What Are the Causes of Bullying in Adolescence?

School bullying in English is School bullying, which means that one or more students (individuals or groups) on or off campus use one or more intentional or malicious acts to bully or insult through physical, language, and network means, causing the other (individual or group) body Injuries, property damage, or moral damage ^[1] .

School bullying

Bullying on campus does not necessarily occur on campus, including bullying among classmates after school.

Its main manifestation is that students who are physically strong bully the students who are weak, causing them pain in the mind and body. School bullying is often repetitive, not a single incident. Sometimes one person bullies one person; sometimes the group bullies one person.

Usually the bully does not feel that he is wrong, and the victim is afraid of things and bears in silence but dare not resist and inform the bully. ^[5]

Physical bullying

Pushing, punching, kicking, fanning, and snatching of property are easy forms of bullying.

Verbal bullying

Laughing in public, insulting, and abusive nicknames for others are forms of bullying that are not easy to detect.

Social bullying

Isolation, genomics, and the absence of friends around them are forms of bullying that are not easy to detect.

Cyberbullying

It is easy to detect bullying by posting online speeches that are harmful to the victim, exposing privacy, and spoofing the victim's photos.

Call the victim an insulting nickname; accuse the victim of uselessness, insult his personality, etc.

Repetitive physical attacks on victims. Punch, kick, slapping, stumbling, pulling hair; use control knives, sticks, etc. to attack the victim.

Interfering with the victim's personal property, textbooks, clothes, etc., or ridicule the victim through them.

The bully is significantly better than the victim, and bullying occurs when the victim fails to protect himself.

Spread negative rumors and gossip about victims.

Intimidate or coerce the victim into doing what he or she does not want to do, threaten the victim to follow orders.

· Trouble the victim, or cause the victim to punish him.

Defamation, sarcasm, derogatory comment on the victim's physical appearance, sexual orientation, religion, race, income level, nationality, family or other.

· Factional affiliation: Isolate, defeat, or exclude the victim.

Extortion: forcing money or goods.

· Draw insults and write insulting text.

·

The bullying process contains a complex interactive state, and the students involved can be divided into several types:

Bully initiates bullying and usually leads other students to participate.

The victim (English: Victim) was bullied.

The facilitator (Accomplice) follows the bully and participates directly in the bullying operation.

The supporter (English: Reinforcer) supports the behavior of the bully, such as laughing or cheering.

Defender comforts and supports victims and tries to stop bullying.

Outsiders (English: Bystander) stay out of the way, as we often say bystanders.

In May 2015, the Supreme People's Court extracted a sample of more than 100 typical cases from campus violence criminal cases concluded and effective at courts at all levels from 2013 to 2015, sorting them out, reflecting the characteristics of such crimes to a certain extent. The first judge of the court Ran Rong introduced that the crimes involved in campus violent crimes were relatively concentrated. The highest percentage of violent injuries against persons is committed, with 57% of intentional injury and 6% of intentional homicide. ^[6]

The report statistics show that among the 159 minor defendants involved in the random sample, 35% of the defendants are under the age of 16 and 16%; 65% of the defendants are under the age of 16. ^[6]

The sample of cases showed that the proportion of personal injuries caused by committing murder with a weapon is high. "We looked at the cases of school violence in the country at that time. About 30% of the murders were carried out. Of the more than 100 cases selected, 49% were murders, basically half of them. These children usually have springs. Knives, fruit knives, hunting knives ... There are more knives, and the consequences are very serious. In more than one hundred cases, 35% of the victims were killed and 32% were seriously injured, which is more than 60. Nearly 70% of the victims in the case were either dead or seriously injured, which cannot explain all the problems, but the proportion is very high. " ^[6]

In 2015, people's courts at all levels across the country concluded more than 1,000 cases of campus violence in the first instance. The number of cases in 2016 and 2017 decreased by 16.51% and 13.37% year-on-year, respectively.

From 2015 to 2017, 57.5% of school violence cases were story injury cases. Among campus violence cases, 55.12% were triggered by trivial matters such as quarrels and small frictions; 18.08% of criminal acts such as robbery, extortion, forced prostitution, insults, and rape were conducted to satisfy personal self-interest.

From 2015 to 2017, the proportion of defendants who were minors in school violence cases across the country showed a downward trend year by year, accounting for 64.87% in 2015, 63.4% in 2016, and 60.79% in 2017. Over 80% of the defendants in the school violence cases involving robbery were minors, and the largest proportion of minors aged 16 to 18 were involved in the rape and forced prostitution crimes.

