What is Homo Sapiens?

Homo sapiens (scientific name: Homo sapiens ) is the only surviving species of humans. Morphological features are more progressive than those of the Homo erectus. Divided into early Homo sapiens and late Homo sapiens. The early Homo sapiens used to be called the ancients. They lived 250,000 to 40,000 years ago. The main feature is a large brain volume, above 1,300 ml. Department forward. It is generally believed to have evolved from Homo erectus, but it is controversial ^[1] that Homo erectus was extinct or extinct before it came out of Africa after the emergence of Homo sapiens (modern). Late Homo sapiens (newcomers) are modern humans with anatomical structure. It began to appear about 40,000 to 50,000 years ago. The main differences between the two forms are that the front teeth and face are reduced, the eyebrows are weakened, and the cranial height is increased, which is more obvious to modern people. In the later period, Homo sapiens could not reach their knees, degenerate their body hair, had language and labor, and had social and class characteristics.

The oldest known fossil is formed in Ethiopia about 160,000 years ago. Homo sapiens in Europe seems to have replaced Neanderthals about 30,000 years ago. It is unclear whether this is a natural process. Other parts of the world are gradually being occupied by Homo sapiens. They migrated to Asia and Australia at least as long as they appeared in Europe, but arrived later in northeast Asia. The new continent appeared the latest in population, not earlier than 15,000 to 12,000 years ago. Homo sapiens not only had a new body structure, but also made more complex tools and kits, and eventually developed decorative arts. In addition to the fossil record, detailed evidence of technological and social behavior development in later periods is also growing ^[2]

Homo sapiens was evolved from Homo erectus and has a larger brain capacity. Modern people (Homo sa pianssapians) belong to the same species as Homo sapiens. The development and complexity of the brain may be conducive to the social life of the group, and the social life is very conducive to obtaining prey, collecting food, and exchanging information in a cooperative manner, thus giving Homo sapiens an advantage in survival competition.

Obvious religious rituals have been formed in Homo sapiens, and these rituals may be based on the concept of life and death. According to current research, animals probably have no idea of life and death. Homo sapiens began to burial and bury the dead of the same kind, and also placed tools and clothing in the tomb so that the deceased could use it in another world.

There are roughly two theories of how Homo erectus evolved into Homo sapiens. One is a multi-regional continuum theory that believes that erect humans migrated from Africa to Asia and Europe, and then erect humans in Europe, Asia, and Africa evolved into Homo sapiens in each place. Because people from different places continued to cross during the evolution process, so The same gene bank is still maintained, belonging to the same race; another theory is the theory of African origin, which believes that two large migrations occurred during human evolution, one was the migration of uprights, and the other was that the African uprights evolved into sapiens , And then moved to Asia and Europe, this migration occurred about 100,000 years ago. Homo sapiens may have appeared from 1.5 million to 300,000 years ago. There is no reliable basis for either of these theories, and the final solution to the problem of human origin still needs more work.

The Beijingers found near Beijing's Zhoukoudian belonged to Homo erectus, and in the strata above it, the cavemen belonging to Homo sapiens were found. Some people once thought that the Beijing people have evolved into cavemen, but recent research seems to deny this opinion. Chinese sapiens may have also migrated from Africa.

The Neanderthals found in the Neander Valley in Germany are relatively primitive Homo sapiens. They were widely distributed in Europe from 75,000 to 30,000 years ago. They are sturdy, powerful, and have large heads. Their brain capacity is larger than that of modern times. people. The Binnian evolved the Cromnon first discovered in France. Cromnon lived with the Neanders, but the Neanders suddenly disappeared. Many scientists believe that they were destroyed by Cromnon. . Cromnons were able to make a variety of sophisticated tools and were good at capturing wild beasts for a living. They created many pictures of large mammals and showed them shooting wild animals. Croman farmers spread across Europe and passed through Asia to North America as early as 20,000 years ago, but the evidence for this statement is not very firm.

The archaeological finds of the Maba people in Guangdong, the Changyang people in Hubei, and the Dingcun people in Shanxi are all closer to modern Mongolians, all of which are Homo sapiens, and the Dingcun people are likely to transition directly to modern Chinese. Dingcun people are stronger than Beijing and have better stone tools.

People all over the world belong to the same species. Why is there such a big difference in skin color? In the past, it was thought that it was caused by different climates in different places, but it was difficult to justify in many aspects. Research by scientists at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States believes that when humans first moved out of Africa, their skin was still brown. Later, due to genetic mutations, differences in various skin colors occurred, and the genes that determine skin color only have very small mutations. These mutations are subject to different localities. The choice of natural conditions has retained different skin tones. So it is not very scientific to distinguish race based on skin color.

Homo sapiens marriage has been separated from chaos and entered the blood group marriage stage. As a result of this marriage, a clan system was formed. Engels once said: "The less the development of labor, the less the number of labor products, and the more limited the wealth of society, the more the social system will be dominated by kinship. China s transformation from primitive population to clan society is about After tens of thousands of years, it began to enter the matriarchal society after tens of thousands of years. This may be because the population was scarce at the time, the labor force was lacking, and women played an important role in fertility and were respected as the organizers of the clan. Archaeologically discovered Liujiang people in Guangxi , Sichuan Ziyang people, Beijing Shandongdong people and Hetao people mostly belong to the matrilineal clan society. As for their race, they are already sapiens, that is, modern people.

The society at the top of the cave in China generally represents the original clan society. At that time, the population had a simple and simple division of labor according to gender and age, and the products of common labor were consumed together. Due to low productivity, they could barely maintain their lives. The clans are not married, and the marriages are performed between different clans. This heterosexual marriage system started earlier in China, and later developed into the doctrine of "not marrying the same surname." Western Europe may allow close relatives to marry for a longer period of time. Both the Chinese Yangshao culture and the Majiayao culture from 6080 to 5600 can reflect the prosperity of the matrilineal clan society. Later, because men played an important role in production, they developed from a matrilineal society to a patrilineal society. The Longshan culture about 4275 years ago is the product of a patrilineal clan society. ^[3]

Homo sapiens can be found in a variety of habitats, mainly in urban centers, thanks to their ability to use technology to adapt and modify habitats ^[3]

Homo sapiens is an opportunistic omnivorous animal that has demonstrated outstanding originality in extracting, producing, processing, and preserving food. Homo sapiens is the only species that can be controlled or fired, and all known sapiens groups are cooking. Regional differences in diets are influenced by availability in specific environments, cultural traditions such as food preferences and avoidance, and genetic factors. The persistence of lactase allows some Homo sapiens to consume milk and dairy products throughout their lives. This is a recent adaptation of dairy consumption, which will only play a role in Homo sapiens with a dairy farming tradition.

Homo sapiens is the most widely distributed terrestrial mammal species, inhabiting every continent on the planet (although there are no permanent settlements in Antarctica).

Homo sapiens can breed all year round. Hermaphrodite, fertilization in vivo, viviparity, the average gestation period is 40 weeks. There is usually one offspring, and although twins occur occasionally, few are born. Childbirth interval, birth weight, weaning time, independence and sexual maturity all vary greatly with the nutritional status of mothers and young people and are influenced by cultural practices.

Single species, no subspecies.

This species is widely distributed and highly adaptable, and is currently increasing, without the major threat of reducing overall populations.

Included in the World Conservation Union's (IUCN) 2008 Red List of Endangered Species ver 3.1-Non-Endangered (LC).