What Are Papules?

Karl Bühler [1879.05.27-1963.10.24], a German psychologist, was born in Baden and died in Los Angeles, California. He is the founder and leader of the Vienna Psychological Institute and the husband of C. Buhler.

Carl Buller

In 1903, Freiburg in Briesgau studied C. Baumker, wrote a dissertation on H. Homer, and received a PhD in philosophy. Buhler has since taught at the universities of Wurzburg, Bonn, Munich, Dresden, Vienna, and several universities in the United States. Among his students were E. Brunswick, K. Lawrence, E. Tolman and N. Miller at the University of Vienna alone. He also worked with Dürr to organize and edit Ebbinghaus's legacy.

In 1907, Buhler came from Berlin to the University of Wurzburg to study under Culpe, and soon published three research papers in psychology. Bühler's research is memorable because Bühler proposed the "questioning method". He composed a series of six types of questions about materials and asked the subjects (only "yes" or "no") Then, measure the reaction time, and finally let the participants introspect the ideas of the questions they just answered. The subjects were motivated by the questioning questions of the experimenters. Fonte is strongly opposed to this expansion and exertion of introspective methodology. As a member of the Wurzburg School, Buhler published books on the field of thinking and perceptual psychology.

In 1907, Bühler conducted a mind study, and he proposed a number of simple questions (5-20 seconds) that required thought to answer. After answering, ask and record the steps of the participants to get the answer. It turns out that the association process is divided into four stages:

Preparation period

The emergence period of stimulus words;

Period of seeking response words;

The emergence of response words.

Further research found that the main stage is to prepare-clarify the topic and determine the direction. "Fixing" is the trend that determines associations in advance and plays a pre-selection role. It is conscious to clarify the problem and determine the direction; from the problem to the solution of the problem is unconscious.

Buhler's research also involves the field of developmental psychology. He focuses on the study of children's thinking, and explores the formation, judgment, and reasoning of children's concepts. He has accumulated a lot of data and published a book entitled "Children's Psychological Development".

With regard to the satisfaction pleasure emphasized by Freud, Buhler also put forward his own opinion, thinking that satisfaction is only one-third of the whole, and he added two other contents, namely functional pleasure and creating pleasure. He appreciates the trichotomy, and he proposes three equally effective and complementary aspects of behavior, each of which has its own methodology: experimental (introspection), behavioral (observation by others), and cultural-achievement (humanism). Analysis). Speech function is also connected with the trichotomy: expressed (by people), shown (by people) behavior, and shown (by things) culture-achievement.