What Are the Different Types of Qualitative Models?

The cognitive model, also known as the 3M cognitive model, is a process model for humans to recognize the real world. The so-called cognition usually includes perception and attention, knowledge representation, memory and learning, language, problem solving, and reasoning. The technology for building cognitive models is often called cognitive modeling. The purpose is to explore and study human thinking mechanism from certain aspects, especially human information processing mechanism, and also provide new architecture and technical methods for designing corresponding artificial intelligence systems.

Cognitive model

The cognitive model, also known as the 3M cognitive model, is a process model for humans to recognize the real world. The so-called cognition usually includes perception and attention, knowledge representation, memory and learning, language, problem solving, and reasoning. The technology for building cognitive models is often called cognitive modeling. The purpose is to explore and study human thinking mechanism from certain aspects, especially human information processing mechanism, and also provide new architecture and technical methods for designing corresponding artificial intelligence systems.

Chinese name

Cognitive model

Foreign name

Cognitive Model

nickname

3M Cognitive Model

Presenter

Confie.Koo

Presentation time

2012.5

Applied discipline

Philosophy, Sociology, Logic and Cognitive Science

Human understanding of objective world things or things is accomplished by answering three questions "What", "How" and "Why", namely what, how, why, referred to as the 3M cognitive model. "What is" is a question about the nature of things, and the essence of things is the inherent prescriptiveness that distinguishes things from other things. In order to clarify it, it is necessary to analyze its nature, attributes, characteristics, manifestations and other issues directly related to its essence. "How" provides guidance on what people should do. "Why" is a discussion of the causes of things. It is impossible for any thing or phenomenon to appear without a cause. Only by correctly understanding the cause of a thing and its causal relationship can we truly understand the thing.

Applying cognitive models to the real world can be divided into two parts: the cognition of things and the cognition of things. Objects are objective entities that can be seen, touched, and felt, and things are more abstract, which is much more difficult than the recognition of things.

One of the founders of New Institutional Economics and Modern Property Economics, Professor Zhang Wuchang, an internationally renowned economist, pointed out that the summary of laws comes from observation, reasoning, assumptions, and then used to explain world events. Theory should not be measured by right or wrong. On the one hand, the theory that may be overthrown by facts (prove it wrong) without being overthrown may not be guaranteed tomorrow (this is the process of scientific progress), but it has not been overturned today, and it has its uses today. On the other hand, human thought can progress, which is considered excellent today, and may be replaced by a more useful field tomorrow. Although the theory is not right or wrong, there is a degree of theoretical explanatory power. There is truth in the world, but there is no theory that cannot be replaced by a better theory. Scientific progress is not because the right theory has replaced the wrong one, but that it has a broader explanatory power and has replaced a narrower one. A theory that is not broad enough today may be replaced by a broader interpretation tomorrow, but before that, a theory that is not broad enough may be the most useful.

The founder of American pragmatism, logician Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) believes that the reasoning process of all human thinking is divided into three types: Induction, Abduction and Deduction Deduction). Each inference process will involve three entities: Rule, Case, and Result. When to use which method of reasoning depends on the starting point of the reasoning process and other known facts.

The FABE model summarized by Guo Kunmo, a PhD in business management from the University of Oklahoma and the dean of the Chung Hsing University Business School, is a very typical method of profit promotion, which is highly respected. F stands for Features, the most basic functions of the product, such as characteristics and characteristics; A stands for Advantages resulting from this feature, that is, what function does the feature listed in F play? B represents the benefits that this advantage can bring to customers (Benefits), that is, the advantages that A advantage brings to customers.

Through the 3M cognitive model, it is not difficult to find that the description of product features (F) actually answers the question of What, the description of function (A) actually answers the question of How, and the description of benefit (B) Then answered Why's question. Benefit promotion has become the mainstream concept of sales promotion, and everything is centered on the interests of customers. By emphasizing the benefits and benefits obtained by customers, they stimulate customers' desire to buy. Therefore, it is not difficult for us to conclude that we must ask the question of "Why" in order to truly understand things. Why is there such a thing / thing? Why use / do this?

The 3M cognitive model is a human interpretation of the real world cognitive process, so it can both help us effectively recognize unknown things and improve learning results; at the same time, we can also use cognitive models to create methods to solve problems and diagnose problems. Causes

Before the 1950s, the influential behaviorist school in psychology only recognized the behavior of people in a certain form after receiving some external stimulus, and denied the conscious process between stimulus and response, and also rejected research. Introspective methods of consciousness. Cognitive psychology uses computers to study people's information processing mechanisms. It shows that between computer inputs and outputs, there are actual information processing processes consisting of input classification, symbolic operations, storage and retrieval of terms, and pattern recognition. Although there is a substantial difference between the information processing process of computers and the information processing process of people, it can be inspired by this. It is recognized that there must be a corresponding information processing process between stimulus and response. This actual process can only be attributed to For the conscious process. The rise of cognitive psychology has restored the status of consciousness research in psychology, and its dominant factor is information processing. The similarity of computer information processing and human information processing in symbol processing is the origin of the name of artificial intelligence and the basis on which it is realized and developed. Information processing is also the link between cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence. Cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence are mutually infiltrating and mutually reinforcing.

Due to the complexity and diversity of human cognitive activities, it is difficult to build a cognitive model that encompasses everything. Generally, according to the modularity assumption, each cognitive function has its corresponding structural principle, and each cognitive model generally reflects only one or several aspects of cognitive characteristics. Well-known models that lay the foundation of cognitive psychology include: elementary comprehension and memory program EPAM, memory semantic network model, human associative memory model HAM, general cognitive model ACT, and general human long-term memory model MEMOD. In addition to the memory model, the general problem-solving program GPS and the opportunistic problem-solving model are cognitive models that study people's strategies for solving problems. The former proposes the purpose analysis technology commonly used in artificial intelligence, while the latter is based on the idea that people do not necessarily follow a strict order when solving problems, and often consider specific opportunities. For difficult automation problems such as complex process control, enterprise and business management, socio-economic fields, and simulation of human thinking processes, it is increasingly difficult to perform quantitative calculations using traditional mathematical modeling techniques alone, often requiring manual labor. Intelligent technologies rely on appropriate qualitative cognitive models, or use a combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative calculations (such as fault control for nuclear reactors).