What Are the Different Types of Processing Disorders?

Emotional cognitive impairment was proposed by American clinical psychologist ATBeck in the mid-1960s based on clinical observations of depression and previous studies on emotion perception. In the mid-1970s, it was further developed into a set of cognitive therapy technologies aimed at changing the cognition of patients with depression, with obvious success.

American clinical psychologist Baker (ATBeck) proposed emotional disorders in the mid 1960s based on clinical observations of depression and previous research on emotion perception.

Baker believes that the cognitive structure or schema established by people through their life experiences from childhood is a relatively stable psychological characteristic, forming people's assumptions about themselves and the world, used to filter, distinguish, evaluate and

Clinical evaluation

According to the research, patients' cognitive distortions can be of the following types:

1. Absolute thinking in black and white. Patients adhere to an unrealistic standard and believe that failing to meet this standard is a failure. This way of thinking leads to perfectionism, fearing any mistakes and shortcomings. A teacher said something wrong in class, so he thought "it's all over now" and "I'm worthless".

2. Arbitrary inference. Refers to a lack of factual grounds and a hasty conclusion. For example, when I saw a colleague hurried past on the street without saying hello, I thought to myself, "Where did I offend him? He was angry with me?" Actually, this colleague had something in his heart and didn't notice him.

3. Selective generalization. Based on individual details and without considering other circumstances, a conclusion is drawn on the entire incident. For example, after a young woman offered an invitation to a female classmate to go to a concert, she was politely declined, and determined that she was hated by female classmates. No young woman would associate with him anymore. This is a kind of "by all means."

4. Excessive extension. Refers to a conclusion about the value of life based on a small mistake. If a mother accidentally breaks a bowl, she considers herself "not a good mother."

5. Exaggerate and shrink too much. Refers to exaggerating the importance of your mistakes and defects, while degrading your achievements or advantages. An occasional mistake, such as shaking your hand when taking a picture, and a photo was taken badly, feels terrible. Others should consider her a useless person. Of course, this is also an excessive extension. But when one thing is done, it feels insignificant and purely fluke.

6. Personalization. Refers to the patient taking the initiative to take responsibility for the fault or misfortune of others. Blaming yourself for any misfortune, accident, or illness of someone else. If a friend dies, the patient blame himself for being busy with personal affairs and failing to take care of his friend's health.

7. Selective negative gaze. Refers to choosing a negative detail, and always remembering this detail, and ignoring other aspects, so that the whole situation is stained with negative colors. For example, if a student answers a few questions incorrectly during the exam, she can't forget these questions, even thinking that the school might ask her to drop out of school. In fact, she did well in the exam. It is precisely this tendency of negative information selection that causes patients to filter only negative information in certain situations, causing unnecessary annoyance.

8. Emotional reasoning. I believe that my negative emotions must reflect the true situation of things, such as: "I feel like a failure, so I am a failure." "I feel disappointed, so my problem cannot be solved." "I have Guilt shows that I must have done something bad. "This emotional reasoning of" following the sensations "hinders the understanding of the true situation of things, and leads people to cognitive distortions and cannot extricate themselves.

9. "Should" tendency. Refers to patients often using the words "should" or "must", asking themselves and others, such as "I should do this", "I must do that". This means adhering to a standard for yourself. If the behavior does not meet this standard, you will blame yourself with the word "should not", and guilt and remorse will occur. If someone does something that doesn't meet their expectations, they will feel disappointed or resentful, saying "he shouldn't be like that."

10. Random labeling. This is also a form of generalization, thinking that you can finish your problem with a label. For example: "I am a natural loser." "I am so greedy, ugly and hateful, almost like a pig." "My nerves are inherently weak and vulnerable." In fact, this is the evaluation of the entire person and Some human mistakes are mixed up, and "man is not equal to human error".

The above 10 types of cognitive distortions are more common, and in addition, some can be listed. It should be noted that several types of cognitive distortions can occur in the same patient. By analyzing the relationship between objective facts and negative automatic thoughts, logical errors can often be revealed. If doctors use the steps of "collaborative testing" to promote patients' suspicion of automatic thoughts, including the form of "work", discovering and changing cognitive distortions can be done. ^[2]

(1) Vulnerability, such as: "A person asking for help is a sign of weakness."

(2) Attraction / exclusion, such as: "I can't be happy without the love of another person."

(3) Perfectionism, such as: "A person must be smart, beautiful, rich, and creative, otherwise it will be difficult to be happy."

(4) Mandatory, such as using "must", "should" and other words to require oneself.

(5) Seek praise, such as: "For happiness, I need praise from others."

(6) Dependence, such as: "If you have no one to rely on, you will feel sad."

(7) Autonomy, such as: "My mood is governed by factors I cannot control."

(8) Cognitive philosophy, such as: "You have encountered obstacles in the pursuit of your goals, and you will definitely get bored."

ATBake further categorizes dysfunctional assumptions into three categories: achievement (requires success, high operating standards), acceptance (be loved, loved), and control (to control the development of things, to become strong, etc.) ). This underlying dysfunctional hypothesis or schema is the basis for people to evaluate life events, to give special meaning to empirical facts, and to dominate the way people handle things. It is the rule that governs people's behavior.

The underlying dysfunction hypothesis can be triggered by a severe life event in the future. It is assumed that once activated, a large number of "negative automatic thoughts" are generated. These negative automatic thoughts are the superficial cognition of the two-layer model of Beck's emotional disorder, which can be seen by the patient and become an event in the patient's consciousness world (equivalent to the secondary process of Freud). "Negative" means that these thoughts are always related to unpleasant emotions. "Automatic" is because they emerge in people's brains, not the product of careful reasoning. The content of negative automatic thoughts can be an explanation of current experience, a negative expectation of the future, or a negative explanation of past events. It is these negative automatic thoughts that cause the symptoms of emotional disorders. The development of emotional disorders makes negative automatic thoughts more frequent and intense, forming a vicious circle.

(1) It is automatic and emerges in the brain without logical reasoning;

(2) its content is negative, often associated with bad emotions;

(3) It changes with time and place, can be perceived by consciousness, has the characteristics of cognitive processes, and is part of clinical manifestations;

(4) It looks real, because it is derived from underlying dysfunctional hypothesis or schema;

(5) It exists on the edge of consciousness and is fleeting;

(6) It exists for a short time, but it is very powerful and cannot be selected or eliminated by one's own will;

(7) It contains cognitive distortion, but the patient believes it is true, and not knowing it is the cause of emotional pain. In different mental disorders. Negative automatically thinks.