What Is Malingering?

Cheating in exams is a major issue of principle and a moral issue. For a rigid education system, cheating in exams is still a passive resistance. Cheating is common, but it doesn't mean taking it for granted. Cheating is both disrespect for yourself and disrespect for others. It's unfair to others who have really given it. It may occasionally be successful, giving great cheer and material encouragement to the cheaters, and further motivating and firming the faith and determination of this group to carry out cheating to the end. But this will never be a long-term plan. This era may give speculators some gaps and opportunities for survival, but it will not allow them to endlessly occupy the fruits of others' labor for their own personal gain. The only role of plagiarizing others is only Just copy it. It's not good for itself.

[zuò bì]

Refers to the use of deceptive methods to do things that are illegal or disorderly.

Song ·

Cheating

Some people come up with various cheating methods in order to deal with the exam. In ancient times, the imperial examination was the main method for selecting officials in feudal society. Therefore, some people hope to take "shortcuts". Zhenhai, Ningbo, found a rare item used for cheating in the Qing dynasty townshipentrainment.

This cheat was actually a white cricket with a width of 40 cm and a length of 60 cm. Due to the age, hairs have grown on the edges and the color has slightly yellowed. White sacks are densely lined with rice grains in lower case, all written vertically from right to left, with neat and beautiful handwriting. Take a closer look, most of the content copied above comes from the "Four Books and Five Classics," including articles in The Analects, University, and The Golden Mean. The writer is still showing the circles in red where they think it is important, so that he can "see at a glance" when taking the test. The writer divides the area on the white lotus according to the title name and content. Bai Ye is covered with words on both sides, roughly estimated that there are about 44,000 words, which is almost a novel.

Why was it concluded that this was an item from the Qing Dynasty? Hong Yuqing, the secretary-general of the Zhenhai District Collectors Association, believes that in the early Qing Dynasty, the imperial examinations were badly cheated; the texture of the object was Bai Zhi, which was a popular cheating "material" at that time, so it was inferred that the object was in the Qing Dynasty. In addition, the content copied on the entrainment mainly comes from the "Four Books and Five Classics", which is more common in the township entrance examination.

Because the surface is smooth and the tip of the brush is soft, writing with a brush on the surface of the surface is difficult. You must write a hard object on the surface of the surface before writing. It can be seen that it will take a long time to produce this neat and detailed "entrainment", and the "preparatory work" before the writer's examination is quite "full".

This white cricket was once folded into a rectangle measuring 8 cm x 14 cm, because obvious creases were left on the sides, much like the popular cheat sheet on the exam room. It can be easily concealed in the boots or sleeves during the exam for easy use when cheating. Hong Yuqing said that the ancient method of cheating didn't stop there. In addition to saying hello to the examiner in advance to leave a mark on the test paper, there was also a small print of a book, which was peeked in the palm of his hand.

However, cheating in ancient imperial examinations was also severely investigated. It is said that when Qianlong was in office, he had strict regulations on the candidates' wear: whether hats, shirts, gowns, gowns, and socks must be single-layered, leather and felt must be removed, and shoes must be thin-bottomed. ... At the same time, you need to take off your clothes for inspection before entering. Therefore, Hong Yuqing believes that unless you encounter a careless examiner, in fact, it is not easy to bring the "cheat sheet" into the examination room smoothly.

There are few similar objects that reflect the imperial examinations, and this well-preserved "entrainment" is even more precious. Hong Yuqing said, I have nt seen it in Ningbo, and it s rare in Zhejiang. This is not only a true testimony of the dark competition in the Imperial Examination System of the Qing Dynasty, but also provides scholars with real historical data for studying the Imperial Examination System of the Qing Dynasty.

