What is Stenography?

Shorthand is a Chinese vocabulary, pinyin is sù jì, "speed" is fast, "remember" is record. In short, shorthand is a practical shorthand technique for recording speech with a special symbol system. The shorthand in most people's impressions is still the traditional handwritten shorthand. The recorded manuscripts are symbols like , and it takes time to convert the shorthand symbols into text. The shorthand computer that is emerging now, the result of the recording is ordinary text information, no need to do the text transliteration work, can be synchronized with the speech. Subtitles can appear immediately on live television broadcasts, and computer stenographers are the heroes behind the scenes. ^[1]

[sù jì]

shorthand; stenography

To make ordinary keyboard shorthand requires professional shorthand software. According to the rules of Chinese word formation and statistical results of word frequency, the Chinese high-frequency words, words and common phrases, terms and sentences,

In 83 BC, Roman slave Tylo created shorthand. At present, the shorthand systems of the world include the "circular shorthand geometry", "ellipse shorthand geometry" and "cursive italic shorthand" which have spread to countries around the world. On December 5, 63 BC, Taylor's students recorded the words of Justice Conton's accusation and verdict of Caranty's conspiracy and rebellion. Therefore, all countries in the world today regard this date as the era of world shorthand.

After the "Taylor Symbol" came out, the shorthand was mainly adopted by the heads of the country's high-level government, and was later monopolized by the religious world. Because some people think of shorthand as hex, the "Taylor symbol" was quickly lost. Until 400 years ago (1588), British archaeologist Timothy Poulder went to ancient Roman archeology and discovered the "Taylor Symbols". After researching, collating and creating the book "Semiotics", since then, shorthand To be resurrected.

There are three shorthand systems in the world: shorthand shorthands for circular geometry, shorthand shorthands for elliptical geometry, and shorthand shorthand for cursive school, which have spread to countries around the world. (For details, see "Northern Shorthand" on page 19, "History of Shorthand" in Introduction to Shorthand Science, (1) A Brief History of World Shorthand; Page 19; (2) A Brief History of the Development of Chinese Shorthand, on page 23; (3) The glorious history of Chinese shorthand in the 1980s and 1990s, page 28)

Chinese shorthand from 1896

Shorthand is a technology in itself, and it is a "flying army" in which the recording language replaces the recording of Chinese characters. Therefore, the shorthand we usually refer to mainly refers to shorthand. Shorthand and shorthand are two completely different concepts.

As for handwritten shorthand, shorthand should include: the basic symbols of shorthand (

Shorthand is not equal to text

Early shorthand methods in China, such as

Chinese shorthand is based on the characteristics of the Chinese Han language,

Computer shorthand is an emerging industry. It's different from handwritten shorthand. Computer shorthand records are purely textual information. Due to the high speed, there is no need to organize after recording, and standard computer text files can be directly formed. The file is stored in the computer for permanent storage, and the output printed document is neat and can be saved as a traditional paper file.

I. Tapping (more than 220 words / minute):

Language information that senior stenographers will hear, use

Shorthand introduction

(English Shorthand), as the name suggests, is a symbol system used to record English speech. In 1888, the American John Robot Gregg invented the shorthand for English, with a total of 20 basic shorthand symbols.

Important role of shorthand

Often referred to as Gregg Shorthand, in honor of John Robot Gregg's indelible contribution to the invention of English shorthand. With the increasingly frequent exchanges between China and the world, and with the improvement of China's international status, no matter where an international conference is now, English is indispensable, and simultaneous interpretation is essential. There are international conferences almost every day in the world, and more and more international conferences are held in China. It can be said that simultaneous interpretation is huge in the domestic and international markets. It is said that the European Union and Australia even asked Chinese teachers to train them for simultaneous interpretation, and the market prospects for simultaneous interpretation are getting more and more promising. Peide Fairview English Simultaneous Interpretation Training Course believes that shorthand English is the basic skill of English simultaneous interpretation, which shows that learning English shorthand is very important! !!

