What Are the Different Types of Youth Worker Qualifications?

Youth is a Chinese word and pinyin is qng nián]. The meaning of youth is different in different societies around the world, and the definition of youth has been changing with the changes in the political economy and social and cultural environment.

[qng nián]

Previously, ethnic groups had their own titles for young people, such as

United Nations

• Since the 21st century, intense social changes such as globalization, informationization, and grassroots have put young people in an unprecedentedly active period. Their right to speak has continued to increase, and their status as independent pioneers and their role in cultural feedback have gained more from mainstream society. Approved. However, there has also been a sharp increase in the pressure for survival and discomfort with cultural shock, etc., which has once again made youth issues a part of social issues in reality. Youth research has regained a very strong "domestic demand" as its development space and motivation. What is different from the first stage is that the current youth research is facing a new and diverse youth group in a transitional society. Youth research itself is also in a period of transition from problem-oriented research to disciplinary research. Youth research has emerged It has far more complicated features than the first stage. It is these new objects, logic and characteristics that have brought youth research into a new historical period.

  Youth group research

  Object research has always been an important area of youth research. Understanding the characteristics and development status of youth groups in various social fields is the basis of youth research. Among them, the study of the only child, the study of young workers, and the study of rural youth have always occupied the focus and maintained academic enthusiasm in the 30 years of reform and opening up.

  1. Youth only children

  As the only population policy in the world, China's one-child policy has attracted widespread attention from academic circles at home and abroad. Psychology, pedagogy, sociology, demography, physical education and other disciplines have all studied this. During the 30 years of the study of the only child, three typical analytical frameworks have been formed: the policy argumentation framework, the individualism framework (micro-framework), and society. Structural framework (macro framework). Under the policy argumentation framework, there are mainly issues such as the necessity of the one-child policy, the advantages of the one-child and their families, the implementation of the one-child policy, and the improvement of the one-child policy. Individualistic frameworks often discuss and analyze from the perspective of the only child and their families, focusing on issues such as personality development, mental health, socialization, physical development, consumer behavior, education, marriage, and fertility. The social structural framework is opposed to the individualistic framework. It is still about the one-child phenomenon, but it discusses the issue of social structure. It is often explained using a series of macro words such as "modernization process", "social transformation", and "social security system". The only child phenomenon and proposed corresponding countermeasures.

  In the early stages of the one-child study, the policy argumentation framework and the individualist framework were equally divided; after the middle period, the individualist framework dominated; since the 21st century, the social structural framework has expanded rapidly, and the one-child research has been incorporated into the grand social transformation The study of the process came.

  2. Professional youth

  Professional youth refers to white-collar or blue-collar youth who seek jobs with their skills. For a long time in the past, the academic community researched it into two groups: young workers and young intellectuals. The research on young workers has generally experienced a transition from multi-directional investigation to one-dimensional attention. In the 1980s, the academic world was full of interest in all trends of young workers, but with the transformation of the industrial structure, researchers Although there is still interest in the class consciousness, rights consciousness, and ability to defend rights of young workers, more attention has been paid to research on their consumption status. In contrast, in the 1980s, the study of intellectuals mostly focused on tracking and describing their ideological and belief status, and on how to do a good job of intellectuals' ideological and political work. But with the advent of the era of the knowledge economy, the value and power of intellectuals were discovered and excavated, and they began to be given the historical mission of the country and nation. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the current status and characteristics of contemporary young intellectuals has become an academic hotspot.

  Since the late 1990s, the term white-collar has become a popular word in the media, and there has been a tendency in academic circles to replace the research on young intellectuals and young workers with the analysis of white-collar and blue-collar. It is precisely because of such a research trend that the two major types of "young workers" and "young intellectuals" have been merged into the unified focus on professional youth. However, when people use the "blue-collar" and "white-collar" conceptual tools, the political implication of the group is no longer so important, and its focus on consumer lifestyles and career methods.

  3 Rural youth

  According to the results of the Fifth National Census, rural youth accounted for about half of the total youth population in the country. The survival and development of such a large rural youth group directly affects the stability and development of the country and society. Rural youth actually include two situations. One is a young person who has a household registration as an agricultural hukou and lives in rural areas for more than half a year; the other is a young person who has a household registration as an agricultural hukou and lives in a city for more than half a year. These two types of rural youths face some common problems in real life, but also have their own characteristics. For different types of rural youth, the research perspective, content and emphasis of the researchers are different.