Mr. Chen, a citizen of Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, has published two volumes of his ancient pocket books, one of which is only 4.5 cm x 5.5 cm, which is half the size of the smallest pocket book ever seen in Nanjing. The other is 5 cm x 8.5 cm. The front pages of the two books were printed with the words "Reordered by Guangxu Xin and Zhong Chun Jingshu", indicating that they were over 100 years old. Opening the inner pages, the reporter saw the former as the "Book of Rites" in the "Five Classics"; the latter was "Four Books" including "University", "The Golden Mean", "The Analects of Confucius", and "Mencius". The silk handwriting made people look very strenuous, and soon the reporter felt the eyes were very uncomfortable. An expert from the Archeology Department of the Taizhou Museum, after careful study of these two ancient books, affirmed that this kind of hard-to-read books was originally used by ancient candidates for cheating by shortcuts. They are hidden in the heel of the shoe or can be tied into the hair and brought into the exam room. It is puzzling and funny that the inside page of the book found a reminder of "flight guide for boat and car, don't bring it in". Experts believe that the reminder is clearly "three hundred and twenty here without silver", because such a small-print book cannot be read on the "boat", but this is a trick to revise the book "business". The expert also stated that according to his knowledge, the most compact "cheating" ancient book that had ever appeared in Nanjing was 8 cm x 10 cm in size, and the Book of Rites was almost half smaller than it. "The two books have large cultural relics. value". There are eight or nine types of cheating books found in China. The most precious volume found earlier is now in the Jiangnan Gongyuan of Nanjing. It is 7.5 cm in length and 5 cm in width. It has 540 words per page, 30 pages in total, and contains 16,000 words. Later, in April 2002, in a farmer's home in Dongyang City, Zhejiang Province, there was also a pocket cheat book with the upper and lower volumes of the Five Classics, with a total of 280,000 words, 5.7 cm in length, 4.3 cm in width, and 0.8 cm in thickness. , 85 pages per volume, 22 lines per page, 38 words per line. The isolated lithograph of the "Five Classics of Annotations" discovered by Dongyang is smaller than the "Pocket Book" of Nanjing Jiangnan Gongyuan. It has a smaller number of words and richer content. Each word is less than 1 mm, but it looks very clear. According to research at the time, this is a solitary copy of the "Five Classics of Zhuan" lithographed by ancient candidates for cheating. The book was printed in Guangxu and Ugly (1889), and it is successively "Yi", "Book", "Poem", "Li", "Spring and Autumn". The preface said: "Since the initiation of the lithograph method, the style of the Five Classics has been renewed, and it has never been deleted. It is simple and easy to take, and it is a pity!" It means "easy to take" for the journey, but it is actually cheating for candidates. to offer comfort. Next is "Linwen Tips" and common knowledge about formatting and taboos, because in the imperial examinations, even if the article is written well, if the format is wrong or a word is not tabooed, it will be named Sun Shan, causing lifelong regret.

According to the relevant expert's research, the boot of the book is slightly smaller. Candidates can put the boots into the examination room without being found. At that time, in order to prevent candidates from carrying cheats, the court specifically stipulated that coats, trousers, and even hats and socks must be single-layered. So some candidates racked their brains and came up with the "extreme idea" of using a boot with a small book. The cheat book found in Taizhou, Jiangsu this time will once again break the record of the smallest size of a "pocket book".

Cheating Section

The court joint cheating began in the Song Dynasty and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This is the most concealed fraud method in the imperial examination era. It is a new cheating method that appears after the imperial court adopted two precautionary measures: sealing and recording. It has many tricks and is extremely harmful. The so-called joint refers to the secret sign that the examiner and the examinee cheat through the specific words on the scroll. During the Jingde reign of the Northern Song Dynasty, the imperial court formulated two rules of the examination room that are of great significance in the history of the ancient imperial examinations: one is to paste names, and the other is to record. Pasting the name is to cover the test taker's name, hometown and other items with paper paste, so that the examiner who approves the test paper does not know who made the test paper at hand. The recorder copied all the examination papers and then submitted them to the examiner for review. In this way, even the examinee's handwriting could not be recognized by the examiner. However, just after the two cheating prevention measures, namely the obfuscated name and the Yiluoshushu, there were new countermeasures for cheating, that is, ordering joints and delivering notes. Specifically, the examinee colluded with the examiner to cheat. Before the exam, make an appointment. What words should be used somewhere in the poem as a mark? To ensure the accuracy of the admission, each joint note has three or four words. Write the written joints to the ordered joints. After the examiner enters the court, he pays attention to the person he wants to take care of, and accepts the joint code on the note at hand. When he finds a prospect, he will never miss it. Candidates who have sent silver to pass through the joints can win even if the answer is that the donkey's lips are not in the horse's mouth. This is the wonderful use of joints. Here we see that in order to prevent the examiner from knowing the examinee's name or recognizing the examinee's handwriting, the government has introduced a well-intentioned seal and cricket recording, but the cheater then came up with the secret trick of concealing the joints. This is really Mastering the stick, but aiming for the yard!

