiss also gained new life in a "capitalist" society, and the Zeiss factory has since split into two.

The products of East Germany are named Carl ZeissJena (Carl Zeiss Jena), and the products of West Germany are named Carl Zeiss, and the history is called "West Cai". Both East and West Cai advertise themselves as authentic Zeiss. In fact, both parties adhere to the Zeiss tradition in design. "Seyon loses his horse, knowing nothing is good" is exactly this kind of competition that makes Zeiss more perfect in optical technology.

After the reunification of Germany and Germany, the Zeiss factory in East and West Germany was in operation again. Headquarters are still in Oberkochen, with 3,500 employees, and branch offices around the world. At this time, the double-edged sword of Zeiss was already the strongest in the field of optics. In the 135 field, there is still a competition between Contex and Leica (Contax uses Carl Zeiss), but in the 120 field CarlZeiss will dominate the world: Hasselblad and Lu Le two 120 giants use Carl Zeiss lenses. Entering the digital era, relying on Zeiss's help, Sony, an optical layman, has transformed into one of the industry leaders in consumer digital cameras.

Nikon Corporation

Nikon, a world-famous camera company, was founded on July 25, 1917, when it was called Nippon Kogaku KK Japan Optical Industry Co., Ltd. Since 1917, the three small optical eyewear companies originally founded in 1881 have been re-merged, bringing together about 200 employees and 8 German technical engineers to start the casting of optical glass. The earliest products were mainly vision products of the microscope and telescope series (for example: 1921 MIKRON 4x, 6x), supplemented by measuring equipment and optical measurement scientific equipment. Therefore, the name of NHS is well known in the scientific and industrial circles. Consumers don't know the brand well yet.

In 1920, Nikon invited the German engineer Heinrich Acht to design the lens. Since the optical technology at that time was almost Germany's leader, the addition of Acht was equivalent to bringing valuable technical resources to Nikon. Heinrich Acht returned to Japan and was taken over by Japanese engineer Kakuya Sunayama. He completed the first Nikon 120mm f / 4.5 lens in 1929 according to Acht's information. In 1931, Kakuya Sunayama further improved this 120mm f / 4.5 lens to reach Zeiss in Germany. Peer level.

Nikon before and after World War II

This lens has not entered mass production. In fact, Nikon also imported German Leitz and Chase lenses in parallel and sold them locally. This trial work is likely to be used to strive to become an overseas manufacturer to verify its production strength and quality. After 1930, Nikon continued to start trial production of a series of photographic lenses ranging from 50mm to 700mm through technical exchanges and its own efforts. It was mainly used in large cameras. From this period, the word "Nikkor" was first used. The word is inherited from the early microscope equipment of "Nikko". In August 1937, Nikon completed the design of the 50mm / f4.5, 3.5, and 2.0 Nikkors lenses, but the actual production of all the original Kogaku lenses in Japan was after mid-1947; many products of this period were used in In military equipment of World War II, some products were also adopted by the Leica production line in the late period.

Although Japan s Kogaku has mastered the lens technology for producing miniature cameras, it has not yet begun to produce a camera of its own. The main point was that the outbreak of World War II, Nikon became the government's largest supplier of optical ordnance, and in conjunction with the increasing military activities in Japan, Nikon also added up to 19 factories and 23,000 employees. Due to its excellent quality, the binoculars, aerial photos, bomb sights and periscopes produced during the war are still cherished by Japanese military collectors.

Stove again after defeat

With the end of World War II, Nikon faced the fate of dissolution under US occupation. However, shortly before the end of the war, Nikon reorganized some of its military production lines to produce civilian optical products. Although there were only one factory and about 1,400 employees left, Nikon immediately began producing many well-received optical products before the war. From 1945 to early 1946, Nikon decided to produce a camera of its own design and manufacture. The initial research object started with a dual-lens 6x6 TLR, and a Rangefinder body trial of a 135mm interchangeable lens was also conducted. TLR's plan may be terminated later due to funding and replaced by a 135mm design. On April 15, 1946, Nikon decided to produce 20 cameras of this type as samples and use them for subsequent experimental improvements. In September 1946, Nikon's camera project was first exposed in the media, and the product and company name "NIKON" was established as the main trademark at this point in time. The actual mass production of the camera did not take shape until the beginning of 1948. This is Nikon's first camera, the Nikon One.

Shanghai Huxing Optical Instrument Co., Ltd.

In 1957, in response to the scientific requirements of "two bombs and one star", with the joint support of the Ministry of Mechanical and Electrical and the Institute of Optoelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the "Shanghai Star Instrument Factory" was established.

In 1963, the first HT automatic detector was successfully manufactured and used in the development of China's first atomic bomb.

In 1972, in response to national preparations for war, began to develop and manufacture military telescopes

In 1978, in order to improve and improve the quality of the optical telescope lens, a large number of technical personnel were sent to some old-fashioned optical instrument factories to further their studies on T lens coating technology.

In 1985, in response to the state s requirements for the motorization and modernization of weapons, a large number of old technical engineers were organized to develop and develop directional sights on sniper rifles.

The production scale was expanded in 1987, and the factory staff once reached more than a thousand people

In 1993, according to the state's needs for state-owned enterprise reform, enterprises began to carry out structural reforms.

In 1998, in response to the needs of the reform of the national economic system, the army was streamlined and the administration was simplified, and a large number of layoffs were made.

In 2001, with the joint efforts of the factory leaders and old engineers, we collectively raised funds to re-establish a living enterprise, and began the development of optical instrument lenses and special research and development in microscopes.

2003 changed its name to "Shanghai Huxing Optical Instrument Co., Ltd."

Began mass production of stereo microscopes, stereo microscopes, and microscopes in 2004, and expanded production scale

Began mass production of metallographic microscopes, polarizing microscopes, and fluorescence microscopes in 2005.

In 2007, in response to market demand and customer feedback information, technical engineers were dispatched to Germany, Japan and other famous microscope manufacturers to learn microscope lens finishing technology.

In 2009, Dr. Alain Schweitzer, an optical expert from the University of Karlsruhe, Germany, was invited to be our company's technical consultant to lead the development and improvement of the optical performance of microscope lenses

Now we have been working hard to make domestic customers proud of using domestic microscopes, let Chinese optical instruments take off once again, let our customers no longer worry about product quality, and strive to become a well-known domestic microscope manufacturer!