Source of shorthand notation

John Robot Gregg believes that shorthand notation in English must be simple, clear, coherent, smooth, smooth, easy to learn, and easy to understand. Therefore, after studying the ellipse segmentation precisely, John Robot Gregg combined the lowercase truncation of the English alphabet, removing the tail, and choosing the middle method, and invented the shorthand symbols that represent all English phonetic vowels and consonants. John Robot Gregg believes that English uppercase alphabet shapes, lowercase alphabet sounds; A indicates the direction, which corresponds to the bamboo head of the Chinese character stroke; B indicates a square, which corresponds to the stroke field of the Chinese character; C indicates grabbing, which corresponds to the stroke claw of the Chinese character; D indicates a semicircle , Which corresponds to the side of the stroke of the Chinese character stroke; E indicates that the prefix corresponds to the stroke of the Chinese character stroke; F indicates flying, which corresponds to the bottom of the stroke of the Chinese character stroke; G indicates hand, which corresponds to the hand stroke of the Chinese character stroke; H indicates high, corresponding In the Chinese character stroke, the head is high; I indicates the entry, which corresponds to the entry side of the Chinese character stroke; J indicates the prying, which corresponds to the handle of the Chinese character stroke; K indicates the opening and closing, which corresponds to the opening type of the Chinese character stroke; Chinese character stroke long character side; M means large, corresponding to the Chinese character stroke mountain font; N means lower, lower character bottom; O means round, round character side; P means metal, gold prefix; Q and P are synonymous; R means motion , Transport character side; S means repeated, complex character type; T means support, wooden character corresponds to Chinese character stroke type; U means up, corresponding to Chinese character stroke prefix; V means sharp, accurate, corresponding to Chinese character stroke tip; W means bending, corresponding Qu strokes of Chinese characters font; X-represents a cross strokes of Chinese characters corresponding to the fork end of the word; the Y represents a symmetrical strokes of Chinese characters corresponding to said next word; represents the Z twists, off corresponding to strokes of Chinese characters font. Lowercase letters can become shorthand symbols! For example: (1.) The lowercase English letter a turns to a shorthand shorthand after going to the beginning and the end, indicating the English phonetic symbols / ei /, / a /, and / a: /; (2.) The English lowercase letter e Turn the head into a small circle to represent the English phonetic symbol / i /, / i: /, / e /; (3.) The upper half of the English lowercase letter o represents the English phonetic symbol / u /, / u: /, (4.) The lower half of the English lowercase letter o represents the English phonetic alphabet / ou /; (5.) The upper half of the English lowercase letter s represents the English phonetic alphabet / s / ,, / z /; (6.) The lower half of the English lowercase letter s It also indicates the English phonetic symbol / s / ,, / z / (please select it according to actual needs during specific exercises!). (7.) The upper half of the English lowercase letter s at 3 times scale indicates the English phonetic symbol / p /; (8 .) 3 times the lower part of the English lowercase letter s indicates the English phonetic symbol / f /. (9.) 6 times the upper part of the English lowercase letter s indicates the English phonetic symbol / b /; (10.) 6 times the ratio The lower half of the English lowercase letter s indicates the English phonetic symbol / v /.; (11.) The upper half of the English lowercase letter 3 with a three-fold ratio represents the English phonetic symbol / k /, and (12.) the 6-fold lowercase English letter. o first half The minute indicates the English phonetic symbol / g / .., (13) The lower half of the English lowercase letter 3 with a ratio of 3 times represents the English phonetic alphabet / r /. (14) The lower half of the English lowercase letter 6 with a ratio of 6 times represents the English phonetic symbol / l / .. (15). The lower case in the English lowercase letter t indicates the English phonetic symbol / n /. (16.) 3 times the lower case in the English lowercase letter t indicates the English phonetic symbol / m /. (17) The lower case in the English lowercase letter t is tilted 30 ° to the right to indicate the English phonetic symbol / t /. (18) 3 times A small horizontal upper right tilt of 30 ° in the lowercase English letter t represents the English phonetic symbol / d /. (19). The English phonetic symbol / h / .. The shorthand symbol is a shorthand symbol above the English vowel phonetic symbol / ei / / i / / i: / / ai / / ou / / e / / u / / u: / etc. smaller. (20) The small horizontal lower left angle of 60 ° in the English lowercase letter t indicates the English phonetic symbol / /. (21) A 3 times scale of the English lowercase letter t in the lower left side tilted 60 ° means English phonetic symbols / t /. (22) a 6 times scale of the English lowercase letter t in the lower left side tilted 60 ° means jeep in j The shorthand symbol of the consonant English phonetic symbol .. (23) .ing The shorthand symbol of this letter combination is a small dot located in the lower right corner of its previous shorthand symbol ... Although a symbol appears to represent multiple speech phenomena, In the practical application of English shorthand, it can be read with 100% accuracy through the locale and Brief Forms. It is this great design concept of John Robot Gregg that initiated the revolution of shorthand theory in the early 20th century. Countries around the world have borrowed from it and applied the shorthand notation of John Robot Gregg directly or slightly to the shorthand of the mother tongue of the country. John Robot Gregg made a great contribution to the world information processing technology revolution from the late 19th century to the early 20th century!