Cheating Northern Song

"Xiu Xiu" in the Northern Song Dynasty

According to the report, during the Northern Song Dynasty, the imperial court had just formulated a series of precautionary measures, such as seals and seals, and the disadvantages of joints appeared in the field. At that time, there was a Hanlin bachelor named Yang Yi, who had a very high reputation. On the eve of the provincial test, he specially hosted a fellow citizen who came to Beijing to take the test. The candidates who were invited to the party were all excited, and they did their best to flatter them. Some praised Yang Xueshi's famous works of poetry. This time, they must be "Wengheng" (the examiner), and some directly asked Yang Yi Give "guidance". Hearing this, Yang Yi changed his color suddenly, and said "Hugh Xiu" in his mouth, and left his sleeves. The word " " comes from "Shangshu", which is a curse. The fellows who were present at the scene thought that they had hit the nails, but the smarter heard something. Sure enough, Yang Yi was appointed Zhigongju a few days later, and those who used the word "Xiu Xiu" in several papers were all accepted.

Cheating Southern Song

Qin Yue's Joint Tricks in the Southern Song Dynasty

In the Southern Song Dynasty, the traitor Qin Yue, a son of the family named Qin Yue was about to take the exam. Before the test, Qin Hui sent someone to call Cheng Zishan, a scholar from Zhongshu, into Xiangfu, and only let his servants serve with good wine and good meal. Qin Hui himself did not come forward to receive it. Cheng Zishan stayed alone without any sense, then looked at the table marked "Jin Shi Qin Chengcheng" on the table, browsed again and again, almost recite it. A few days later, Cheng Zishan received the appointment for the entrance examination, and learned that Qin Yue took the examination. At this time, Cheng Zishan immediately thought of the intention that Qin Yue had deliberately arranged a few days ago, and then took Qin Yue's script as the examination content. That Qin Yun natural high school topped the list. It should be said that Qin Hui is doing the art of Qiaotong joints here.

Cheating Ming Dynasty

Ming language ""

In the Ming Dynasty, the disadvantages of dark joints became more and more popular. Shi Zai: "There will be joint advancement in the next season. During the period of May and June in each subject, the real estate examination will be hired, and then the first, or the Jin, or the bribe will be used to bribe the stage, making the difficult employment Later, the house-checking was as good as a ticket, and each list was issued, and there were no fewer than dozens of people. "It seems that within the thorny field, there are joint disadvantages, and there are not a few who do this. There was a typical joint cheating case during the Ming Dynasty Emperor Wanzong. It was the Sixteen Years of Wanli (1588), and the first examination of the Wuzike Township, and the Prime Minister Huang Hongxian served as the examiner of Beibei. The examiner received a large number of notes before entering the venue. During admission, he only checked whether the "word joints" were consistent. "If the person with the highest potential has no son, then he will be recorded, and the person with the greatest interest will be his son." At that time, there was a Zhejiang scholar named Li Hong who bought Huang Hongxian in front of the game and secretly ordered the joints. In both scripts, the Wudi dialect "" was used, which had no relationship with the context. The result was tenth. One person. The papers taken by Huang Hongxian with joints, "Arts and sciences are ridiculous, if Zhang Zhang is." This caused a lot of anger, "Everyone is on the list and everyone is cutting their teeth, and they are all wanting to spit the constitution and scorn them." The disadvantages of the market. "He bluntly said:" No Chase joint has been unbridled like Huang Hongxian. "

