What Are Natural Hazards?

Throughout human history, we can see that there are two main causes of disasters: one is natural variation, and the other is human impact.

natural disaster

(Anomalies that occur in nature)

Disasters are devastating to humans and the environment on which they depend

Natural disasters can be formed in different lengths, or they can be delayed or anxious. In some natural disasters, when the changes in the disaster-causing factors exceed a certain intensity, they will manifest as catastrophic behaviors in a few days, hours, or even minutes and seconds, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods,

The characteristics of natural disasters can be summarized in six aspects:

First, natural disasters are widespread and regional. On the one hand, natural disasters are widely distributed. Whether it's ocean or land, above ground or underground, urban or rural, plain,

The main impacts of natural disasters:

1. Disasters can cause substantial trauma and mental disorders;

China is the country with the most types of natural disasters in the world. The Natural Disaster Comprehensive Research Group of the National Science and Technology Commission, the State Planning Commission, and the National Economic and Trade Commission classify natural disasters into eight categories:

Means a celestial body or its state, such as

For different types of natural disasters, infectious disease control work also has different characteristics. In this sense, disasters can be classified as sudden disasters, including floods, earthquakes,

Detailed introduction to natural disasters

The International Decade for Disaster Reduction was proposed by Dr. Frank Place, former President of the American Academy of Sciences, at the Eighth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering in July 1984

Storm surge

of. This plan has since received widespread attention from the United Nations and the international community. The United Nations adopted Resolution 169 of the 42nd Session of the General Assembly on December 11, 1987, Resolution 203 of the 43rd Session of the General Assembly on December 20, 1988, and 99 of the Economic and Social Council in 1989 In the resolution, specific arrangements were made for the activities of the International Decade for Disaster Reduction. In December 1989, the 44th Session of the General Assembly adopted the report of the Economic and Social Council on the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction and decided to launch the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction from 1990 to 1999. The second Wednesday is International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction. October 10, 1990 was the first International Decade for Disaster Reduction. The General Assembly also confirmed the International Plan of Action for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. In 2001, the General Assembly decided to continue to commemorate the International Day for Disaster Reduction on the second Wednesday of October, and to promote a global culture of natural disaster reduction, including disaster prevention, mitigation and preparation for war.

The International Plan of Action for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction first identified the goals and objectives of the operation. The purpose of the operation is to reduce the impact of earthquakes, wind disasters, tsunamis, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, forest fires, grasshoppers and locusts, drought and desertification, and other natural disasters through concerted international action, especially in developing countries. Loss of life and property and socio-economic disorders. its

tornado

The goal is: to increase the capacity of each country to reduce the impact of natural disasters quickly and effectively, with special attention to helping developing countries in need to set up early warning systems and disaster response structures; taking into account the different cultural and economic conditions of each country, formulate and use existing scientific and technological knowledge Appropriate guidelines and strategies; encourage various scientific and technological technologies to work to fill key gaps in knowledge; disseminate, evaluate, predict and predict existing and new technology information related to natural disaster mitigation measures; and use technical assistance and technology Transfer, demonstration projects, education and training programmes to develop measures to assess, predict and mitigate natural disasters, and evaluate these programmes and their effectiveness.

The International Programme of Action requires all governments to: develop national natural disaster mitigation programs, especially developing countries, and include them in their national development programs; participate in a consistent international mitigation of natural disasters during the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction Disaster actions, in cooperation with relevant scientific and technological communities, and setting up national committees; Encouraging local administrations in their countries to take appropriate steps to contribute to the objectives of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction; take appropriate measures to increase public awareness of the importance of disaster reduction, and Strengthening community preparedness through education, training, and other methods; paying attention to the impact of natural disasters on health care, in particular, reducing the vulnerability of hospitals and health centers to vulnerable activities, and paying attention to natural disasters on food storage facilities and shelters And other socio-economic infrastructure; encourage scientific and technical institutions, financial institutions, industry, foundations and other relevant non-governmental organizations to support and participate fully in the international community, including governments, international organizations and non-governmental organizations Various disaster mitigation programmes and activities.

Themes of natural disasters over the years

Disaster reduction, development, and the environment in 1991-for one goal

Natural disaster mitigation and sustainable development in 1992

Special attention should be paid to schools and hospitals to reduce the loss of natural disasters in 1993

Disaster threatened areas and areas vulnerable to disasters identified in 1994-for a more secure 21st century

Women and children 1995-the key to prevention

Urbanization and Disasters in 1996

Water in 1997: too much, too little-both cause natural disasters

Disaster Prevention and the Media in 1998

The Benefits of Disaster Reduction in 1999-Science and Technology Protected Life and Property in Disaster Prevention

Disaster prevention, education and youth in 2000-special attention to forest fires

Defending disasters and reducing vulnerability in 2001

Disaster Reduction and Sustainable Development in Mountain Areas in 2002

Facing disasters in 2003, more attention is paid to sustainable development

Summarizing today's experience and mitigating future disasters in 2004

Using microcredit and safety nets to improve resilience in 2005

Disaster Risk Reduction Begins at School in 2006 and 2007

Disaster risk reduction in 2008 to ensure hospital safety (Hospitals Safe from Disasters)

Everyone must pay attention

Natural Disasters and Earth's Internal Stress

With the continuous acceleration of the exploitation of natural resources, the rapid change in stress changes inside and outside the earth has caused frequent natural disasters in various regions of the world in recent years. Due to the excessive exploitation of underground mineral resources by human beings, the phenomenon of multiple "empty areas" and multiple "voids" inside the earth has been formed. Under the combined action of the interstellar gravitational field, gravity field and the centrifugal force of the earth's rotation, it has completely changed the original geological equilibrium stress change in the earth, which is the main factor causing the frequent occurrence of natural disasters.