Shorthand writing rules

When writing shorthand English symbols, you should pay attention to making shorthand symbols: coherent, smooth, smooth, directional, proportional, unified, and clear.

Shorthand drill process

The process of shorthand practice in English: 1. The dictator dictates in English (Dictation). 2. The dictator establishes reflection in the mind (Reflection). 3. Simultaneous Stenographing. 4. Translate shorthand symbols into ordinary English (Shorthand -to-Longhand). Pedder Fairview English Simultaneous Interpretation Training Course believes: "This professional training is carried out step by step. After reaching a certain level, continue to the next step: Translate English into Chinese. After insisting on layered training to reach a certain professional level, you can try elementary simultaneous interpretation in English. Simultaneous interpretation in English is not unattainable, but it must have the courage to leap to the top and take it everywhere Believe in science, many people's practice proves that scientific theory plus scientific practice, coupled with unremitting efforts, is not a dream to win in the future! "With the basic training of simultaneous interpretation, in order to improve speed and accuracy Rate, you can take the following steps: 1. Accelerate the speed of the dictator in English. 2. Artificially disturb the dictator step by step to establish the reflection process and intensity of speech in the mind. 3. When the shorthand is synchronized, the shorthand reporter is gradually moved from stationary to walking to running, and the heavy load of the shorthand reporter is artificially increased. 4. Don't pause when translating shorthand symbols into ordinary English. If it can't be completed, you must skip it. After all the content is completed, go back and intensify the training without finishing until the next time you can stop. This repeated training can reach the intermediate level. In order to reach the level of advanced simultaneous interpretation, in addition to adherence to the basic and intermediate steps, you must: 1. Expand the English vocabulary and speed up the speed of English shorthand speed training to be able to create more, practical and concise English shorthand Brief Forms 2. Familiarize yourself with the English expression habits of non-English speaking countries and the different English expression habits of English speaking countries as much as possible. 3. Get involved in the working languages of the United Nations as much as possible. Understand the characteristics of each language family, and their similarities and differences with English expression habits. 4. Exercise your body well and be able to adapt to high-intensity work needs. 5. Deliberately cultivate extraordinary psychological qualities. 6. Learn a lot, read as many books and magazines as possible about international trade, international finance, international news, listen to and watch related radio and television, and you can also search for many related materials on Baidu website. 7. Have a strong sense of teamwork and cooperation.

Shorthand common terms

Common shorthand terms in English: 1.Shorthand Notes. 2.Brief Forms. 3.Shorthand Outlines {(a set of) the appearance of shorthand symbols}. 4.John Hancock (Flower English) 5.GSI (International General Shorthand). 6. Shorthand Multi-tasking (specially designed overlapping interference during English shorthand practice). 7.Shorthand -anticipation. 8.Shorthand-reformulation (reorganization of shorthand symbols in English shorthand drills). 9.Shorthand-simplification (the shorthand notation for English shorthand and the reasonable simplicity of the original). 10. AIIC (International Conference Interpreters Association). 11.Shorthand-driving-along-sentence (shorthand drive in English shorthand drills). 12. Shorthand-faithfulness (equivalent to shorthand symbols and original information in English shorthand drills).