Cheating in the Qing Dynasty

1.Anonymity in the volume

The use of joints in the imperial examination presided over by the emperor can be said to be inevitable on the spire of the imperial examination. The use of incognito methods for secret signals is even more terrible. In the thirty-four years of Qianlong (1769), the imperial examination was conducted after the Ugly Imperial Court Examination, and the minister of reading papers prepared the papers for admission to the emperor. Emperor Qianlong opened the seal and looked at the name of the scholar, while reading the script, but found the problem: the first strict copy, the paper contains the words "the human heart is natural, but must be strictly controlled by the movement and static" two sentences, strict Ben's name is apparently hidden in the text. The second place is Wang Shiwei, and there is a sentence of "Victorian surrendering heart" in the volume. The third place is Bao Zhizhong. The sentence "contains up and down" is used in the text. Fifth place Cheng Cheng said in the test paper that "the nature of the successful person also", Cheng Cheng is the same as Cheng Yin. Seeing this, Emperor Qianlong felt: "Its suspicious handwriting, and more than one volume, must be described as accidental fit? Like this hidden word, what about non-joint? If it is called non-joint, it is not clear how many words are joints The Emperor Qianlong believed that "it is not enough to show justice and persuade people." He ordered the Minister of Military Affairs to re-evaluate all the examination papers and the four papers named by Emperor Qianlong. This time came at the end, and several ministers who read the papers were at the Ministry of Communications.

2. Weng Tong has no intention of planting flowers

The Qing dynasty was so articulated that even the emperor's teacher was doing hands and feet. That was the eighteenth year of Guangxu (1892) Renchen Branch Examination, and Emperor Guangxu's teacher Weng Tong, who was born the champion, became the president. Participating in this conference was Zhang Jian, who later became a famous industrialist and educator in modern Chinese history. Zhang Jian was a clever and eager learner since he was young. He was only a talented student when he was 16 years old. However, when he participated in the Liye Examination in the 15th year of Guangxu (1889), he was unknown. Before the trial, Zhang Ye and his friend Liu Keyi visited Wengtong, a fellow fellow in Jiangsu. As an examiner, Weng Tong has always appreciated Zhang Jian's talent, and he regrets that he lost his poem last time. After the meeting, first there was a shudder, and then Weng Tong repeatedly told him, "Today's situation, it is better to take the overall situation into consideration." The upright Zhang Ye only thought that Weng Tong was discussing the current situation, but did not expect this to be a hint, but Liu Keyi next to him Memorize it in my heart. In the first exam, Liu Keyi embedded the word overall planning into the broken title of the eight-strand manuscript. When Weng Tong saw this paper, he thought it must be Zhang Jian. Without reading the entire book, he wrote above: " To celebrate the country. "Set the first place this time. After unpacking, it was discovered that the volume was not Zhang Jian's, but Liu Keyi's. Weng Tong was frustrated because he didn't know much about Liu Keyi. After inquiring, I learned that Liu Keyi is also a famous man in Jiangnan, and he felt a little relieved. He comforted himself by saying: "It was unsatisfactory." In the second exam, Weng Tong found that one of the papers had the words "Three Horses in a Horse, Snowflake Like a Palm", because Zhang Ye had gone to Goryeo with the Qing army, and Weng Tongsui decided that this book must be Zhang Ye's first. To be taken apart, Liu Keyi was still looking. Zhang Ye tried and failed. Here in the examiner Weng Tong, it can be said that it is intentional to plant flowers and flowers, and accidentally planted willows and willows.

3. The "Hookah Bag"

In the field joint cheating, there are many things that happen to be clumsy. Here are two examples:

First, the Han and Zhan test in the Qing Dynasty did not need to copy the test papers, so those who cheated with joints could use simpler methods. During the Daoguang period, a certain Hanlin Academy and Zhanshifu Cichen Examination was held. The principal person was Xu Naihuan, a key minister of North Korea. A well-known old Hanlin asked him to take care of it when he was checking the papers, and try to take it as the top three. Xu Naiyuan promised in person to let the old Hanlin sprinkle a few drops of ink after writing the paper as a secret sign. At that time, Zeng Guofan was in Hanlin's review. After he finished the paper, he put a few drops of ink on the pen cover and accidentally stuck it on the paper. When Xu Naiying read the papers, he mistakenly thought that Zeng Guofan's papers belonged to the old Hanlin, and he took the second class. In the end, the Emperor Guangdao Yulan, Zeng Guofan was ranked second in the first class, promoted to assistant lecturer. The old Hanlin, who was not recommended for the ink, was downgraded because of the last name.

