What Is Cognitive Brain Damage?

The so-called brain injury refers to the damage to the brain from various factors from the beginning of the embryo to the onset of disease. Brain damage is an external factor that causes epilepsy. It is chemical, physical, and biological. The resulting brain injury can be an organic, functional, or metabolic disease; it can be focal or widespread; it can be stationary or active. The time of brain injury can be before, during or after childbirth.

Mild brain injury

So-called

Among the factors that cause brain damage are:

Brain development disorders (excluding congenital and hereditary);

traumatic brain injury;

brain tumors;

Intracranial

Clinical manifestations of mild brain injury due to concussion

It is characterized by transient disturbances of consciousness and retrograde amnesia. Loss of consciousness for no more than 30 minutes. Heavier people are accompanied by changes in vital signs, such as paleness, sweating, decreased blood pressure, bradycardia, slow breathing, decreased muscle tone, and dullness or disappearance of various physiological reflexes. To normal. After that, symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting may occur, and they can improve on their own in a short time. There were no positive signs in neurological examination, no red blood cells in cerebrospinal fluid examination, and no abnormality in CT examination.

Clinical manifestations of mild brain injury caused by brain contusion

(1) Impaired consciousness: The injury immediately appeared. The degree and duration of the disturbance of consciousness are directly related to the degree and scope of cerebral contusion and laceration, most of which are more than half an hour, and the severely ill can continue to coma for a long time. A small range of medical education | net collection and organization of local contusion and laceration, if there is no diffuse brain injury caused by inertial force, early conscious disturbances may not occur.

(2) Focal symptoms and signs: Immediately after the injury, neurological dysfunction or signs corresponding to the injury, such as cone bundle signs, limb convulsions, or hemiplegia, and aphasia in the central nervous system. Injuries that occurred in the "dumb zone" showed no focal symptoms or signs.

(3) Headache and nausea and vomiting: May be related to increased intracranial pressure, autonomic dysfunction, or traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. The latter may also have meningeal irritation and cerebrospinal fluid examination with red blood cells.

(4) Increased intracranial pressure and cerebral hernia: It is caused by secondary cerebral edema or intracranial hematoma, which aggravates the degree of early disturbance of consciousness or paralysis, or the consciousness becomes better and becomes blurred after being awake, while the blood pressure rises. Such as high heart rate, slowed heart rate, unequal pupils, and cone sign. (5) Meningeal irritation: due to subarachnoid hemorrhage after contusion and laceration, patients often have signs of meningeal irritation, showing closed eyes and photophobia, curling and lying, and early low fever and nausea and vomiting. Neck resistance gradually disappears in about 1 week. If there is no improvement for a long time, attention should be paid to the injury of the craniocervical junction or the secondary intracranial infection.

Brain injury often causes a variety of dysfunctions, such as dyskinesia, neurological dysfunction, cognitive disorders, personality disorders, behavioral and emotional disorders, speech swallowing disorders, and social skills disorders. And most of its recovery time is long, which places a heavy burden on the family and society.

(1) CT of the head.

(2) Stay in hospital for 24 hours.

(3) Observation consciousness,

1. Light type: bed rest and general treatment are the mainstay. Generally, bed rest is required for 1 to 2 weeks. Pay attention to observation of vital signs, changes in consciousness and pupils, and ordinary diet. Most patients can work normally after a few weeks ^[1]

1. Prevent complications and strengthen nursing: Early prevention should be based on the prevention of lung and urinary tract infections. In the later stages, nutritional supply should be guaranteed to prevent bedsores and strengthen functional training.

2. For patients with moderate and severe brain injury, nutritional support should be provided as soon as possible. Generally, it can be opened after 48 hours.

beginning. Early implementation of nutritional support can reduce the number of hospital stays, reduce the incidence of infection and sequelae, and improve survival.

3. Enteral nutrition is the preferred method of nutritional support for patients with brain injury, but gastric emptying disorders will affect the implementation of enteral nutrition, and sometimes it takes 10 to 14 days to reach a satisfactory nutritional requirement. Medical education network collection and organization If enteral nutrition can not meet the nutritional requirements of patients, or for some reason contraindicated the use of enteral nutrition, should be supplemented with parenteral nutrition or complete parenteral nutrition support.

4. Putting the nutrition tube into the small intestine for enteral nutrition support can quickly reach sufficient nutritional requirements, and the patient is well tolerated, which can cause high nitrogen retention, low incidence of infection, and short ICU hospital stay.