Shorthand Notes ---------------------------------- Shorthand notation:

Basic shorthand notation: large circle {/ ei /, / a /, / a: /.}; Small circle {/ i /, / i: /, / e /}; upper half of small circle {/ u /, / u: /}; the lower half of the small circle / ou /; the upper half of the English lowercase letter o or the lower half of the English lowercase letter o {/ s / ,, / z /}; 3 times the lowercase English Upper half of the letter s / p /; 3 times the lower half of the English lowercase letter s / f /; 6 times of the upper half of the English lowercase letter s / b /; 6 times of the lowercase English letter s Lower half of the / v /; 3 times the upper half of the English lowercase letter o / k /; 6 times the upper half of the English lowercase letter o / g /; 3 times the lower half of the English lowercase letter o Part / r /; 6 times the lower half of the English lowercase letter o / l /; lower case / n / in the English lower case t; 3 times the lower case / m / in the lower case English t The small horizontal letter in the lowercase letter t is tilted up 30 ° / t /; 3 times the small horizontal letter in the English lowercase letter t is tilted up 30 ° / d /; the dot / h / (English phonetic symbol / h / shorthand symbol is One in english Phonetic symbol / ei / / i / / i: / / ai / / ou / / e / / u / / u: / etc. (a small dot above the shorthand symbol); the small horizontal letter in the English lowercase letter t is tilted 60 ° to the lower left / /; 3 times the small horizontal lower left in the English lowercase letter t 60 ° / t /; 6 times the small English horizontal lower t in the lowercase 60% diagonal 60 ° indicates the consonant English phonetic j Shorthand symbol;

Brief Forms --------------------------------- Shorthand for shorthand symbols: minus the tail and leave the head (for example: Good Morning The shorthand for English shorthand notation is / g + m + ing /). The shorthand for shorthand notation created by the tail reduction method is the most basic and most commonly used in shorthand notation in English!

Shorthand Outlines --------------------------------- (a group) the appearance of shorthand symbols: refers to the teaching of shorthand in English In the process, teachers help students distinguish between single symbols and groups of shorthand symbols when quoting terms.

John Hancock --------------------------------- Flower English: When British and Americans sign, they often fly and dance. It's flower English, which is equivalent to Chinese cursive. However, the Chinese did not invent the Chinese shorthand symbol in cursive writing, but John Robot Gregg invented the English shorthand symbol while studying the floral English used by British and American signatures. Perhaps because of the 1888 industrial revolution in the United States, English was needed too much. Shorthand!

5. GSI --------------------------------- International General Shorthand: GeneraL Shorthand International ---- GSI ): Refers to the guttural sound in the Arabic setting (shorthand symbol is set to ), the tongue tremolo in Russian (the shorthand symbol is set to ), and Hausa, Swahili, Japanese, French, Forsythia in Spanish etc. (shorthand symbol is set to ), sound (shorthand symbol is set to ~), after a few shorthand symbols, English shorthand can become international universal shorthand.

Shorthand Multi-tasking --------------------------------- Specially designed overlapping interference during English shorthand practice: is a kind of Strictly time-constrained speech --- English shorthand symbol conversion activities, which requires English stenographers to quickly complete the prediction, understanding, and understanding of the source speech information while using the existing subject knowledge. Memory, English shorthand symbol conversion, planning, organizing, revising, synchronizing shorthand target phonetics. At various conferences, English stenographers successfully overcome the energy shortage and attention caused by the interweaving, overlapping and interference between the above multi-tasking with "lightning thinking" and amazing shorthand skills. Difficulty in distribution, making listening and memorizing parallel, and becoming as eye-catching as the source speaker. 7.Shorthand -anticipation --------------------------------- forecast in English shorthand training: it is the original English shorthand In the case where the voice information is not yet complete, perform "advanced shorthand" according to what the dictator may want to say, so as to win time and follow the dictator to synchronize shorthand. For example, in the opening ceremonies of many meetings, such a phrase will appear: "Please allow me to be on behalf of to extend to our warnest welcome to the participants of this conference" After hearing and shorthand "Please allow me to be on On behalf of , we should predict that to extend to our warnest welcome to the participants of this conference . An English stenographer who does not make good use of the skills of "forecasting during shorthand practice in English" is difficult to do English shorthand, because in the shorthand process, waiting for all the voices to be accepted before proceeding to the next step may lead to future speech impairment Shorthand-Hesitation is a taboo for English stenographers. 8.Shorthand-reformulation --------------------------------- Reorganization of shorthand symbols in English shorthand drills: it is English The overall strategy for shorthand practice. Beginners tend to focus on the translation of "Longhand" and the results often "stuck." Because Longhand languages are quite different, it is difficult to make shorthand for one-to-one correspondence. Therefore, the principle of "Brief Forms" should be followed in English shorthand practice. That is, the information is reorganized according to the contour of the original voice and the English language habits.