What Is the Connection Between Sodium Chloride and Sulfuric Acid?

Sodium chloride is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl. It is colorless cubic crystal or fine crystalline powder, and tastes salty. The appearance is white crystal, and its source is mainly seawater, which is the main component of table salt. Soluble in water, glycerin, slightly soluble in ethanol (alcohol), liquid ammonia; insoluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Impure sodium chloride is deliquescent in air. ^{[1] The} stability is relatively good, and its aqueous solution is neutral. Industrially, the method of electrolytically saturated sodium chloride solution is generally used to produce hydrogen, chlorine and caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) and other chemical products (commonly called chlor-alkali industry). It can be used in ore smelting (electrolytic melting of sodium chloride crystals to produce active metal sodium), medically used to configure physiological saline, and daily life can be used for condiments.

Precautions for operation: Closed operation and enhanced ventilation. Operators must be specially trained and strictly abide by the operating procedures. It is recommended that operators wear self-priming filter dust masks, chemical safety protective glasses, anti-poison infiltration overalls, and rubber gloves. Avoid generating dust. Avoid contact with oxidants. Handle with care when handling to prevent damage to packaging and containers. Equipped with leakage emergency treatment equipment. Empty containers may be harmful residues.

Precautions for storage ^[6]

Danger

Dangerous category: This product does not belong to the category of dangerous goods.

Health hazards: Excessive consumption is likely to increase blood pressure. It is recommended that the elderly population eat as little as possible.

Explosion hazard: Not flammable and explosive.

first-aid

Skin contact: Rinse with clean water after skin contact.

Ingestion: If you consume too much, you should drink plenty of water (such as sugar water, salt water) or use other measures (such as saline injection) to maintain salt in the body, otherwise, the consequences are very serious (it will show symptoms of human dehydration) .

Fire-fighting measures

Dangerous characteristics: This product is a non-toxic chemical product, non-flammable, and has no special requirements for fire protection.

Harmful combustion products: No harmful combustion products.

Emergency Response

Sodium chloride is non-hazardous and can be handled directly.

Handling and storage

Storage precautions: should be stored in a cool, normal temperature and dark place, ventilated and dry place, can be stacked to prevent rain, should not be mixed with acid and alkali, the bottom of the stack should be laid wooden boards to prevent moisture, stacking height not more than two meters .

Contact control

Respiratory protection: Wear a mask.

Eye protection: If sodium chloride crystals enter the eyes, rinse with plenty of water.

Indications: Dehydration caused by various reasons of this product, including hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic dehydration; hypertonic non-ketotic diabetic coma, application of isotonic or hypotonic sodium chloride can correct the loss Water and hypertonic state; low-chlorine metabolic alkalosis; topical saline flushing, washing of wounds, etc .; also used for obstetric sac induction.

Dosage:

1. Hyperosmotic dehydration In patients with hypertonic dehydration, the osmotic concentration of brain cells and cerebrospinal fluid increases. If the sodium concentration and osmotic concentration of plasma and extracellular fluid are decreased too quickly, cerebral edema can be caused. Therefore, it is generally believed that within 48 hours of the beginning of treatment, the plasma sodium concentration does not decrease by more than 0.5 mmol / L per hour.

If the patient is in shock, sodium chloride injection should be given first, and the colloid should be supplemented as appropriate. When the shock is corrected, blood sodium> 155mmol / L, plasma osmotic concentration> 350mOsm / L, 0.6% hypotonic sodium chloride injection can be given. When the plasma osmotic concentration is less than 330mOsm / L, use 0.9% sodium chloride injection. The total amount of fluid replacement is calculated according to the following formula as a reference: the amount of fluid replacement (L) = [blood sodium concentration (mmol / L) -142] × 0.6 × body weight (Kg).

Generally, half the amount is replenished on the first day, and the remaining amount will be replenished within the next 2 to 3 days, and adjusted according to the cardiopulmonary and renal functions.