From 2015 to 2017, the proportion of cases with more than 5 defendants in campus violence cases was 6.27%, and the proportion of cases with more than 10 defendants was 1.1%. In the case of campus violence concluded in the first instance, 36.89% of the defendants had surrendered. ^[7]

Norway

Bullying on campus

Encourage schools to take school-wide interventions on campus bullying, such as formulating classroom rules, restricting student behavior, forming teacher professional development teams, and conducting class activities with peers on peer relationships and behaviors for bullies, victims and their parents Provide psychological counseling, etc. Norway adopted a declaration in 2002 calling on the state, local governments, and groups of parents and teachers to join the action to end bullying in schools as soon as possible.

Australia

Established government-supported organizations and websites, such as the Anti-Bullying Network and the Australian Bullying Free Program to help schools understand bullying, develop policies for schools, and provide guidelines for teacher training. The Australian government is addressing school bullying by improving the understanding of teachers and students about social justice issues. The theory is that as long as it is wrong to harass and torture someone different from yourself, then the problem of bullying is resolved.

Israel

Israel has adopted a series of measures to address bullying on campus, which requires schools to establish a school-wide anti-bullying policy and train serving faculty and staff. Israel also supports ongoing investigations and research to find a personalized solution. The survey found that bullying occurs most often in hallways and toilets after school, or during periods of poor teacher monitoring. The approach taken by many schools is simple, such as increasing police force, ensuring lighting, letting parents pick up and drop off children, and arranging more teachers in the corridor during breaks.

United States

In the United States, school violence is called "bullying." School bullying is most severe in junior high school (grades 6-8). It gradually decreases in high school, but it still exists. It is a common problem in high schools. Schools attach great importance to "bullying". At the beginning of each year, teachers will be trained to deal with incidents of bullying and will be given guidance materials. There will also be preventive education for students to inform them of relevant school regulations.

Japan

The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology has strengthened the training of teachers on school bullying and increased the number of qualified school counselors and caregivers to help students deal with various problems. At the same time, schools are allowed to address those who cause physical or psychological harm to classmates. Students suspended classes and developed clearer guidelines and procedures for this.

Korea

In response to the increasing violence in primary and secondary schools, the Ministry of Education of Korea has decided to provide free "guard services" to some elementary and middle school students from mid-March to protect them from school violence. "Guard" work, in addition to the police, also mobilize the security of civilian security companies, gym associations and other personnel to undertake. As long as the student applies for protection from the school or the Department of Education, the government will arrange a "guard" to protect the student at the school or a specific place. The Korean Ministry of Education expects to provide such services to 1,600 students in 2007. However, some parents and teachers have expressed concern that the "guarding service" will isolate the victims. In response to this concern, the South Korean Ministry of Education said that security personnel will provide covert protection to students seeking help. ^[11]

According to statistics from the Department of Education of 2002 to 2003, there were about 700 cases of bullying and violence in secondary schools. If school holidays are deducted, there will be an average of three cases per day. The survey results also showed that in the same year, the mentoring teachers of secondary schools handled 653 cases of "bullying classmates", accounting for 0.14% of the number of middle school students. It can be seen that bullying cases are quite serious on campus.

In fact, any form of bullying is unacceptable, because bullying does harm to the "injured", and it also causes harm to the "bullyer" and "bystanders". The "bullyer" bullies others for a long time, will be very self-centered, lack empathy for classmates, etc., and the "bystanders" will feel guilty, uneasy, etc. because they cannot help the victim. At the same time, it will also affect the overall discipline and ethos of the school. Therefore, bullying is a problem that schools must face up to and stop and prevent. But cooperation between classmates and parents is also important.

In June 2014, a study found that bullied children may experience higher-than-normal subclinical levels of inflammation that may persist into adulthood, and that bullies have more inflammation than children who are neither victims nor bullies The level should be low. Previous research suggests that bullying may have a negative impact on children's psychological and social development.

Scientists from institutions such as Duke University School of Medicine have studied whether childhood bullying can also affect children's physical health. Researchers interviewed 1,420 children aged 9-16 from North Carolina, 90% of whom were white, 4% were Native Americans, and 6% were African Americans.

Blood tests of C-reactive protein (CRP) on these children show that C-reactive protein (CRP) levels of bullied children increase with the number of times they are bullied. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammation of the lower system of the body A marker often associated with cardiovascular disease and metabolic symptoms.

A second set of blood tests, 19 to 21 years of age, after bullying stopped, showed that the C-reactive protein (CRP) levels of those who were bullied in childhood remained twice those of those who had been bullied, while the C-reactive protein of the bully (CRP) levels are lower than those who have never been bullied or victims.

Researchers say these results suggest that a child's role in bullying may serve as a risk factor or a protective factor for low levels of inflammation in adulthood, which may have a negative impact on long-term health.