What Are the Different Parts of the Hypothalamus?

The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus sulcus, forming the lower side wall and bottom of the third ventricle. It weighs only 4g, accounting for about 0.3% of the whole brain. It is the highest subcortical center of the autonomic nerve, the important contact point of the limbic system and reticular structure, and the excitatory site of the pituitary endocrine system. Including the nipple body and nodules, the upper part of the optics. ^[1]

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The hypothalamus is located below the hypothalamus hook and constitutes

The hypothalamus is a component of the mesencephalon and is the center that regulates visceral and endocrine activities. The hypothalamus can be divided into three parts from the front to the back, namely the anterior (also known as the anterior and superior regions), the middle (nodular region), and the posterior (papillary region). The hypothalamus has many cell clusters and fiber bundles, which are closely related to other parts of the central nervous system. It not only regulates the secretion and release of hormones in the anterior and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland through neural and vascular pathways, but also participates in the regulation

The hypothalamus is

Hypothalamic neurons and other neurons from other parts

Introduction

Hypothalamus regulatory peptide (HRP) is a peptide hormone secreted by the hypothalamic pituitary-stimulating peptide neurons that mainly regulate the activity of the pituitary gland. Extraction of peptide hormones from the hypothalamus tissue has been successful and has been artificially synthesized. In 1968, Guillemin's laboratory successfully isolated several milligrams of thyroid-stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus of 300,000 sheep, and determined its chemical structure as a tripeptide one year later. Encouraged by this production, Schally Labs is committed to

The boundaries of nucleus (grey matter) are mostly inconspicuous, and the cell size varies. The neurons secreted mainly by peptide-giving neurons, but also containing classic neurotransmitters (such as acetylcholine, -aminobutyric acid, dopamine). As part of the central nervous system, the hypothalamus controls body temperature, food and water balance and sexual functions, emotional activity, sleep, and awakening; as the center of the endocrine system, it regulates the anterior pituitary hormones by secreting hypothalamic hormones. secretion. The axons of the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus project to the pituitary gland to form the posterior pituitary lobe, and synthesize and secrete oxytocin and vasopressin. ^[2]

Introduction

Hypothalamic disease is caused by multiple reasons

Endocrine dysfunction

(A) insufficient secretion of pituitary hormones. More common in various reasons for pituitary stem damage. When the pituitary stalk is blocked, any pituitary hormones other than PRL can be deficient or inadequate. Common diabetes insipidus and hypogonadism with hyperprolactinemia are common. In addition, it can cause hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency. Growth hormone (GH) secretion is reduced. The basic measurement and kinetic tests of the corresponding pituitary hormones in this group of diseases showed low secretion, and given a proper amount of hormone release, they showed a good response.

(B) Excessive secretion of pituitary hormones. CRH excess secretion is the cause of Cushing disease. GHRH is secreted too much, leading to acromegaly. The excessive secretion of GnRH earlier causes the premature release of pituitary gonadotropin (Gn), which can lead to true precocious puberty. Congenital cystic fibrous osteitis syndrome (AIbright syndrome) can be associated with precocious puberty. Increased TRH secretion can cause hypothalamic hyperthyroidism.

(3) Rhythmic rhythmic secretion disorders. The daily rhythm of ACTH can disappear due to the effects of certain hypothalamic diseases and Cushing syndrome; other hormones GH and PRL secreted by the daily rhythm and the hormones LH and FSH secreted by the monthly rhythm can lose secretion due to hypothalamic diseases The inherent rhythm.

(D) abnormal development in adolescence. Diseases in the posterior hypothalamus can eliminate the inhibitory effect on Gn secretion by the pituitary gland, leading to precocious puberty. Conversely, hypothalamic disease can also cause delay in puberty.

Hypothalamic symptoms

(A) Obesity. The patient's satiety center in the abdomen median nucleus lost function, resulting in increased appetite and obesity. Obesity can be the prominent and only manifestation of this disease. Obese patients can often gain weight continuously. The cause of this phenomenon is not clear.

Prade-WiIIi syndrome is due to abnormal hypothalamic function, with significant obesity, overeating, diabetes, dull expression, hypogonadism, and small hands and feet. Obesity is also one of the prominent symptoms in sexual immature-pigmented retinitis-multi-finger deformity syndrome.

(2) Anorexia and weight loss. When the ventral ventral nucleus is damaged, it can cause anorexia and weight loss. In severe cases, it has cachexia, muscle weakness, and hair loss. Severe disease can also be accompanied by anterior pituitary hypofunction.

(Three) abnormal sleep

Paroxysmal narcolepsy is the most common. Each episode lasts from several minutes to several hours and is difficult to resist.

Deep sleep can sleep for several days to several weeks. You can wake up to eat, urinate, and then fall asleep.

Symptoms of bulimia bulimia, continuous sleep for hours to days, bulimia after waking up, and more obesity.

Stubborn insomnia at night.

(4) Impaired body temperature regulation. Low body temperature and high body temperature are more common. The degree of hypothalamic hypothermia depends on the humidity of the environment. Patients lack a party compensation mechanism for the cold. High body temperature is not effective for antipyretics.

(5) Obstacles in regulating water balance. Impaired supraoptic nuclei can cause diabetes insipidus. If the central thirst of hypothalamus is involved, it can cause a decrease in fluid intake, which can lead to dehydration and an increase in serum sodium and chlorine, which can be corrected by supplemental fluid and vasopressin.

other

(A) headache and visual field defect. Mostly related to the nature of hypothalamic disease. Hypothalamic diseases cause more headaches and visual field defects than pituitary diseases.

(B) abnormal behavior. Behavior and mental abnormalities can occur when the ventrolateral nucleus of the hypothalamus and the preoptic region are affected. Patients often have reduced behavior and even sit still all day. It is often accompanied by disorientation, moodiness, hallucinations, etc.

(Three) autonomic symptoms. Sweating or less sweating, cyanosis in the hands and feet, dilated or dilated pupils, or unequal blood pressure on both sides