The causes of the earth's "cavities" include the following:

I. Mining of Mineral Resources

(1) Coal resources. Coal resources are an important part of fossil energy. Coal resources are solid energy, accounting for about 50% of the total underground resources, including those that have not yet been discovered. Coal resources are also one of the highest energy sources for human use, and are mainly used in industries such as industry, electricity, and heating. Coal veins include the surface layer and the underground layer. The "cavity" effect is mainly formed by underground veins.

(2) Petroleum resources. Petroleum resources are also fossil energy resources, which are liquid secondary development mineral resources, accounting for about 40% of the total underground mineral resources. Petroleum has a wide range of uses, mainly used as a source of liquid fuel energy and as a basic raw material for industrial refining.

(3) Combustible ice. Combustible ice is also a part of mineral resources, and its reserves only account for a few percent of the total mineral resources.

Mineral energy is a consumable resource. As the development of human society continues, the consumption of resources will increase. Because mineral resources are consumable energy, their reserves in the earth are limited. With the extension of human survival, they will eventually enter the depletion stage.

Second, the mining of metal ore

Metal is one of the necessary living resources for human survival. It is mainly used in the fields of electricity, transportation, aviation, shipping, construction, industry, military, agriculture, scientific research, commerce, civil and so on. Wherever humans are involved, metal resources are indispensable.

Metal minerals are also one of the most widely used mineral resources, mainly distributed in the surface and underground layers. Metal minerals are a kind of recyclable resource. Therefore, the mining speed of human beings is slower than that of energy minerals. Because the distribution range of metal ores is larger than energy minerals, and the formation of earth metal ores originates from the coexistence of cosmic galaxies, this has led to the large-scale extraction of metal ores. However, if humans over-exploit the underground rock formations, the original mineral rock formations inside the earth will be greatly reduced, and the internal structure of the earth will have destructive stress changes, and the "hollow" effect of the underground rock formations will be formed.

3. Mining of other minerals

Other minerals include:

(1) Limestone. Mainly used as raw materials in the construction industry, such as white ash, concrete and other building materials.

(2) Asbestos mine and mica mine.

(3) Rare minerals. Including; all kinds of jade mines, various gem mines, etc. used by humans for decoration.

Fourth, groundwater extraction

Due to the over-consumption of fresh water on the surface, humans have a water crisis. Because of the high purity of groundwater, high mineral content, and low pollution, people have turned their attention to the freshwater layer below the earth's rock formations. Because the formation of the underground freshwater layer begins in the most primitive state of galaxy formation, it is most suitable for human use. Because the fresh water resources inside the rock formation are in the original closed state, they form a common stress antibody with the earth's lithological circle. Once they are exploited, they will form a non-closed cave state, which will change the stress structure of the original lithological circle. Like liquid petroleum energy, it is also one of the main constituents of the lithospheric stress.

The main cause of the "cavity" effect in the earth's lithosphere is the large-scale exploitation of fossil energy and metal deposits, as well as industrial and civil gems and other mineral resources. This is also the main factor that causes the stress changes of the earth's rock layer structure. Due to human overexploitation of mineral resources, the "cavity" effect of the earth's rock layer reduces the resistance of the rock layer to changes in the earth's centrifugal force and interstellar gravity, etc., which will eventually lead to man-made multiple catastrophic changes in the earth and the number of new rock formation fault zones. rising. The incidence of natural geological disasters such as volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, and hurricanes will increase year by year, seriously endangering human reproduction.

Why does the "cavity" effect of the earth's rock layer (between the upper mantle and the crust) cause structural stress changes in the earth? Because in the early stage of the formation of the earth, the internal rock layer structure is in an equilibrium state under the action of natural forces. The various mineral resources in the rock layer and the rock layer are an integrated structure, which collectively carry the gravity, centrifugal force, and gravity of the ground. And interstellar gravity, so the multiple "cavitation" effects of the lithosphere are the main reasons for the frequent occurrence of earth disasters.

The earth's lithosphere is the hard lithosphere in the upper part of the mantle relative to the asthenosphere. It is about 60 to 120 kilometers thick and is also a high wave velocity zone of the earthquake. The lithosphere includes the entire crust and the upper part of the upper mantle, and is composed of granite, basalt, and ultrabasic rocks. The lower part of the mantle is a melting layer in the low velocity zone of seismic waves and a soft stratosphere with a thickness of about 100 kilometers.

After the "hole" is formed, it can be filled with surface water. But for the strong resistance inside the earth's lithosphere, the strength of the lithosphere has been greatly reduced. Even if the "holes" in the rock formation are filled with water, the original antibody strength of the rock formation will not be reached. Because water is a soft liquid substance, its fluidity is very large, and its combined resistance is very small. After the "cavity" effect, the cave closing resistance has lost its original stress intensity. In this case, due to the influence of Earth's gravity, gravity, centrifugal force, and interstellar gravity, the spread of the original intensity of the lithosphere will accelerate and form new fault zones.

With the acceleration of human exploitation of natural resources and the continuous expansion of "cavity" effects, man-made natural geological disasters will occur more and more frequently, and major destructive factors such as subsidence, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides Will endanger human reproduction. How can this serious consequence be changed? Human beings should avoid or reduce the excessive excavation of underground resources, make full use of modern high technology, limit the development of upper-surface resources, and speed up the exploration of external space energy. Tidal energy, solar energy, electricity, biochemical energy, wind energy, etc. should be used more extensively; the use of nuclear energy must be accelerated to reduce human dependence on natural resources. This is of great historical significance for enhancing human energy reuse capabilities, forming a global earth protection agreement, and improving cooperation between countries.