  Since the reform and opening up, research on rural youth in China's domestic academic circles can be divided into two phases. The first stage was from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s, and researchers mostly focused on the analysis of changes in the ideology and lifestyle of rural youth after the reform and opening up, and the problem of rural youth labor migration. The second stage is from the mid-to-late 1990s to the present. With the rise of the "three rural" issues to political issues, the research on rural youth has been exceptionally vigorous. In addition to the traditional research topics, the political socialization of rural youth, the protection of rights and social support of young migrant workers, and the crimes and crimes of rural youth have become the focus of presentation and interpretation.

  Youth Education Research

  The pursuit of ideals and beliefs of young people, especially young college students, has always been one of the fields of research that has received great attention from the government and academia. Researchers have basically reached a consensus that young college students are a barometer of the times and a mirror of the times. Most of them are thirsty for knowledge and thirst for exploration. They are the most active, active and active part of society. Of course, they It also has its own shortcomings: lack of political and life experience, and weak ability to distinguish right from wrong; therefore, in the critical period of China's reform and opening up and socialist modernization, it is necessary to educate and guide college students to strengthen their ideals and beliefs and strengthen them. Forward confidence.

  Under the guidance of this consensus, the discussions around the ideals and convictions of young people are mostly based on ideology, with a strong color of policy and countermeasure research, and the subject background is mostly pedagogy, ideological and political education. The content of the study is highly continual, involving the meaning, content, principles, requirements, approaches and the relationship between ideals and beliefs and the world outlook, outlook on life, values, and collectivism. Update. Through continuous demonstration and deliberation, researchers have gradually formed a unity in three aspects: First, the importance of ideal and belief education, which is not only an aspect of ideological and political education, but also the key and core of ideological and political education The content needs to understand its status and role from the height of the national strategy and the overall situation; however, some localities, departments, and schools do not pay enough attention to the education of ideals and beliefs of young people, especially college students. There are not many methods. Second, the research on the education of young people's ideals and beliefs needs to be deepened and deepened to enhance the effectiveness. The research on the education of ideals and beliefs should be closely combined with the ideological reality and characteristics of the times. Lagging, increasing attractiveness and persuasion. Third, the domestic and international environment facing China has always been very complicated. Especially as China plays an increasingly important role in the process of globalization, the situation has become more severe and changeable. Guidance cannot be relaxed for a moment, and the whole society needs to form a joint force that cares about the ideals and beliefs of college students.

  In view of the different characteristics of youth ideological dynamics in different periods, youth ideological and political education and work continue to develop and innovate in content, form, and carrier. In the 1990s, it was proposed to take system education as the framework, take master-slave education as the basis, improve mutual education, and target self-education: strengthen master-slave education, guide mutual education, achieve self-education as the goal, and strengthen ideological and political education. In order to make young people fit the requirements of social construction. Imagine that political education re-emphasizes life education and civic education in terms of content, introduces inquiry-based education in form, and pulls in online education through means, and actively cultivates and cultivates new soil on the basis of adherence to the inherent position of ideology and politics. In the meantime, the team of ideological and political counselors of college students who have taken a professional and professional path has become a new focus of academic research, and their career development paths, political qualities, life demands, and group characteristics have become new topics.

  Youth Interaction Studies

  1. Youth culture

  The attention and research on youth culture has become more and more obvious, because everyone has discovered that the best way to grasp contemporary youth is to understand the cultural phenomenon of youth. The representative views in youth culture research mainly include the following aspects.

  First, research on the basic concepts of youth culture. Western scholars have researched the concept of youth culture, and the "subculture" and "counterculture" theories have prevailed. Chinese scholars have basically followed this theory and also put forward some new insights.

  Second, research on the formation and development of youth culture in China. To sum up, the formation of Chinese youth culture in the field of youth research mainly includes the theory of group formation and the event-facilitating theory. The former emphasizes that the generation of youth culture is synchronized with the generation of youth groups. The latter proposes that the birth of youth culture is historic, such as Feng Yunxiang It points out that "youth culture is a subculture that emerged and emerged in the 1980s with cultural anomalies." Some scholars believe that now, from the perspective of the penetration of youth subcultures into mainstream culture and the expansion of values, "an era of youth-based culture has arrived."