Secondly, according to the late Qing literati Zhong Yulong, Hunan scholar Li Youmei once told him a very sad thing: in one year, Li Youmei had a test, and he invited a "best" to book a joint before the test. At that time, the society was fashioned by smoking hookah, and the joint was the word "hookah bag". That friend "makes it necessary for poetry." Unexpectedly, this made Li Youmei's mother-in-law know, and her mother-in-law had three children. Let the three sons-in-law take the first place together, so that they can shine in the court, and secretly told Li Youmei's joints to the other two son-in-laws who were also preparing for the exam. After Li Youmei entered the venue, she wrote the words "Hookah Bag" at the beginning of the poem: "The smoke is vast, and the talents are in the bag." Huang Zhong was entrusted to take the papers with the words "Hookah Bags". Both have this joint, the examiner hesitated, decided to take two of them, but did not expect that it was Li Youmei who was left behind.

4.Lu Xun's grandfather's note

Lu Xun's grandfather, Zhou Fuqing, was the 15th Jinshi in the third class of Xin Mo in the Tongzhi Decade (1871). In March of the nineteenth year of Guangxu (1893), Zhou Fuqing, who was in the cabinet, returned to his hometown after his mother died. In August this year, the Zhejiang Provincial Examination, the Examiner Tongzheng Envoy Secretary Yin Ruyi, was just a jinshi who joined the examination with Zhou Fuqing. When Zhou Fuqing learned that Zhejiang's main examiner was Yin Ruyi, he wanted to "find joints for his son" and asked several relatives, friends, and children to ask for "reward" from relatives and friends. On July 27, the examiner Yin Rugao arrived in Suzhou by boat from Beijing. Zhou Fuqing, who had been waiting here, sent a domestic servant Tao Ashun to board a secret letter in order to avoid people's eyes. In the letter, Yin Ruyi was asked to take care of his son Zhou Yongji and 6 other candidates. The word "education", and "foreign silver ten thousand yuan" written on a piece of paper, is the price of promising rewards. Due to the rashness of domestic servant Tao Ashun, Zhou Fuqing's delivery of joints was revealed in public on the examiner's boat. Yin Ruyi immediately turned his face and did not recognize anyone, and sent Tao Ashun's person to Suzhou for interrogation. Several of the enumerators mentioned in the letter held the exam together and were not allowed to take the exam. As for Zhou Fuqing, he first fled to Shanghai to escape, and later heard that the court had ordered him to be dismissed. He was looking around and returned to Zhejiang Huiji to surrender. He was detained for trial in Hangzhou. He finally spent eight years in prison. Declined ever since. There is also a rare kind of cheating in the Qing dynasty examination room --- collected by the Northwest University Museum, a piece made of white silk, this piece is about 2 meters long, 0.47 meters wide, and the word is like rice grains. It is densely written but clearly legible, with a total of 100,000 words. The contents are all compulsory subjects such as the "Four Books" and "The Five Classics," and they must be prepared in advance according to the format of eight shares. In order to find the required content in time, a lot of secrets have been made on the tape, and the entire content is numbered. The white silk is soft and easy to carry. It is reported that this entrainment was handed down by a teacher's ancestor from Weinan. It is unknown who made this "entrainment". Experts from Northwest University's College of Literature and Art said that the white silk is very soft, and the brush tip is slippery at the touch, and it is difficult to write down. It's hard to imagine how hard it took this man to write these 100,000 words, and his "perseverance" was beyond anyone's imagination.

In the history of our country, the imperial examinations lasted more than 1300 years, yielding nearly 800 top prizes. Most of the content they test is based on the sentences in the "Four Books" and "Five Classics", allowing candidates to analyze the extension. Some candidates have taken some important chapters and secretly brought them into the examination room, but they must go through a strict search when entering the examination room. , Even if luck is not found on the spot, it can not meet the need for cheating. So some people use micro fonts to mark small pocket books for sale at a high price, which is for candidates' cheating, but the quantity is very limited. Because once it is found, it will affect the family.