What Is the Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease?

Cardiology is a clinical discipline that studies the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of cardiovascular disease. According to statistics, about 3 million people die each year from cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease (including cerebrovascular disease) in China. It has become the first cause of death for Chinese residents. As the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease (such as smoking, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, etc.) are rising and the population is aging, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease is still rising. Research on the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease is an important aspect in the field of medical research, which is of great significance for reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease, improving the quality of life of patients, and improving the prognosis.

Basic Information

Chinese name

Cardiology

area of research

Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, etc.

1. The formation of cardiovascular disease Ancient Greece had some knowledge of the heart and blood vessels since more than 600 BC. The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates described the heart as a muscle tissue. He believed that the heart was a respiratory organ that pushed air through the body. The ancient Roman physician Galen distinguished between arteries and veins and studied the flow of blood through the body, but mistakenly believed that the center of the blood circulation system was the liver. In the 17th century, British physiologist William Harvey regarded the heart, arteries, and veins as a mechanical system for transporting blood, and proposed the theory of blood circulation, but due to technical limitations, he could not prove how arterial blood could enter venous blood. After the invention of the microscope, Italian physiologist Marcello Marpigi found that blood entered the veins from arteries through capillaries. These studies lay the foundation for the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system.
In 1749, the French physician Jean-Baptiste Dessac issued a contemporary summary report on cardiac knowledge, marking that cardiovascular disease has become a specialized research area. In 1761 Leopold von Ornbrugger discovered that chest conditions could be used to estimate heart conditions. In 1816, French doctor René Renéke invented the stethoscope, and auscultation of the heart became an important method for the diagnosis of heart disease. In 1847 Christopher Lawrence first coined the term "cardiology".
Since then, with the advancement of science and technology, physiology and anatomy have developed rapidly; pathology has become an independent discipline, which has laid the foundation for clinical and pathological research. After two centuries of hard work, people have systematically studied the physiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of various heart diseases, and have become the theoretical basis of cardiovascular disease. In the 1920s, the birth of the pharmaceutical industry and the rise of laboratory research, on the basis of integrating many basic disciplines, cardiovascular disease was recognized as a discipline.
2. Development of Cardiovascular Diseases In 1901, Dutch physiologist William Eintofen first traced the human electrocardiogram with a string electrometer, and two years later he developed the first string electrocardiograph and achieved mass production. It has created a new era of electrocardiography, and provided the most basic technology for cardiac research and the diagnosis of arrhythmias.
In 1895, German physicist William Roentgen discovered X-rays, which was quickly used for imaging diagnosis. In 1896, a chest aneurysm patient was successfully taken. In 1925, German physician Werner Forsman performed the world's first right heart catheterization on himself, but it did not receive much attention at the time. In 1940, American physicians and physiologists Anli Kaurand and Dickinson Charlitz developed the right heart catheter and pioneered the right heart catheterization. Ten years later, the left heart catheterization was also used in the clinic and was clinically developed. Cardioangiography. F. Masson Thorns performed the first selective coronary angiography in 1958, and since then Melvin Juddkens modified the catheter to make this technique easier to operate and promoted, making cardiovascular imaging Development has entered a new phase.
The development of cardiovascular imaging has significantly improved the diagnostic level of cardiovascular disease. With the development of evidence-based medicine in the 1980s, the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmia, and acute myocardial infarction has significantly improved. Interventional cardiology developed on the basis of imaging has added new minimally invasive methods for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

1. Examination of patients: including medical history collection, physical examination, electrocardiogram and stress test, and various cardiac radiology and imaging examinations (such as echocardiography, cardiovascular angiography, radionuclide heart imaging, etc.).
2. Research on normal and abnormal circulation function: including blood pressure, heart function, heart failure, arrhythmia, cardiac electrophysiology and so on.
3. Research on the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various heart, pericardial, aortic and pulmonary vascular diseases. Including medical treatment, interventional treatment and surgical treatment.
4. The study of the relationship between heart disease and other organ system diseases, the study of heart disease in special cases.
5. Cardiovascular disease epidemiology and population prevention.
6. Research on cardiovascular disease rehabilitation and secondary prevention.
7. Basic research related to the cardiovascular system and its diseases.

1. Non-invasive examination of the heart includes CT, CT angiography, magnetic resonance cardiovascular imaging technology, radionuclide imaging technology and echocardiography technology.
2. Interventional cardiology includes percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA), laser angioplasty, atherectomy, atherectomy, balloon expandable stents, drug-eluting stents (DES), Mitral valve balloon dilatation, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), mitral valve clamp for mitral regurgitation, chemical ablation, left atrial appendage closure, renal arterial desympathetic nerve, aortic cavity Prosthetics, etc.
3. Large-scale randomized clinical trials Large-scale randomized clinical trials provide evidence-based medical evidence for patients to choose the best treatment. After the 1980s, large-scale, multi-center, randomized controlled clinical trials were gradually carried out in the field of cardiovascular disease. These trials are aimed at the most common cardiovascular diseases and the clinical problems that need to be solved. The research objectives are clear, the design is scientific, and the trials are randomized and blinded. The results are reliable, providing reliable choices for clinical decision making, and eliminating invalid or even harmful ones. method.
4. Epidemiological study of cardiovascular disease The epidemiological study of cardiovascular disease pioneered by Framingham in the United States aimed at effectively preventing the risk factors of cardiovascular disease and reducing the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of the population.

Cardiovascular disease can involve various organs and systems, and many systemic diseases also have cardiovascular manifestations and involvement. Therefore, cardiovascular disease and all clinical disciplines are closely related. In addition to being closely related to all three levels of internal medicine, it is also closely related to cardiovascular surgery, anesthesiology, obstetrics and gynecology, imaging and other disciplines.
Modern technology also provides new opportunities for the development of cardiovascular disease. Genomics will have a profound impact on the development of cardiovascular disease. Biomarkers can be used to make a comprehensive judgment of the disease as a whole, to detect lesions at the early stage of the disease, to diagnose at the early stage of the disease, and to provide medication guidance during treatment.