2. The principle of isotonic dehydration is to give an isotonic solution, such as 0.9% sodium chloride injection or compound sodium chloride injection, but the chlorine concentration of the above solution is significantly higher than that of plasma. A large amount of use alone can cause hyperchloremia, so 0.9% sodium chloride injection and 1.25% sodium bicarbonate or 1.86% (1 / 6M) sodium lactate can be prepared at a ratio of 7: 3 and replenished. The latter has a chlorine concentration of 107 mmol / L and can correct metabolic acidosis. The amount of recharge can be calculated based on body weight or hematocrit, as a reference.

(1) Calculated by weight: fluid replacement volume (L) = [weight loss (kg) × 142] / 154;

(2) Calculated according to hematocrit: fluid volume (L) = [actual hematocrit-normal hematocrit × weight (kg) × 0.2] / normal hematocrit. Normal hematocrit is 48% in men and 42% in women.

3. Hypotonic dehydration In severe hypotonic dehydration, solutes in brain cells decrease to maintain cell volume. If the sodium concentration and osmotic concentration of plasma and extracellular fluid rises rapidly after treatment, brain cells can be damaged. It is generally believed that when the blood sodium is less than 120mmol / L, the treatment makes the blood sodium rise at a rate of 0.5mmol / L per hour, and the supplement exceeds 1.5mmol / L per hour.

When the blood sodium is less than 120mmol / L or the symptoms of the central nervous system occur, 3% to 5% sodium chloride injection can be given to relieve the infusion. It is generally required to increase the blood sodium concentration to above 120mmol / L within 6 hours. Sodium supplementation (mmol / L) = [142-actual blood sodium concentration (mmol / L)] × body weight (kg) × 0.2. When the blood sodium rises above 120-125mmol / L, you can use an isotonic solution or an isotonic solution to add hypertonic glucose injection or 10% sodium chloride injection as appropriate.

4. For hypochloric alkalosis, give 500-1000ml of 0.9% sodium chloride injection or compound sodium chloride injection (Linger's solution), and determine the dosage according to the situation of alkalosis.

5. For external use, wash the wound with physiological sodium chloride solution and rinse the eyes.

Adverse reactions:

1. Too much and too fast infusion can cause sodium retention, cause edema, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, chest tightness, dyspnea, and even acute left heart failure.

2. Too much and too fast administration of hypotonic sodium chloride can cause hemolysis and cerebral edema.

Contraindications: Unclear.

Note: 1. Use with caution in the following situations:

(1) Edema diseases, such as nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, ascites, congestive heart failure, acute left heart failure, cerebral edema, and idiopathic edema.

(2) Acute urinary failure with oliguria, chronic renal failure with decreased urine output and poor response to diuretics.

(3) Hypertension.

(4) Hypokalemia.

2. Check the concentration of sodium, potassium and chloride in the serum according to clinical needs; the indicator of the balance of acid-base concentration in the blood, renal function, blood pressure and cardiopulmonary function.

Ingredients: The main ingredient of this product is sodium chloride.

Properties: This product is colorless clear liquid; slightly salty.

Medication for pregnant and lactating women: pregnancy hypertension syndrome is contraindicated.

Medication for children: The amount and rate of fluid replacement should be strictly controlled.

Medication for the elderly: the amount and rate of fluid replacement should be strictly controlled.

Drug interactions: When used as a solvent or diluent for a drug, attention should be paid to incompatibility between drugs.

Pharmacological effects: Sodium chloride is an electrolyte supplement drug. Sodium and chlorine are important electrolytes in the body. They are mainly present in extracellular fluids and play a very important role in maintaining normal blood and extracellular fluid volumes and osmotic pressure. The normal serum sodium concentration is 135-145mmol / L, accounting for 92% of plasma cations and 90% of the total osmotic pressure, so the amount of plasma sodium plays a decisive role in osmotic pressure. The normal serum chloride concentration is 98-106mmol / L. Sodium and chloride ions in the human body are mainly adjusted by the hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland and kidneys to maintain the stability of body fluid volume and osmotic pressure.

Drug overdose: can cause hypernatremia and hypokalemia, and can cause bicarbonate loss

Pharmacokinetics: Sodium chloride directly enters the blood circulation after intravenous injection, and is widely distributed in the body. It mainly exists in extracellular fluid, sodium ions, and chloride ions can be filtered by the glomerulus and partially reabsorbed by the renal tubule There is kidney excretion with urine, and only a small part is excreted from sweat ^[9] .