  Third, research on the characteristics of youth cultural development. From the purpose of further understanding the nature of youth culture, scholars have analyzed and summarized the characteristics of youth culture, arguing that youth culture has relatively independent, dynamic, pluralistic, rebellious, marginal, and overall characteristics. Scholars are more conscious of revealing the characteristics of youth culture in development from a dynamic perspective, such as proposing that youth culture has the characteristics of instability, reconciliation, renewal, and diffusion of development. In the new century, scholars have paid more attention to the reflection on the interaction between youth culture and mainstream culture.

  2. Youth social participation

  Youth social participation is a hot topic of discussion in academic circles. Do contemporary youths have enthusiasm for participating in social affairs, what are their motivations, forms and characteristics, what is the significance of youth social participation for the construction of civil society, etc., all are researchers And the government needs to figure out the problem. Throughout the 30 years of youth research, the description and analysis of this group in terms of social participation awareness and participation ability, although not many, are standardized survey methods, rigorous analysis and induction, and solid theoretical foundation Report, and the continuity is extremely strong.

  When analyzing the characteristics of youth social participation in the 1980s, Yang Dongping pointed out that youth social participation in this period has a transitional characteristic of transition from traditional society to modern society, there are fewer actual participation behaviors, serious lack of participation in the system, and political cognition. Not enough. Since the 1990s, academia has paid more and more attention to the situation of youth social participation. Regarding their awareness of participation, scholars have two distinct perspectives: one is that young people's motivation for social participation in the 1990s is strong; the other is that contemporary young college students have a weak sense of social participation and have a tendency of "depoliticization", and Lack of voluntary participation. This contradictory feature is related to external factors such as social change and internal factors such as the region, gender, age, occupation, and education of the youth. Youth society participates in research, the research methods are more scientific, and the discipline background is more diverse. Huaixiang has established 32 index systems from the four dimensions of social responsibility, social care, participation in social affairs and awareness of current affairs, and has quantitatively measured the social participation awareness of contemporary college students.

  Youth Communist Youth League Study

  1. Youth Research of the Communist Youth League

  There is an important force in promoting the development of youth research: the Communist Youth League. Over the past 30 years, the Communist Youth League has mainly contributed to youth research along two paths:

  First, based on the needs of the Communist Youth League, a lot of applied research has been carried out. The results of the investigation and research are mainly used to formulate work plans for the Communist Youth League, make decisions, countermeasures, and set policies. In addition, the research results are also used to answer some doubts or misunderstandings about the work of the Communist Youth League and its objects, youths, within the group and the society, promote the emancipation of the mind, and provide a unified understanding of the Communist Youth League and relevant government departments to formulate relevant decisions and policies Important support.

  Second, it brings together research forces from all walks of life, and has made efforts to build a platform for youth research and integrate the results of youth research.

  Communist Youth League emblem

  The discipline construction of youth studies was started and continued when the Communist Youth League met the training needs of young workers. The establishment of the China Youth Research Center in 1991 and the China Youth Research Association in 1994 (renamed the China Youth Research Association in 1998) were successively established, laying the organizational foundation for regulating and advancing youth research nationwide.

  Of course, it is precisely because of the close and complex relationship between the work of the Communist Youth League and youth research that China's youth research in the past 30 years has been imprinted with politics and work.

  2. Research on the work of the Communist Youth League

  As the nation's largest youth organization, the status and development of the Communist Youth League itself has naturally become the focus of youth research. Youth workers and academia started discussions on the working functions, working mechanisms and development trends of the Communist Youth League.

  The working function of the Communist Youth League is not only the source of its legitimacy, but also the basis for clarifying its work areas and choosing its working methods. The Communist Youth League's social function of "representing and safeguarding the specific interests of young people" has become more and more clear with the deepening of reform and opening up. The research on the working mechanism of the Communist Youth League has also continued to innovate along with the process of reform and opening up. In the 1980s, the Communist Youth League researchers mainly criticized and reflected on the administrative tendency of the Youth League work. In the 1990s, the socialization of the work of the Communist Youth League became the focus of discussion in the context of the government's efforts to transfer social management functions. With the diversification of social development and the interdisciplinary research of the Communist Youth League, the discussion on the working mechanism is more comprehensive and imaginative. Among them, networked methods and branding of activity projects are innovative ways with a high mention rate . The discussion of the legitimacy of the Communist Youth League has also attracted increasing attention. Many scholars have suggested that narrowing the scope of services and finding the right entry point for cohesive youth have become the inevitable choice for the Communist Youth League to better assist the government in managing youth affairs. ^[3]