What Is Pulmonary Hypoplasia?

Pulmonary hypoplasia is a congenital defect caused by the development and developmental disorders of bronchi and lungs in the embryonic stage. Often complicated with other organ deformities. There are cases of whole lungs or whole leaves, such as lung dysplasia. The clinical manifestations vary depending on the extent of the lesion and the presence or absence of complications. They can be asymptomatic or breathe faster. In severe cases, they have respiratory dysfunction and insufficient vital capacity. They are prone to concurrent respiratory infections and cause growth retardation, malnutrition, and anemia. X-rays show varying degrees of pulmonary inflatedness with dense, dense shadows. CT, isotope lung imaging, bronchoscopy or bronchography can confirm the location and extent of the lesion. If only lobar hypoplasia and repeated infections occur, lobectomy is feasible. Children with mild symptoms should be checked regularly to detect and correct secondary scoliosis early. ^[1]

Lung hypoplasia

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Pulmonary hypoplasia is a congenital defect caused by the development and developmental disorders of bronchi and lungs in the embryonic stage. Often complicated with other organ deformities. There are cases of whole lungs or whole leaves, such as lung dysplasia. The clinical manifestations vary depending on the extent of the lesion and the presence or absence of complications. They can be asymptomatic or breathe faster. In severe cases, they have respiratory dysfunction and insufficient vital capacity. They are prone to concurrent respiratory infections and cause growth retardation, malnutrition, and anemia. X-rays show varying degrees of pulmonary inflatedness with dense, dense shadows. CT, isotope lung imaging, bronchoscopy or bronchography can confirm the location and extent of the lesion. If only lobar hypoplasia and repeated infections occur, lobectomy is feasible. Children with mild symptoms should be checked regularly to detect and correct secondary scoliosis early. ^[1]

Under normal circumstances, the end of the embryo's trachea is divided into left and right branches.

Obstacles to the development of lung buds at a certain stage of embryonic development lead to lung underdevelopment and lung dysplasia. Most of them are accompanied by other developmental defects. The more common are hypoplasia of trachea, bronchi, and pulmonary arteries and lack of spinal abnormalities. And the abdominal organs enter the pleural cavity through the pleural peritoneal hernia. These deformities are caused by lung failure in 50% to 80% of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia that compete with the lungs for pleural space.

Recurrent respiratory infections are the main cause of visits. Patients with unilateral pulmonary dysplasia often have mild dyspnea and poor physical endurance. Some patients may have hemoptysis due to collateral circulation from the systemic circulation combined with respiratory infections. Dyspnea worsens, cyanosis, rough breath sounds, and growth retardation accompanied by heart, bone, or Other organ deformities may have corresponding symptoms. Patients often have no deformity of the thorax, bilateral symmetry or near symmetry, weak breathing movement on the affected side, weakening or disappearing of breathing sounds. The percussion can be solid or too light, and there are often specific signs associated with thoracic deformity. Patients with pulmonary lobular deficiencies have fewer clinical symptoms, and concealed examinations only have reduced respiratory sounds on the affected side. It is easy to miss diagnosis without X-ray examination. If the above types are accompanied by pulmonary infection, rough breathing sounds and rales can occur.

For recurrent respiratory infections of unknown cause, consideration should be given to the diagnosis of congenital pulmonary dysplasia. X-ray examination is preferred. Bronchograms or pulmonary perfusion scans that are undiagnosable can generally identify the cause.

Differential diagnosis:

1. Bronchodilation on the chest X-ray shows increased transparency of lung tissue inflation, sparse lung texture, and easy to confuse with lung hypoplasia. Bronchography can confirm the diagnosis.

2. X-ray examination of common bronchial inflammation and pulmonary hypoplasia combined with pulmonary dysplasia combined with pulmonary infection is not easy to distinguish, and pulmonary angiography is feasible.

Laboratory inspection: No related information

Other auxiliary inspections:

1. X-ray examination of one side of the lung is not developed on the X-ray chest X-ray showed that the density of the chest cavity on the affected side is uniform and dense, the lack of inflated lung tissue and the traces of bronchial shadows and blood vessel texture. The heart and mediastinal structures are moved to the affected side of the affected side. The diaphragmatic surface is unclear, and the normal lung on the opposite side shows varying degrees of compensatory emphysema, causing the diaphragm to decrease, the diaphragmatic surface to become flat, and an over-expanded lung can form.

Pulmonary hypoplasia without obvious clinical symptoms can be left untreated, with repeated hemoptysis or pulmonary infections or even delayed development, and those with residual lungs with bronchial or vascular malformations must undergo lung lobe or pneumonectomy, but pneumonectomy is very Care must be taken to ensure that the healthy lung function is completely normal, otherwise it will cause disability and even death. Special attention should be paid to anatomical variations during surgery. Do not damage surrounding organs such as combined heart or large blood vessel development abnormalities. Fully evaluate before surgery. Correction.

Prognosis: Severe cases die immediately after birth, and those with single lung and gastric disease have severe clinical symptoms and short survival. Most of these patients are combined with other deformities, such as spinal, cardiac, and gastrointestinal deformities, and about half die in infancy.

Prevention: Keep the airway unobstructed, use antibiotics to inhale at any time, and help patients expel sputum.

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